Operations Management Ch 3- Product Design and Process Selection
Why is a process flowchart useful? - for determining where the weaknesses are in a process - for seeing the totality of the operation and for identifying potential problem areas - for determining where the strengths are in a process - for benchmarking against other processes - for designing a product
for seeing the totality of the operation and for identifying potential problem areas
Intermittent operations: organization of resources
grouped by function
What type of operations focus on products in the early stage of the life cycle? - repetitive - downstream - gateway - intermittent - recycle
intermittent
Which type of operation is used to produce many different products with varying process requirements in lower volumes? - repetitive - intermittent - gateway - continuous - downstream
intermittent
What type of machine is controlled by a computer and can do a variety of tasks, such as drilling, boring, or turning parts of different sizes and shapes? - numerically controlled - variable turning - flexible driven - non-calculating - next component
numerically controlled
Concurrent engineering is - relying on marketing to determine specifications while product is in engineering - designing several new products at the same time - simultaneously design the product and the process - simultaneously design the product and develop the marketing sales brochure - is not used in operations management processes
simultaneously design the product and the process
Repetitive operations: work-in-process inventory
Less
Define process velocity
A measure of wasted time in the system
What are the differences between intermittent and repetitive ops?
1. The amount of product volume produced 2. The degree of product standardization
5 Process performance metrics
1. Throughput time 2. Process velocity 3. Productivity 4. Utilization 5. Efficiency
Process selection is based on what 5 considerations?
1. Type of process; range from intermittent to repetitive or continuous 2. Degree of vertical integration 3. Flexibility of resources 4. Mix between capital and human resources 5. Degree of customer contact
Define productivity
A measure of how well a company uses its resources
Define throughput time
Average amount of time product takes to move through the system
Repetitive operations: critical resource
Capital-intensive operation (equipment automation, technology important)
Process types exist on a what?
Continuum
Intermittent operations: factor driving production
Customer orders
How to determine efficiency
Efficiency = actual output/standard output
Repetitive operations: factor driving production
Forecast of future demands
Intermittent operations: type of equipment
General-purpose
Size of product variety with intermittent operations
Great
Repetitive operations degree of standardization
High
Repetitive operations: degree of automation
High
What is required to determine for process performance metrics?
If a process is functioning properly
Intermittent operations: path of products through facility
In a varied pattern, depending on product needs
Intermittent operations: critical resource
Labor-intensive operation (worker skills important)
Define Line process
Large quantities of a standard product
Repetitive operations: path of products through facility
Line flow
Repetitive operations: organization of resources
Line flow to accommodate processing needs
Intermittent operations: throughput time
Longer
Intermittent operations degree of standardization
Low
Intermittent operations: degree of automation
Low
Define Project process
Make a one-at-a-time product exactly to customer specifications
Design considerations include what strategies?
Make-to-stock strategy Assemble-to-order strategy Make-to-order strategy
Define process performance metrics
Measurement of different process characteristics that tell us how a process is performing
Define efficiency
Measures performance relative to a standard
What does determining if a process is functioning properly require?
Measuring performance
Intermittent operations: work-in-process inventory
More
What does a lower throughput time mean?
More products can move through the system
Process design tools include what?
Process flow analysis Process flowchart
Which of the following is not a fixed cost? - land rent - materials - overhead - taxes - insurance
materials
How to determine productivity
Productivity= output/input
What are the different process types?
Project Batch Line Continuous
Repetitive operations: throughput time
Shorter
Size of product variety with repetitive operations
Small
Define Batch process
Small quantities of product in groups or batches based on customer orders or specifications
Repetitive operations: type of equipment
Specialized
Product design considerations must include what?
The Process
Define Process Selection
The development of the process necessary to produce the designed product.
Define utilization
The proportion of time a resource is actually used
What is a basic process performance metric?
Throughput time
Define Continuous process
Very high volumes of a fully standard product
What is Reverse engineering? - altering the basic design based on user input - reengineering a failing product - acquiring a competitor's product and relabeling it for sale - acquiring a competitor's product and studying its design feature - changing your mind on the previous design
acquiring a competitor's product and studying its design feature
The classes that you are taking at the university use a ___________ process - project - batch - line - continuous - recycle
batch
If the third stage of a repetitive line process cannot complete its activities as fast as stage one or two it has become a: - place not to work - none of these - key work location - bottle neck - project process location
bottle neck
Which of the following is not characteristic of intermittent operations? - capital intensive - volume of goods produced directly tied to number of customer orders - produce many different products with varying processing requirements - workers need to be able to perform different tasks depending on the processing needs of the product - general purpose equipment
capital intensive
Which of the following is not characteristic of intermittent operations? - produce many different products with varying processing requirements - capital intensive - workers need to be able to perform different tasks depending on the processing needs of the product - general purpose equipment - volume of goods produced directly tied to number of customer orders
capital intensive
Which one of these refers to reducing the number of parts and features of the product whenever possible? - design automation - design specification - design reduction - design standardization - design simplification
design simplification
What refers to the use of common and interchangeable parts? - design automation - design specification - design reduction - design standardization - design simplification
design standardization
What type of process is designed to produce a large volume of a standardized product for mass production, such as automobiles? - project processes - batch processes - recycle processes - line processes - continuous processes
line processes
The ease with which the product can be made is its: - readiness for manufacturing - manufacturability - repeatability - accountability - reliability
manufacturability
Which of the following is a tool for evaluating an operation in terms of the sequence of steps from inputs to outputs with the goal of improving its design? - sequencing analysis - operations sequencing - process flow analysis - input/output analysis - operations analysis
process flow analysis
How to determine process velocity
process velocity= throughput time/value-added time
Which type of process would be least likely to produce goods for inventory rather than for a specific customer request? - batch - line - continuous - remanufacturing - project
project
Building a bridge over the Mississippi River for a new highway uses a - batch process - line process - project process - recycle process - continuous process
project process
Highly labor intensive services are called ___________________________. - quasi-manufacturing - quasi-services - mixed services - pure services - mixed manufacturing
pure services
Vertical integration decisions is a better strategic decision for - service organizations - quasi-manufacturing organizations - intermittent processes - project processes - repetitive operations
repetitive operations
One goal of process improvement is to reduce what?
throughput time
How to determine utilization
utilization= time resource is used/time resource is available