nutrition midterm exam

Foods that provide calories, but have little to no nutritional value in providing amounts of essential nutrients are often labeled as:

"empty calories"

Which of the following is NOT a permissible structure-function claim that is allowed to be on a food label?

"prevents the onset of Alzheimers"

The Recommended dietary Allowance (RDA) for carbohydrates for most US adults is _____ grams/day, which is the minimal amount needed for most adults to supply adequate glucose for the brain and nervous system in a 24-hour period.

130

The general vegetable intake recommendation for most US adults is __________ and the general fruit intake recommendation for most US adults is __________.

2-3 cups/day; 1.5-2.0 cups/day

Using the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein, the daily protein intake recommendation for an individual that weighs 54.54 kilograms is:

43.6g protein/day

The US Dietary Guidelines for Americans advises that at least _____ of daily grain consumption be whole grains.

50%

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is the average daily nutrient intake level that meets the healthy needs of _____ Americans in a particular age and sex group.

97-98%

Short Answer Question: Please write your response for this question IN COMPLETE SENTENCES. List two consequences of being in a chronic state of protein deficiency. (2 points)

If someone is in a chronic state of protein deficiency there can be brain lag and kidney decay due to the inadequate amount of protein in the body. It can also affect the hair, skin and nails of your body, you will notice the brittleness and lack of "life" when there is not enough protein in the diet.

___________ fibers act as a natural laxative and help with __________ the transit of food through the gastrointestinal tract. ___________ fibers help with __________ total blood cholesterol levels and help with controlling blood glucose levels.

Insoluble; speeding up; soluble; decreasing

Which of the following disaccharides is found ONLY in dairy food products?

Lactose

Which is the current nutrition guide for Americans published by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA)?

My Plate

Which of the following is NOT true?

Skeletal muscle is primarily in charge of storing and sorting amino acids and determining which amino acid and how much is transported to tissues throughout the human body.

The MAJOR form(s) of complex carbohydrates humans consume through their diet is/are:

Starch and Fiber

Numerical Answer Questions: Please place a unit label with your answer(s). If one slice of Tiramisu (with an extra shot of Marsala wine) contains 38 grams of carbohydrates, 45 grams of fat, 8 grams of protein, and 12 grams of alcohol, provide the % of total calories from each nutrient if you consumed one slice of Tiramisu. Please round your answers to one decimal point. (4 points) % of Total Calories from Carbohydrates % of Total Calories from Fat % of Total Calories from Protein % of Total Calories from Alcohol

The total amount of calories = 673 calories. Carbs contained 152 calories, Fat contained 405 calories, Protein contained 32 calories and Alcohol contained 84 calories. Percentages shown below: 23% of Total Calories from Carbohydrates. 60% of Total Calories from Fats. 5% of Total Calories from Protein. 12% Total Calories from Alcohol.

Large epidemiological studies like the Health Professional Follow-up Study and the Nurses' Health Study have shown a positive correlation between total red meat intake (servings/day) and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer.

true

Protein has a higher satiating effect compared to carbohydrates and fats.

true

Straw Hat Luffy's Monday total daily caloric intake was 2500 calories and he determined that of those 2500 calories, 223 calories were from Added Sugars. Based on what the US Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends, he adequately met the Added Sugar dietary recommendation for his Monday intake.

true

Vitamins and minerals do not contain calories.

true

Which of the following is NOT considered a macronutrient?

vitamins Macronutrients are: protein, carbs, fat, and water

Which of the following carbohydrate foods is NOT a rich/strong source of dietary fiber?

white bread

Which of the following is NOT true about plant-based protein food sources?

they typically have more saturated fat than animal based protein food sources

If Food A contains 150 calories for a 930 gram serving and Food B contains 150 calories for a 26 gram serving, Food A is less energy dense than Food B.

true

In order to anabolically build/increase skeletal muscle tissue, the human body's net protein balance must be in a positive state.

true

Short Answer Question: Please write your response for this question IN COMPLETE SENTENCES. Nowadays it seems like everyone is a "nutrition expert" and that there are all sorts of various professionals that are associated with providing nutritional advice. Two of these professionals are "nutritionists" and "registered dietitian". Please explain in detail the difference between these two and identify which professional is more qualified to provide appropriate nutritional advice. (4 points)

A registered dietitian is someone who recieved an education of potentially a bachelors degree in nutrition from an accredited college or university. The individual then must pass the registration test made by the board and must be involved in some type of internship for continued study. Whereas a nutritionist gives nutrition advice to individuals after receiving either a master's degree or a PhD in the field. This person then has a higher education, research experience and a greater knowledge of the topic than a registered dietitian may have. A RD is considered to be a nutrition expert and to be further qualified, over a nutritionist

Stevia, Truvia, and Sweet N' Low are all examples of _________________________________, a $2 billion/year industry that has grown substantially over the last 30 years. (1 point)

Alternative sweetners

Numerical Answer Questions: Please place a unit label with your answer(s). Yesterday, Bucky Barnes consumed amounts of the following "macros" & alcohol: 225 grams of carbohydrates; 70 grams of fat; 150 grams of protein; and 10 grams of alcohol. Using the caloric equivalents of each, how many total calories did he consume yesterday? (2 points)

Bucky consumed 2200 calories yesterday. His calorie intake is broken down here: 225g of Carbs X 4cal/g=900 calories, 70g of Fat X 9cal/g= 630 calories, 150g of Protein X 4cal/g= 600 calories, 10g of Alcohol X 7cal/g= 70 calories. 900+630+600+70= 2200 total calories.

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for each of the following energy-yielding nutrients? (+5% allowed on each end for a correct response)(6 points) Energy-Yielding Nutrient AMDR (#% - #%) Carbohydrate Fat Protein

Carbohydrates AMDR = 45%-65%, Fat AMDR= 20%-35%, Protein AMDR= 10%-35%.

Complementary proteins are what many vegetarians or vegans use to consume the adequate amount of protein needed without using animal products. This was explained through legumes and grains. Legumes may be missing one or more of the essential amino acids needed in the body, but may be exceptional at providing access to other essential amino acids. While grains may be adequate with the essential amino acids that were inadequate in legumes. By combining the two complementary proteins you allow the foods to compensate for what would have been incomplete, allowing a complete source of protein, and protecting the body from potenital deficiencies if there was not adaquate proteins consumed.

Complementary proteins are what many vegetarians or vegans use to consume the adequate amount of protein needed without using animal products. This was explained through legumes and grains. Legumes may be missing one or more of the essential amino acids needed in the body, but may be exceptional at providing access to other essential amino acids. While grains may be adequate with the essential amino acids that were inadequate in legumes. By combining the two complementary proteins you allow the foods to compensate for what would have been incomplete, allowing a complete source of protein, and protecting the body from potenital deficiencies if there was not adaquate proteins consumed.

Short Answer Question: Please write your response for this question IN COMPLETE SENTENCES. Explain in detail the concept of what complementary proteins are and how complementary protein foods can help you meet your protein requirements. (3 points)

Complementary proteins are what many vegetarians or vegans use to consume the adequate amount of protein needed without using animal products. This was explained through legumes and grains. Legumes may be missing one or more of the essential amino acids needed in the body, but may be exceptional at providing access to other essential amino acids. While grains may be adequate with the essential amino acids that were inadequate in legumes. By combining the two complementary proteins you allow the foods to compensate for what would have been incomplete, allowing a complete source of protein, and protecting the body from potenital deficiencies if there was not adaquate proteins consumed.

Short Answer Question: Please write your response for this question IN COMPLETE SENTENCES. Explain in detail what the DRI are. Within your response, also define what DRI stands for (i.e., what

DRI is the dietary reference intake of nutrients needed for the body to allow for a healthy body weight and overall health. The DRI is not meant to be fufilled daily, but more of over an extended period of time. The DRI is meant to continue to help with the nutritional benefits of healthy individuals, it is not mean to reduce or prevent diseases of those already affected. The DRI is broken down into 5 subgroups; The (RDA) Recommended Dietary Allowance, The (AI) Adequate Intake, The (EAR) Estimated average requirement, The (UL) Tolerable upper intake limits, and finally The (AMDR) Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range. Each of the components of DRI allow for nutritional recommendations on various food groups, upper limits of vitamins and minerals to avoid toxicity, and ranges for the body to maintain a healthy state.

Asides from the protein food group, which other food group is considered a rich/strong source of protein (based on grams of protein/serving)?

Dairy

Compared to whole wheat grains, refined/processed grains only contain what part(s) of the wheat grain kernel?

Endosperm

One serving size of meat & fish (and protein in general) is approximately the size of your fist.

False

Which of the following monosaccharides is found naturally found in fruits?

Fructose

When blood glucose levels are too low then __________ is released from the pancreas to raise breakdown glycogen to raise blood glucose levels, and when blood glucose levels are too high then __________ is released from the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels.

Glucagon; insulin

Short Answer Question: Please write your response for this question IN COMPLETE SENTENCES. Explain in detail what gluten is and specifically what kind/group of foods we can find gluten in. (3 points)

Gluten is a PROTEIN found in rye, wheat, tritican, and barley. Gluten is used by many food groups as the "glue" that holds to bread or pasta together. It is a compound that is used to help food groups become formed and hold together. It can be found in breads, pastas, even in soy sauce and food groups you might now imagine since they are liquid and not dough.

Short Answer Question: Please write your response for this question IN COMPLETE SENTENCES. Please provide two reasons/explanations in detail as to why American do not generally consume as many whole grain food products compared to processed/refined grain food products? (4 points)

There are a few reasons for which Americans do not find themselves consuming the correct amount of whole grain foods as refined foods. The first example is cost; whole grain products cost more than the refined/processed products. I was at the grocery store yesterday and I found that white bread was roughly $2.00 (give or take), while Dave's killer bread (whole grain patent) is close to $5.00. I am paying my way through school right now, and paying for groceries among other bills, so instead of picking the healthier option, I chose the cheaper option. Another reason for people not consuming as much whole grains is the for taste. There is a distinct difference in taste (if it actually contains whole grain and is not false advertising), as well as texture. These products take longer to chew, and tend to be on the dryer side, making them not as appealing to many customers.

Short Answer Question: Please write your response for this question IN COMPLETE SENTENCES. List three different factors that influence humans' everyday food choices. (3 points)

There are many factors that influence people's food choices. The first and most important is flavor, texture and appearance. We tend to not chose foods unless we enjoy the taste, the texture and find the food appealing to the eye (rainbow bagel trend). Another important factor is early influence. We tend to choose foods that we were brought up around at a young age, or introduced to early. Many families who introduce vegetables early find that their children prefer to eat them once they are older, verses families who do not cook many vegetables, so the child may be pickier when he eats them. The last factor I will talk about is restuarant dining. It is especially clear after the corona virus that we miss going to restaurants and having someone else cook and clean up after us. This plays a big role in our food choices, the atmostphere of restuarant dining makes it an enjoyable experience, one we sometimes prefer after a long day.

Which of the following is TRUE about carbohydrates?

They are the primary energy (fuel) source for the human body's cells and erythrocytes can only utilize carbs as a usable energy (fuel) source

One serving size of vegetables is approximately the size of your fist.

True

The daily dietary fiber intake recommendation is higher for men than women.

True

Isoleucine, leucine, and _________________ make up the three branched-chained amino acids (BCAA).

Valine

__________ values are nutrient intake goals for individuals that are set when scientific data are insufficient to allow the establishment of a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for a nutrient and is assumed to be adequate for healthy people.

adequate intake (AI)

__________ is the primary psychological influence to find and eat food (often in the absence of hunger) and __________ is the primary physiological drive to find and eat food.

appetite; hunger

Which of the following is a health disparity nutrition a risk factor for?

cancer, heart disease, osteoporosis and obesity

_________________ is the name of the genetic health disorder where one's own immune system reacts negatively when the body is exposed to consumption of gluten.

celiac disease

Which of the following foods is considered a low-quality (incomplete) protein source?

chia seeds

A(n) __________ nutrient is a nutrient required for normal physiological functioning that cannot be synthesized by the body at all or in adequate amounts; thus, it must be consumed through dietary consumption of food.

essential

A healthy, nutritious diet will usually encompass all the following characteristics EXCEPT:

expensive. Adequacy, moderation, variety and caloric control are characteristics

Excess protein consumed in the diet can easily be stored for the long term as a useable protein form in the human body just like carbohydrates and fats can.

false

The ingredients on a food label are listed in ascending order of predominance by weight and in ordinary language.

false

Water can only be consumed through liquid food sources.

false

Which class of nutrient's primary physiological function is to be used as an energy source, especially as the primary stored energy source of the human body?

fats

Which of the following is NOT a sub-group/class of vegetables?

fibrous The subclass is red/orange, dark green, legumes, starchy and other

Which of the following do Americans generally underconsume?

fruits and vegetables

The stored form of carbohydrates in the human body is known as __________ and is primarily stored in skeletal muscle tissue and the __________.

glycogen; liver

Which of the following is NOT true about NHANES?

it uses only surveys to acquire data and excludes physical examinations and lab testing. What is actually does: studies designed to assess health and nutritional status of adults and children in US. Stands for: National health and nutrition examination surveys. involved with CDC and FDA. utilized to develop national nutritional guidelines for reducing chronic disease risk.

Which food below likely has the highest energy-density?

mayonnaise

A physiological state in which an individual has no desire to eat and is fully satisfied is known as:

satiety

Which of the following is a factor that determines the estimated energy requirement (EER) for an individual?

sex, age, level of physical activity, and height and weight

Which of the following do Americans generally overconsume?

sodium and added sugars

Which of the following foods is considered a high-quality (complete) protein source?

soy