philosophy q4
Identify what locke thinks is the best rationalist argument for inate ideas
According to Locke, the only real argu- ment the rationalists produced for their belief in innate ideas was the argument from "universal consent." That is, because people everywhere have certain ideas in their minds, such ideas must be innate.
What is the point of the story trying to make about plato's theory of knowledge
Plato famously defined knowledge as "justified true belief", Therefore, for Plato, there is definitely innate knowledge, knowledge of reality, born in us.
23. Imagine you are making breakfast. You experience sensations. This is a unified object changing into __. If we trusted our senses would we say this is not the same egg but it is the same egg. What must be true of the mind if we came to the conclusion that it must be the same egg? Read packet The mind for kant __. Which of the following is a connection (ie one of the categories that we impose upon the world) Based on your answers for kant, what world do we know A. Neuminal B. Phenominal world C. We both know a and b Which reflects kant's philosophy (based on 2nd copernicus revolution) What is the 2nd copernicus revolution
1. 2. B 3. 4. 2nd copernican- if we want to experience something or understanding, reality must go under our standards of causality
Given that the empiricist problem ___, what are the possible strategies for an empiricist to address this problem Which of those is locke's strategy Which of those is barkleys strategy in addressing this empiricist problem
2 strategies 1. There is no difference between the object of perception and the perception of the object = george barkeley 2. There is a difference between the object of perception and the percepttion of the object = locke
Identify what for decarte survives every hyperbolic doubt: evil genius hypothesis How does he explain origin of our foundational knowledge
According to Descartes God or an "evil genius" could do something to him that would make him see, hear, feel, taste, and smell everything around him exactly as he is doing right now, while, in reality, nothing existed around him. If God or an "evil genius" is deceiving him in this way, is there any way Descartes could know that they were doing this to him? Descartes says that for all he knows, God or an evil genius might be deceiving him right now. So, he says, he will suspend his judgment about whether anything around him is what it appears to be. Do you think it's possible for anyone to do this? That is, is it possible for you to make yourself believe something just by deciding to do that? And is it possible for you to make yourself stop believing something you've always believed? Is belief like a light switch that you can turn on or off as you wish? Or is belief something that is forced on you by the events around you? To find indubitable foundational truths, Descartes tried to doubt all his beliefs by realizing that everything might be a dream or an illusion of a powerful god; any beliefs that could not be doubted would be basic indubitable truths. One was "I think, therefore I am." Why does Descartes come to the conclusion that any idea that is "clear and distinct" must be true So he concludes that our mind, not our senses, is the source of that knowledge
For john locke, how does he begin his attack on rationalism? What doctrine does he attack right away
Doctrine of Innate Ideas- rationalists argument in favor of innate ideas: we were born with these ideas in our minds, or they developed from what we were born with. We could not have acquired them by observation because our experience of the world is too limited and its objects are too imperfect.
Given that our senses can sometimes be wrong, what is the problem faced by an empiricist
How do you know that the object of perception matches the perception of the object if we know only what our sense experiences show us, then we have no way of knowing whether our sense experiences "match" the world beyond our sense experiences, or even whether there is a world beyond our sense experiences.
Hume claims that an authentic idea ___ originated impression. What is his position on the idea of causality Humes __ skepticism. Identify that of which he is skeptical about
Hume accepted Berkeley's view that all we experience are our own sensations and ideas, which he called "impressions." Because all our knowledge is derived from sense impressions, he argued that if an idea is not derived from a sense impression, it is meaningless or nonexistent. Hume claims that all our thoughts, ideas, memories, images, and anything else in our minds either (1) is derived from our perceptions of what is outside us or inside us, or (2) is created by "joining" together ideas that were derived from perceptions of what is outside us or inside us. So everything in our minds ultimately must be capable of being traced back to some perceptions of something outside us or inside us. Since "we can have no idea of anything which never appeared to our outward sense or inward sentiment," he concludes that "we have no idea of [causal] connection or [causal] power at all." Idea of causality - Skepticism 1. Sciences bc they depend on the idea of causality 2. Ideas
Quote in packet: we have no knowledge before we have experience... arises out of experience... supplies from itself --> what does it mean Let us say you are experiencing sensations. Which of the following will claim this experience A. Kant would claim this is all you will experience B. Kant would claim that while u experience this, that as a unified whole __ C. Whatever happens in b is something of the mind D. Both b and c Assuming kant is correct, he also claims we place them apriori into what If kant is corrrect that space / spatial relations are apriori which of the following would apply to the world
Kant argued that when the mind organizes its sense impressions into the world we know, it inserts rational structures into this world and these structures are universal laws that the mind can know because the mind put these structures into the world. Kant wanted to show that, despite Hume, we have real knowledge of statements that are synthetic (give us information about the world) and a priori (universal statements that go beyond what our senses can perceive) in mathematics and natural science. Kant agreed with Hume that our senses bring us a chaotic multitude of ever-changing sensations (colors, smells, sounds, etc.). But Kant argued that the mind organizes these constantly changing sensations by arranging them into objects that we experience as located in space and time. He argued that we cannot get our ideas of space and time from experience because experience presupposes space and time. We experience objects and unified wholes not just blotches - reason forms objects into whole We find these objects in a space We are all located in spatial relations Causality comes from the role play of reason D There is a world out there There is only a human reality The world will only appear as a human world because we construct it that way; default program Ppl w mental diseases Categories have been decayed and they are confused; somehow their matrix has been messed up Human world will always be one of causality
Since locke defeated the doctrine of innate ideas, what does he think the mind looks like at birth
Locke claimed the mind is a blank slate—in Latin, a tabula rasa—on which experience makes its mark. Blank slates, of course, contain no ideas of any kind, neither innate nor acquired. In An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, he states the nature of his proposed doctrine clearly
Identify rationalism
Reasons w/out aid of senses source of our foundational knowledge (A priori knowledge --> knowledge before you have sense experience)
Identify empiricism
Senses alone /out reason source of knowledge
Identify lockes solution to matching the object of perception matches the object of perception What is a problem raised to this theory What is barkleys solution to this problem
Solution to the question: Locke= Copy Theory Primary qualities of objects or objective qualities: qualities that actually inhere in the objects themselves. > size/weight etc. Secondary qualities or subjective qualities: not qualities in objects themselves but only a quality that can produce a certain sensation in us > color (not a permanent feature in the world bc it is an individual sensation that we experience) Copy theory- our senses are faithful copiers of the primary qualities of objects; the ideas of primary qualities are accurate copies of the qualities of external material bodies. George barkeley = there are no primary qualities ALL qualities are secondary (all subjective) Since an idea can only be like another idea, our ideas of primary qualities must be copies of other ideas (i.e., primary qualities must be ideas). Since ideas can exist only in the mind, primary qualities can exist only in the mind and so are not qualities of external material bodies. Berkeley argued Locke was wrong to claim that we know there are external objects because they must cause our sensations. We have no access to such objects, Berkeley argued, and just as dreams are not caused by external objects, our perceptions need not be caused by external objects. Both primary and secondary qualities, Berkeley argued, are sensations in us and so are mind-dependent. Besides minds and their sensations and ideas, nothing exists.
Which of the following are the conditions of knowledge Edmund gettier's example.
The 3 conditions are ... Knowledge is a justified true belief Edmund Gettier showed that knowledge is more than justi ed true belief by giving examples of people whose belief was true and justi ed, yet was not knowledge. The belief was not knowledge because it turned out to be true by accident. Edmund Gettier definition of knowledge - pg 430 Suppose a John... example Puto ("I think") erat Stuper Criticism- there is @ least 1 other condition for knowledge that has to be fulfilled
Definition of coherence theory of truth
The coherence theory says that truth is a property of a related group of consistent and accepted beliefs, and a particular belief is true if it coheres with the group of accepted beliefs. truth consists of coherence between a belief and other beliefs. But these terms need to be explained.
Identify correspondance theory of truth
The correspondence theory says that a proposition is true when it agrees with or corresponds to a fact. Russell explains correspondence by saying that a sentence corresponds to a fact when the relations among the words or constituents of the sentence mirror the relations among the terms or parts of a fact. Critics say that the correspondence theory wrongly assumes we can determine whether our beliefs correspond to an external reality; but our only access to an external world is through our senses and we cannot know whether our senses give us an accurate picture of an external reality because we cannot get beyond our senses to check this out.
Identify lockes rebuttle for the rationalist argument of innate ideas
The fundamental problem with this argu- ment, Locke claimed, is that there are no ideas that all human beings are aware of
Identify pragmatic theory of truth
The pragmatic theory of truth holds that there are no absolute and unchanging truths; a statement is true if it is useful to believe—that is, if it aids us individually or collectively in the struggle for survival, if it passes the tests of science, or if it meets the needs and interests of our human nature. Pragmatism- what works Theory- there are no absolute and unchanging truths; a statement is true if it is useful to believe—that is, if it aids us individually or collectively in the struggle for survival, if it passes the tests of science, or if it meets the needs and interests of our human nature. Doesn't have to agree w anything only if it aids in struggle for survival and passes tests of science
Kant: Identify what he is saying in trans idealism
the world that appears to be around us is a world that our mind constructs. Our mind arranges the sensations that come from its senses into orderly structures or patterns. But these orderly structures and patterns are provided by the mind itself. In other words, the senses are the source of the sensations that the mind arranges into the world we experience. But the way those sensations are arranged—their orderly structure— comes from the mind. Because the mind arranges everything we perceive according to its own rational rules or laws, the mind can know these laws that govern every- thing we perceive.
