OT217 (Ch 6) Musculoskeletal

Match the word parts in the left column with their meanings in the right column. _____ 1. ankyl/o _____ 2. arthr/o _____ 3. -asthenia _____ 4. chondr/o _____ 5. de- _____ 6. meta- A. cartilage B. change or next in a series C. down, from, or reversing D. joint E. stiff F. weakness

1. E 2. D 3. F 4. A 5. C 6. B

Match the names of bones in the left column with their common names in the right column ______1. carpals ______2. clavicle ______3. cranium ______4. femur ______5. ilium _____6. ischium A. ankle bones B. bones of the fingers or toes C. breastbone D. collarbone E. pelvic bone F. kneecap G. shoulder blade H. skull I. thigh boneJ. wrist bones

1. J D H I E E

Write adjectives that describe these structures. 1. wrist 2. skull 3. femur 4. humerus 5. vertebra 6. lower back

1. carpal 2. cranial 3. femoral 4. humeral 5. vertebral 6. lumbar

Write the combining form(s) and meanings for these new terms. A short definition is provided for each term. 1. Subchondral 2. Vertebrochondral 3. Costochondral (also chondrocostal)

1. chondr/o, cartilage -Beneath cartilage 2. vertebr/o, vertebra; chondr/o, cartilage -Pertaining to a vertebra and its adjacent cartilage 3. cost/o, rib; chondr/o, cartilage -Pertaining to a rib and its cartilage

Envision a person in the anatomic position. Write the names of the following bones in order (superior to inferior 1-6): femur, clavicle, fibula, humerus, tarsus, ulna

1. clavicle 2. humerus 3. ulna 4. femur 5. fibula 6. tarsus

Write words associated with functions of the musculoskeletal system; the first letter is provided. 1. protection 2. S __ 3. m __ 4. F __ of blood cells __ 5. bone marrow storage of f __ 6. storage and release of m __

1. protection 2. support 3. movement 4. formation 5. fat 6. minerals

How many bones are in the human body?

206

Match the names of bones in the left column with their common names in the right column ______7. patella ______8. phalanges ______9. pubis ______ 10. scapula ______ 11. sternum ______ 12. tarsals A. ankle bones B. bones of the fingers or toes C. breastbone D. collarbone E. pelvic bone F. kneecap G. shoulder blade H. skull I. thigh boneJ. wrist bones

7. F 8. B 9. E 10. G 11. C 12. A

Write adjectives that describe these structures. 7. pelvis 8. spine 9. rib 10. chest 11. radius 12. ulna

7. pelvic 8. spinal 9. costal 10. thoracic 11. radial 12. ulnar

musculoskeletal disorders.

Orthopedists frequently use models to explain problem areas to patients.

Sterno+clavicular is an adjective that pertains to the clavicle and the _______ .

Sternum

The Thoracic Cage.

The ribs exist in pairs, 12 on each side of the chest, and are numbered from 1 to 12, beginning with the top rib. The upper seven pairs are joined directly with the sternum by a narrow strip of cartilage and are called "true ribs." The remaining five pairs are referred to as "false ribs" because they do not attach directly to the sternum. The last two pairs of false ribs, the "floating ribs," are attached only on the posterior aspect. thorac/o = chest; -oid = resembling; cost/o = rib; lumb/o = lumbar

What are a major division of the skeleton, and what do these bones form?

The skull, spinal column, breastbone, and ribs are a major division of the skeleton; together these bones form the vertical axis of the body

Cartilage

a specialized type of dense connective tissue that is elastic but strong and that can withstand considerable pressure or tension. Cartilage forms the major portion of the embryonic skeleton, but generally it is replaced by bone as the embryo matures. Cartilage does remain after birth, however, in the external ear, the nasal septum, the windpipe, between the vertebrae, and as a covering of bone surfaces at the places where they meet.

arthr/o

articulation, joint

Sub+costal means __________ a rib or the ribs

below

Sub+sternal indicates a location or position ________ the sternum.

below

Inter+vertebral means between two adjoining vertebrae. Cushions of cartilage______ adjoining vertebrae are called intervertebral disks. These layers of cartilage absorb shock.

between

hemat/o

blood

Osteo+myelitis means inflammation of ______________________ and the bone marrow.

bone

The rigid nature of bone gives it the ability to provide shape and support for the body. However, bone also contains living cells and is richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves. The combining form oste/o means bone. Oste+oid means resembling ________.

bone

burs/o

bursa

De+calcification is loss of _________ from bone or teeth. (The prefix de- means down, from, or reversing.) Osteomalacia is a consequence of decalcification without replacement of the lost calcium.

calcium

The combining form calc/i means calcium. Calcification is the process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by deposits of ______________________. Calcification normally occurs in bones and teeth; however, it is abnormal in soft tissue (e.g., deposition of calcium in the walls of arteries leads to arteriosclerosis).

calcium

calc/i

calcium

There are three main types of muscle tissue:

cardiac (heart) muscle; smooth (visceral or involuntary) muscle found in the internal organs; and skeletal muscle, which is under conscious or voluntary control.

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a complex of symptoms resulting from pressure on the median nerve in the carpal tunnel of the wrist. It causes pain, burning, or tingling in the fingers or hand. This complex of symptoms is called ________ tunnel syndrome.

carpal

Carp/o

carpals, wrist bones

The wrist, also known as the carpus, consists of eight small bones called the carpals (Figure 6-10). Write a word that means excision of one or more bones of the wrist: ____

carpedectomy

chondr/o

cartilage

meta-

change or next in a series

ped/o

child

The clavicles attach to the sternum and either the right or left scapula. Clavicul+ar is an adjective that pertains to the ______. Scapul+ar refers to the scapula. The upper arm bones attach to the scapulae.

clavicle

The bones of the thorax are

clavicle, sternum, ribs

What are the combining forms for the bones in the appendicular skeleton?

clavicul/o (clavicle), scapul/o (scapula)

The coccyx is also the result of the fusion of vertebrae. The combining form coccyg/o means coccyx, or tail bone. This is located at the base of the spinal column and represents four fused coccyg+eal bones (- eal means pertaining to). The coccyx is the result of fusion of four ________ bones.

coccygeal

Myel/o

combining form for bone marrow

Cost/o

costal, rib

What are the combining forms for the bones that form the vertical axis of the body (axial skeleton)

crani/o (skull), cost/o (rib), stern/o (breastbone), rachi/o & spin/o (backbone) , spondyl/o & vertebr/o (spinal bones), cervic/o (spinal bones), thorac/o (spinal bones), lumb/o (spinal bones), sacr/o (spinal bones), coccyg/o (spinal bones)

Crani/o

cranium, skull

de-

down, from, or reversing

What are the combining forms for the bones in the lower extremities?

femor/o (thigh bone), patell/o (kneecap), fibul/o (lower leg), tibi/o (lower leg), tars/o (ankle bone), calcane/o (heel bone), metatars/o (bones of the feet), phalang/o (bones of the toes)

From the previous frame, you should recognize the adjective that means pertaining to the femur. The word is _______. (This term also means the thigh.)

femoral

Ischio+femoral pertains to the ischium and the _________

femur

he distal (far) ends of the metacarpals join with the fingers. Carpo+phalang+eal refers to the wrist and bones of the ______________________. There are two phalanges (singular, phalanx) in the thumb and three phalanges in each of the other four fingers. Phalangitis is inflammation of the bones of the fingers or toes.

fingers

What are the combining forms for the bones in the upper extremities?

humer/o (upper arm bone), radi/o (forearm), uln/o (forearm), carp/o (wrist bones) metacarp/o (bones of the hand), phalang/o (bones of fingers)

Humer+al means pertaining to the _____

humerus

Technically, the arm is the portion of the upper limb of the body between the shoulder and the elbow. The bone of the upper arm is the humerus. Bones of the forearm are the ulna and the radius. The upper extremity is composed of the arm, forearm, and hand. Practice using the word parts you have learned for the bones of the arm and hand. Humero+scapular refers to the ______________________ and the scapula.

humerus

Ilio+pubic refers to the ______________________ and the pubis.

ilium

Use ischiopubic as a model to write a new term that means pertaining to the ischium and the coccyx: _____

ischiococcygeal

Use iliopubic as a model to write a word that means pertaining to the ischium and the pubis: ______

ischiopubic

Ili+ac refers to the ilium, and ischi+al means pertaining to the _______

ischium

Patello+femoral refers to the patella, or __________, and the femur.

kneecap

Each of the lower extremities is composed of the bones of the thigh, leg, patella (kneecap), and foot (Figure 6-11). The femur is the longest and heaviest bone in the body. Femur is the name of the bone of the upper ____

leg

cellul/o

little cell or compartment

The combining form lumb/o means the lower back. You may have heard the word lumbago, which is a general term for a dull, aching pain in the lower back. The lumb+ar vertebrae are located in the_____ back and are numbered L1 through L5.

lower

The thoraco+lumbar region refers to the inferior thoracic vertebrae and the superior________ vertebrae as a group.

lumbar

-sarcoma =

malignant tumor of connective tissue

Bone marrow is the soft organic material that fills the central cavity of a bone. The combining form for bone marrow is myel/o, which also refers to the spinal cord. It is sometimes difficult to know which meaning is intended. When you see myel/o, you will need to decide if it means spinal cord or bone_________.

marrow

muscul/o

muscle

Myel+itis means ____ of either the spinal cord or the bone marrow. Myelo+fibr+osis is replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue.

myelitis

The combining form cervic/o means either neck or the cervix of the uterus. In the naming of cervic+al vertebrae, cervical refers to the _________. Figure 6-6 shows the seven cervical vertebrae, C1 through C7.

neck

The metacarpals are located between the carpals and the phalanges. The prefix meta- means change or next in a series. Meta+carpals lie ______________________ to the carpals

next

The tarsus,* or ankle, has seven bones. Tarsal means pertaining to the tarsus. The calcaneus is the formal name for the heel bone. The meta+tarsals lie ______________________ to the tarsals and also join with the bones of the toes.

next

What are the combining forms for the bones in the pelvis?

pelv/i, ili/o, ischi/o, pub/o

The lower vertebrae make up part of the pelvis, the basin-like structure formed by the sacrum, the coccyx, and the pelvic girdle (pelvic bones). The combining form pelv/i means pelvis. Pelv+ic means pertaining to the _______

pelvis

Chondral

pertaining to cartilage.

-poiesis

production

Pub+ic means pertaining to the ___________

pubis

Pub/o

pubis

Two hip bones help form the pelvis. Each hip bone consists of three separate bones (ilium, ischium, pubis) in the newborn, but eventually the three bones fuse to form one bone. By covering the right or left half of either Figure 6-9A or B, you are observing a hip bone. Locate the ilium, the ischium, and the _________, which fuse to make up the hip bone.

pubis

Use humeral as a model to write an adjective that means pertaining to the radius: _______

radial

Calcium in bone is what color on X-rays?

radiopaque; thus, bones can block x-rays so that they do not reach the image receptor. Bones are represented by light areas on radiographic images.

Costo+vertebral also means pertaining to a ____ and a vertebra. (Not all words can be reversed, as in vertebrocostal and costovertebral, but you will learn to recognize terms in which this can be done.)

rib

Inter+costal means between the _______. Intercostal muscles lie between the ribs and draw ribs together to increase the chest volume when breathing.

ribs

The thoracic cage is the bony framework that surrounds the organs and soft tissues of the chest. It consists of the sternum, the ribs, and the vertebrae. Cost+al refers to the costae, or _______. There are 12 pairs of ribs, each one joined to a vertebra posteriorly (at the back). The first seven pairs, called "true ribs," attach directly to the sternum. The other five pairs, referred to as "false ribs," do not attach directly to the sternum

ribs

The combining form sacr/o refers to the sacrum, the triangular bone below the lumbar vertebrae. Five sacr+al vertebrae are present at birth, but in the adult, they are fused to form one bone. The sacrum is the result of fusion of five ______ bones.

sacral

The common name for cranium is _________. Cranium usually refers to the skull, but a second meaning of cranium is the specific portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain. The skull is composed of cranial bones and facial bones. The adult skull is made up of hard bones that serve as protection; however, newborns have soft spots called fontanels, spaces covered by tough membranes between the soft bones of the skull. These accommodate passage through the birth canal and allow for growth of the brain.

skull

Remembering that encephal/o means brain, myelo+encephal+itis means inflammation of the brain and ____ cord.

spinal

Remembering that encephal/o means brain, myelo+encephal+itis means inflammation of the brain and ____cord.

spinal

The vertebral column is composed of 33 vertebrae. The vertebrae are named and numbered from the top downward (Figure 6-6). These bones enclose and protect the spinal cord, support the head, and serve as a place of attachment for the ribs and the muscles of the back. The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system. It is a cylindrical structure located in the spinal canal, extending from the lower part of the brain to the upper part of the lumbar region. Spinal fluid or cerebro+spin+al (cerebr/o, brain + spin /o, spine) fluid is the clear, colorless liquid that circulates throughout the brain and_______ canal, the cavity within the vertebral column.

spinal

The vertebral or spinal column, commonly called the backbone, is attached at the base of the skull. It encloses the spinal cord, supports the head, and serves as a place of attachment for the ribs and muscles of the back. Spin/o, rach/i, and rachi/o mean spine. Rachio+dynia and rachi+algia both mean painful ______________________. Inflammation of a vertebra is spondylitis.

spine

Rachi/o, spin/o

spine, backbone

Spondyl/o, vetebr/o

spine, backbone

Sternal punctures are sometimes made with a needle to obtain a sample of bone marrow, the soft material that fills the central cavities of bones. Bone marrow samplings can be examined for abnormal cells. Puncture of the sternum with a needle is called a ________ puncture

sternal

The thorax is the upper part of the trunk or cage of bone and cartilage containing the principal organs of respiration and circulation and covering part of the abdominal organs. It is formed ventrally by the sternum and costal cartilages and dorsally by the thoracic vertebrae and dorsal parts of the ribs (Figure 6- 7). Locate the elongated flattened sternum. Use the suffix -al (pertaining to) to write a word that means pertaining to the breastbone: ______

sternal

Sterno+costal pertains to the ______ and the ribs.

sternum

Stern/o

sternum, breastbone

ankyl/o

stiff

orth/o

straight

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon

Bone marrow

the soft tissue that fills the cavities of the bone. Red marrow functions in the formation of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

The combining form thorac/o means the thorax (or chest). As with other vertebrae, the thorac+ic vertebrae are so named because of their location. They are numbered T1 through T12. The thoracic vertebrae are part of the posterior (back) wall of the ___________ cavity.

thoracic

Tibi/o

tibia

Two bones make up the lower leg. The tibia is larger than the fibula. Tibi+algia is pain of the _________

tibia

Humero+ulnar refers to both the humerus and the ______

ulna

From the previous frame, you should now recognize the adjective that means pertaining to the ulna. It is ________

ulnar

The vertebral column combining forms:

vertebr/o = vertebrae cervic/o = neck thorac/o = thorax (chest) lumb/o = lumbar sacr/o = sacrum coccyg/o = coccyx

Vertebro+costal pertains to a rib and a __________.

vertebra

-asthenia

weakness