NRES 103 Final Exam

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The sun

All energy is derived from

Seiche

An extreme form of wave action in the Great Lakes that is associated with rapid changed in wind and barometric pressure is known as a

80 million tons

Annual cargo through the Seaway peaked in the mid 1970s at around 57 million tons; the Seaway was designed to handle

$200 million

Annual damage to fisheries and recreational activities caused by invasive mussels in the Great Lakes is estimated to cost

An extremely high reproductive rate

Another ballast hitch-hiker, the Eurasian ruffe, became a very successful invader in the Great Lakes, largely due to

Lack of predators, extremely high reproduction rate, good dispersers

Asian carp possess several of the key attributes that tend to allow species to become invasive, including

The Atlantic Ocean

At one point, the Great Lakes were all connected to

Human ignorance

At this point in time, what is the biggest problem facing the Great Lakes?

To flush all of their ballast tanks mid-ocean

At this point, the only mandated strategy for ships sailing from foreign ports into the Great Lakes is

It provides stability to an empty ship, it is heavy, readily available, and basically free

Ballast serves a key function on freighters because

Is meant to identify species, was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast

DNA barcoding

12%

Of the world's port cities, the Great Lakes are directly connected to

99%

Of the world's port cities, what percentage are within two stops of a Great Lakes port

Than the Panama and Suez Canal's combines

On an annual basis, the Soo Locks handle more ships and more tonnage

The soils were incredibly rich, they had the most productive land in the country

Once the Great Black Swamp was cleared and drained, the people there found

Habitat generalists

Successful invasive species often lack predators in their new environment, and also tend to be

Produce a lot of offspring, be very good dispersers

Successful invasive species tend to

Was the largest earth-moving project in North America at the time, helped to sanitize Chicago's water, reversed the flow of the Chicago River

The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal

Focused on point-source pollution, ignored nonpoint pollution

The Clean Water Act

Because they thought it was relatively harmless, even though they did not have Congressional approval to do so, because doing so would reduce administrative costs

The EPA exempted the discharge of ballast water from the Clean Water Act

Every overseas freighter must pass through the St. Lambert Lock

The Great Lakes region is uniquely positioned to stop future invasions because

To allow ocean-going freighters access to the Great Lakes, because the U.S. President saw strategic value there during the Cold War with the USSR

The St. Lawrence Seaway was constructed

Runs through southern Canada, is generally more of a hill than a mountain, runs through the western part of Chicago, separates the Great Lakes Basin from the Mississippi River Basin

The St. Lawrence divide

Justice is blind, minority groups should not be disproportionately burdened by environmental harm, people should have a voice in decisions that affect them

A fundamental principle of environmental justice is that

Transportation

A key commercial use of the Great Lakes from the days of La Salle involves

Invasive tend to cause negative environmental consequences

A key difference between non-native (or exotic) species and invasive species is that

The 9-month shipping season, that the locks and channels were too small

A key problem with the St. Lawrence Seaway was

The stormiest

According to the film "What's So Great About the Great Lakes", of the five lakes, Superior is not: The deepest, stormiest, coldest, clearest

The Buckeye Traction Ditcher

After the trees were cut in the Great Black Swamp, roads were built and ditches were dug. The latter was greatly facilitated by

Harmed the reproductive potential of the trout

Alewives became the primary food source of lake trout, but also

Being ingested by invasive mussels, gobies ate toxic mussels, birds consumed toxic gobies

Botulism-causing bacteria spread up the food chain after

False

Canada is supportive of efforts to close the Seaway to ocean-going freighters.

Where timber resources were, adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths, near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl

Cities tended to be constructed

Is harder to track, is more difficult to regulate

Compared to point-source pollution, nonpoint pollution

It has a single entry point for foreign freighters

Compared to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts, North America's 4th seacoast is unique in that

Accommodated longer and wider ships

Compared to the Erie Canal, the Welland Canal

Lacking in some ways but equal or superior in others

Compared to the Europeans, the Woodland Culture was

2

Currently, the average number of trans-oceanic ships passing through the Seaway each day is

That it would ruin the business of the U.S. ports on the eastern seaboard

Detractors of the St. Lawrence Seaway believed

Is characterized by an abundance of dissolved nutrients, is characterized by a high level of oxygen depletion

Eutrophication

Offspring are covered with hairs that help them to catch currents

Even though zebra mussels can only move about 14" an hour using their 'foot,' they can rapidly reach new locations because

Became the dominant forage fish, helped to keep the mussel population in check, depressed populations of sculpins and darters

Eventually, the round goby

Not correct Their ability to reproduce at a relatively young age, the ability of females to produce so many eggs, a lack of native predators in the Great Lakes, their high filtration rate

Features of zebra mussels that enabled them to be such successful invaders include

Were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers

Fisheries managers were surprised to learn that the chinook salmon

It must be favorable to an organism's survival, it must be favorable to an organism's ability to reproduce, it must be heritable

For a trait to be considered to be an adaptation in an evolutionary sense

Moderate to high

For four of the five Great Lakes, the estimated impact of invasion by Asian carp is

All of the above

Historical racism was reported to contribute to the use of Flint River water for drinking because

20%

How much of the planet's available freshwater is found in the Great Lakes?

Very high

If ballast control systems are installed on all freighters entering the Great Lakes, the probability of more invasive species showing up there is

It's uncertain as to whether all ships will comply, such systems aren't required until 2021, its not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species

In 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency agreed to mandate treatment systems for all trans-oceanic ships discharging ballast in U.S. waters, but

The Cuyahoga River

In a sense, it could be said that the Clean Water Act had its origins in

None of the above

In addition to agricultural runoff causing algal blooms in Lake Erie, other major contributors include

Result in inputs to rivers and the Lakes that included dirt, refuse, and horse manure, increase in area, increase in runoff during storm events

In cities, surfaces that are impervious to rainfall tend to

Dynamic

In nature, ecosystems are

They slow water down, allowing contaminants to settle out, they filter the water, they provide valuable habitat for waterfowl

In reality, wetland serve many useful purposes. For example,

Global connectivity

In recent decades, what is the primary factor that has led to an exponential increase in the movement of invasive species?

Provided data showing water from the Flint River was 19 times more corrosive

In response to the State Emergency Manager's claim that water from Lake Huron was no safer than that of the Flint River, scientists from Virginia Tech

Focus on water treatment plants

In the film Saving the Great Lakes from Toxic Algae, Jeff Reutters from the Stone Lab recommends that if we are going to the possibility of poisoned drinking water in the Lake Erie region, we should first

To unload cargo and put it on smaller ships

In the film The St. Lawrence Seaway System, the proposed way to get around the fact that the locks and channels were too small for transoceanic ships was

The general public has the impression this is a quick fix

In the film clip Invasive Species - Asian Carp, Kay Nelson, who represents an array of industries on the southern shores of Lake Michigan, expresses concern about the idea of constructing a permanent barrier in the Sanitary and Ship Canal because

Data

In the scientific method, predictions are generated from hypothesis, then tested with

Taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of water, being able to live on a boat outside of water for days

Invasive mussels were able to colonize isolated inland lakes by

They were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate

Invasive mussels were able to virtually take over Lake Mead's bed and canyon walls below the waterline in only two years because

Through the Erie Canal

It's thought that the lampreys first entered Lake Ontario

Less than 2

Most foreign freighters sail out of the Great Lakes carrying grain, totaling what percentage of total grain exports for the U.S. and Canada

By humans

Most invasive species are introduced

Filtering organic material from the water column, eating algae

Native mussels in the Great Lakes helped to maintain water clarity by

A number of native fish species began to increase in number, fishing towns in Michigan along the Huron coast lost a lot of revenue, the round goby proved to be a key food source from some native fish species

Once the salmon and alewife were gone in Lake Huron

Refused to close the locks

Once water samples tested positive for carp beyond the electical barriers, General Peabody

Effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species, it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there

One problem with mid-ocean flushing of ballast tanks is that

They both seem limitless

One thing that the timber holdings in the upper Midwest and the Great Lakes Fisheries had in common was that

The spawn up to three times per summer, they are voracious egg eaters, they drive other fish from their spawning beds

One want that gobies can gain a numerical advantage on native fish is that

It is required by every living organism, does not exist naturally in the environment

Phosphorus

Very difficult to do

Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is

All the above

Prior to settlement, water flowed clear from the Maumee River to Lake Erie. Now, the extensive grid of ditches and tile lines

Not correct Don't need a hard surface to adhere to, can eat the latter, can tolerate much deeper water, have an even higher rate of reproduction

Quagga mussels eventually outnumbered zebra mussels by a huge margin because the former

Outflow

Rain, snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the Great Lakes, but this is offset by

It focuses on trophic relationships as a network

Rather than a food chain, it's more accurate to think in terms of a food web because

Decreased

Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage fish species has

Declined

Since the mid-1970s, the amount of cargo passing through the Seaway annually has

Making fertilizer from them, making pet food from them, making fish cakes from them

Some strategies for getting rid of carp include

The Illinois River appeared to be relatively clean compared to what it was

The Supreme Court rejected Missouri's lawsuit, even though a number of typhoid cases in St. Louis had increased four-fold since the opening of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal because

Preying on their young and outcompeting them for food

The alewife came to dominate native fish in the Great Lakes by

Could be carried by two freight trains per day

The amount of cargo to pass through the Seaway currently

Trophic

The concept of a food chain is all about what type of relationships?

The Peshtigo Fire

The deadliest fire in U.S. history was

Not correct Young of other fish, eggs of other fish, zooplankton, young zebra and quagga mussels

The diet of the round goby includes

They grow 90% of the nation's produce

The drought in California is a national problem because

Can last for decades, are especially pronounced in children

The effected of lead poisoning

False

The exorbitantly high cost of pumping water thousands of miles is the thing that prevents it from happening.

Rising land surface after the glacier's retreat

The film clip "The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes" describes a number of geologic phenomena that have changed the lakes over time. One of these has to do with the transition from a northerly outflow of Great Lakes water to a southerly course. This transition was caused by

Encountered impassible rapids

The firs European to explore the St. Lawrence River was Jacques Cartier, but after 1000 miles he had to turn back because

The Illinois and Michigan Canal

The first canal to bridge the Chicago Portage was

Not correct Consisted of planktivores, herbivores, and carnivores; was predicted to collapse in less than a decade; was complex and thus resilient to the invasive mussels; was very simple

The food chain in Lake Powell

All the above

The lamprey moved slowly through Lake Erie because

12,000 years ago

The last glacier withdrew from North America about

Have a low reproductive rate

The listing of the lake sturgeon as endangered illustrates the point that environmental impacts especially impact species that

To find a passage to the Great South Sea and Cathay

The primary mission of the early French explorers of the Great Lakes was

$600 million

The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels

It can live in freshwater or saltwater, it has a diverse diet

The round goby is considered a generalist species because

Has resulted in dead zones around the world, has created a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico

The same process causing massive algal blooms in Lake Erie

With observations

The scientific method is initiated

Were more powerful than the original, included three clusters of electrodes, was not turned on initially out of fear of detonating barges with flammable cargo

The second set of barriers funded by Congress

Elevation

The west-to-east flow of the Great Lakes is due to the differences in

They could not have survived the oceans salinity or depth

The zebra mussel could not have 'walked' across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Great Lakes, even over many generations, because

Have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas, likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter, first appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair

The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby

The lakes are relatively young

There have been a number of unintended environmental consequences that have adversely affected the lakes once they were connected to one another and to the Atlantic Ocean. The reason is that

They're actually one lake

There was a mistake make in naming Lakes Michigan and Huron. What was it?

Warmer and shallower

There were fewer alewives in Lake Erie because, compared to the upper lakes, it is

Decided to build its own water pipeline, decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River

To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint

Water quality

Turnover of water, or mixing, in lakes is important in terms of maintaining

The Safe Water Drinking Act

Ultimately, the federal government charged the state of Michigan with a violation of

Cyanobacteria, microcystis, blue-green algae

Unlike the algal blooms in the late 1960s, the blooms in Lake Erie in the mid-1990s were caused by

The creeks where lampreys nest

Vernon Applegate was able to help reduce lamprey populations by focusing on

People didn't think they could have much of an impact on such large bodies of water

Water pollution was compounded by the huge size of the Great Lakes because

Bioacculumation

What is the process by which toxins reach higher levels in species that are higher up the food chain?

Erie

What is the shallowest of the Great Lakes?

Niagara Falls

What prevented water-bound organisms from migrating from the ocean to the upper Great Lakes?

Five states took USACE and Illinois to court

When a bighead carp was caught beyond the barrier and just miles from Lake Michigan

Let some of them go

When federal funding was halted for the carp-controlling-sewage experiment, Arkansas Game and Fish

The salt concentration of Lake Michigan has been steadily increasing over the last 1000 years

Which of the following does not serve as an example of the dynamic nature of the Great Lakes over geographic time?

They are geographically concentrated, connectivity, the location, all of the above

Which of the following factors contribute to the uniqueness of the Great Lakes?

The Sioux

Which of the following is a Native American tribe that the French did not encounter in the Great Lakes region?

Downdrafts

Which of the following is not a feature that the Great Lakes share with the oceans? Downdrafts, waves, upwelling, currents

The Detroit

Which river is one of the worst in-place-pollutant problems in the Great Lakes system?

They had no teeth

Whitefish were never a consumer of fish, probably because

Their stomach muscles began to enlarge

Whitefish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a food source because

It's quite large yet eats small prey items

Who eats who in lakes is not necessarily linear, as exemplified by the lake sturgeon because

Inhibiting their ability to open their shells

Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly


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