Nutrition Chapter 4

__ are non digestible by humans.

Cellulose.

Where are soluble fibers typically found?

Citrus fruits, berries, oat products, and beans.

What happens when our body uses amino acids for energy?

they are not available to make new cells, repair tissue damage, support our immune system, or perform any of their other functions.

___ is the predominant energy source used by our body at rest and druing low intensity activites.

Fat.

Potential benefits of fiber consumption:

May reduce the risk of colon cancer; helps prevent hemorrhoids, constipation, and other intestinal problems; reduces the risk for diverticulosis; may reduce the risk of heart disease; may enhance weight loss; may lower the risk for type 2 diabetes.

___ is an important mechanism for providing energy to the brain during situations of fasting, low carbohydrate intake, or vigorous exercise.

Ketosis.

The tree most common disaccharides in foods are ___, ___, and ___.

Lactose, maltose, and sucrose.

one glucose + one galactose molecule = ___.

Lactose.

Examples of insoluble fibers:

Lignins, cellulose, hemicelluloses.

Where do we store glycogen?

Liver and muscles.

What do insoluble fibers help with?

Promoting regular bowel movements, alleviating constipation, and reducing the risk for diverticulosis.

Extreme fiber intake can even lead to ___.

Malnutrition.

one glucose + one glucose = ___.

Maltose.

The major alternative sweeteners currentl available on the market are:

Saccharin, acesulfame-K, aspartame, and sucralose.

What is the difference between simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates?

Simple carbohydrates contain either one or two molecules, whereas complex carbohydrates contain hundreds to thousands of molecules.

Fortified foods

Have nutrients added that did not originally exist in the food.

What happens once the storage capacity of the liver and muscles is reached?

Any excess glucose can be stored as fat in adipose tissue.

Acesulfame-K is ___ time sweeter that sugar.

200.

Adequate intake for fiber is __ per day for women.

25 g.

Saccharin is about ___ time sweeter that sucrose.

300.

Adequate intake for fiber is __ per day for men.

38 g.

Diabetes

A chronic disease in which the body can no longer regulate glucose within normal limits, and blood glucose levels become dangerously high.

Symptoms of Type 2 diabetes:

Any of the type 1 symptoms, frequent infections, blurred vision, cuts/bruises that are slow to heal, tingling/numbness in the hands or feet, recurring skin, gum, or bladder infections.

Glycemic Index

A measure of the potential of foods to raise blood glucose levels.

If not controlled diabetes can lead to:

Blindness, seizures, stroke, kidney failure, nerve disease, and cardiovascular disease.

What does salivary amylase do?

Breaks starch into smaller particles and eventually into the disaccharide maltose.

Three types of fiber:

Dietary, functional, and total.

___ are not digested in the mouth.

Disaccharides.

Soluble fiber

Dissolve in water.

When is maltose formed?

During the breakdown of sugar in grains and other foods into alcohol.

Aspartame is also called __ and ___.

Equal (the blue packet) and NutraSweet.

What are mucilages used for?

Food stabilizers.

Enriched foods

Foods in which nutrients that were lost during processing have been added back, so that the food meets a specified standard.

Symptoms of Type 1 diabetes:

Frequent urination, unusual thirst, extreme hunger, unusual weight loss, extreme fatigue, irritability.

___, the sweetest natural sugar, is found in fruits and vegetables.

Fructose.

___ does not occur alone in foods.

Galactose.

Imparied fasting glucose

Glucose levels are heigher than normal but not high enough to lead to diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

___, ___, and ____ are the three most common monosaccharides in our diet.

Glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Plants make the most abundant form of carbohydrate called ____.

Glucose.

___ is the most abundant sugar molecules in our diet and in our body.

Glucose.

___ is the preferred source of energy.

Glucose.

Where are hemicelluloses found?

In plant cell walls and they surround cellulose.

Where are lignins found?

In the woody parts of plant cell walls and in carrots and the seeds of fruits and berries.

What hormones assist the body with maintaining blood glucose?

Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone.

Excessive fiber consumption can lead to problems such as:

Intestinal gas, bloating, and constipation.

____ suppress appetite and cause dehydration and acetone breath.

Ketones.

What are lignins?

Noncarbohydrate forms of fiber.

What happens during periods of starvation or when eating a diet that is very low in carboyhdrate?

Our body will take amino acids from the blood first, and then from other tissues, such as muscles, heart, liver, and kidney.

Soluble fibers include:

Pectins, gums, and mucilages.

Complex carbohydrates generally consist of long chains of glucose molecules called ___.

Polysaccharides.

Where does the majority of carboyhydrate digestion occur?

Small intestine.

Sucralose is marketed under the brand name ___.

Splenda (the yellow packet).

Plants store glucose not as single molecules but as polysaccharides in the form of ___.

Starch.

one glucose + one fructose = ___.

Sucrose.

Added sugars

Sugars and syrups that are added to foods during processing or preparation.

Simple carbohydrates are commonly referred to as ___.

Sugars.

Acesulfame-K is marketed under the names ___ and _____.

Sunette and Sweet One.

Saccharine is sold as _____.

Sweet 'N Low (the pink packet).

Nutritive sweeteners

Sweeteners such as sucrose, fructose, honey, and brown sugar that contribute Calories.

Type 1 diabetes

The body cannot produce enough insulin.

Gluconeogenesis

The generation of glucose from the breakdown of proteins into amino acids.

What is cellulose?

The main structural component of plant cell walls.

Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?

The mouth.

What does functional fiber consist of?

The nondigestible forms of carbohydrates that are extracted from plants or manufactured in a laboratory and have know health benefits.

What is dietary fiber?

The nondigestible parts of plants that form the support structures of leaves, stems, and seeds.

Ketosis

The process by which the breakdown of fat during fasting states results in the production of ketones.

What does a regular consumption of soluble fibers reduce?

The risks for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes by lowering blood cholesterol and blood glucose levels.

What is glycogen?

The storage form of glucose for animals, including humans.

What is total fiber?

The sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber.

What are gums used for?

Thickening, gelling, and stabilizing agents.

What are pectins used for?

To thicken foods, such as jams and yogurts.

Soluble fibers are also ___, forming a gel when wet, and fermentable.

Viscous.

Where are insoluble fibers generally found?

Whole grains, such as wheat, rye, and brown rice, and are found in many vegetables.