PSY 101 Midterm + Final
What type of partial reinforcement schedule(s) result(s) in the reinforced behavior that is the most difficult to extinguish?
both variable-ratio and variable-interval schedules.
[ch13] Some people might try to explain the typical behavior of Milgram's participants by suggesting that they were somehow abnormal. This explanation has been found to be:
false given the many replications of the experiment producing the same results with a wide variety of participants.
In Kahneman's dual-processing theory, what are the two extremes of the thinking continuum?
fast and slow
According to kin selection theory, animals that engage in altruistic acts, such as warning others of an approaching predator, are:
helping to ensure the survival of the genes they have in common with close relatives.
Kanako is a lesbian. Which order describes to whom she is likely to share this information with first?
her friends and siblings; her parents; her peers
Which statement describes the level of parental investment of polygyny?
high female and low male
According to Baumrind, an authoritative parenting style involves
high warmth, high control
Which is NOT one of the three main divisions of academic studies demonstrating that psychology is a hub science?
mathematics
The technique of shaping is used to:
develop an operant response that might not otherwise occur.
When scores are ranked from highest to lowest, the middle score is the:
median
Sensory adaptation is mediated by:
receptor cells in some cases, and the central nervous system in other cases
The relatively simple, automatic, sequence of the eye tearing up in response to dirt is a type of:
reflex.
Which of the following is NOT a vestigial characteristic?
reflexive jerking away from a flame
Any process that increases the likelihood that a particular operant response will occur again is called:
reinforcement.
Judy is so focused on watching basketball players in white shirts pass the ball to one another that she does not see a gorilla in the room. This is an example of:
selective viewing
The man-made form of natural selection is known as _____ breeding.
selective.
Which of the following are components of flavor?
true taste and smell
Which statement is TRUE?
A woman is more likely to complain of stress and anxiety.
Who was the scientist who wrote The Origin of Species and proposed that natural selection leads to the evolution of behavioral tendencies that promote survival and reproduction?
Charles Darwin
Which statement does NOT illustrate how research on children's social fantasy play supports Vygotsky's view?
Children show greater advances in moral reasoning when discussing social dilemmas with their peers rather than with their parents.
Researchers who focus on individual neurons or small groups of neurons to determine how their characteristics contribute to particular psychological capacities are:
behavioral neuroscientists
Ben believes that his body wears out during the day and that sleep is necessary to put it back in shape. Ben's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ of sleep.
body-restoration theory
What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?
Positive punishment entails the arrival of an unpleasant stimulus and negative punishment entails the removal of a pleasant stimulus.
The measurement called the _____ is defined as body weight in kilograms divided by the square of the person's height in meters.
body mass index
"When a group is evenly split on an issue, the majority of people leave the discussion with:"
a more moderate view on the issue than they had when the discussion began.
To a learning psychologist, experience in the environment leads to a change in _____, whereas to a cognitive psychologist, experience in the environment leads to a change in _____.
behavior; knowledge or beliefs
The general tendency of small mammals to sleep longer than large ones is explained in the _____ theory.
body-restoration
If generalization occurs and is unwanted, _____ can be used to reduce it.
discrimination training.
If a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response will eventually go away. This is called ____
extinction
All other things being equal, the results of a study are more likely to be statistically significant when there is a:
greater difference between group means
Jerry is laughing and telling jokes at a funeral. This may be the symptom known as:
grossly disorganized behavior.
[ch13] A debate in which a large number of individuals argue for one side and subsequently push the majority to a more extreme view demonstrates the phenomenon of:
group polarization.
[ch13] If people have a tendency toward a particular view on some issue, and then discuss the issue with others who have the same tendency, they will eventually be likely to adopt a more extreme view in the same direction as their initial tendency. This phenomenon is referred to as:
group polarization.
[ch13] Often when a cohesive group of people makes decisions, they defer too much to the views of leaders and work to maintain unity at the expense of considering alternative solutions. This type of flawed decision-making is termed:
groupthink.
The emotions identified in your textbook as self-conscious emotions include pride, shame, _____, and embarrassment.
guilt
Which is the most basic process of learning?
habituation
"According to the passive bystander effect (diffusion of responsibility), a bystander is more likely to help a victim if:"
he/she is the only person immediately available to help.
Kin selection theory was developed to explain why animals:
help close relatives.
Altruism is best defined as any act that:
helps another while at the same time decreasing one's own chance of survival or reproduction.
Lonnie is getting older and beginning to lose his hearing for:
high frequencies
Where can free nerve endings be found?
in all body tissues from which pain is sensed
Westerners might interpret !Kung and Efe infant care as overly indulgent because infants in those societies are:
in almost constant physical contact with the mothers or other caregivers.
An allele is said to be dominant when it produces its observable effects:
in both the heterozygous and homozygous conditions.
Which CANNOT reduce pain?
increased activity in C fibers
As a technical term, error refers to:
increased randomness in results
The decline in the United States of teenage pregnancies apparently stems from:
increased sex education and parental involvement.
[ch13] When Sherif set up competitive games between groups of boys in the Robbers Cave experiment, all occurred EXCEPT:
increased within-group competition.
Jean Piaget argued that unsupervised play with peers:
is crucial to moral development
The type of operant conditioning that will lead to a decrease in the likelihood that a response will be repeated can be identified as:
punishment.
The influence that other people have on behavior would be considered a ____ cause.
social
Which type of psychologist would be interested in the number of teenagers who started smoking cigarettes due to their group of friends who are also smokers?
social
[ch13] Katie does not recycle, but feels that her few plastic bottles a week do not do much harm to the earth. However her entire neighborhood feels the same way and they also do not recycle. This is an example of:
social dilemma
The enhancing effect of an audience on task performance was soon accepted as a general law of behavior and referred to as:
social facilitation.
During which stage of sleep does REM sleep occur?
stage 1
When rats get sick several hours after eating a certain food, they:
subsequently avoid foods that taste and smell like that particular food, even if they don't look similar.
What is imprinting?
sudden and irreversible learning.
Interdisciplinary subfields are graphically represented by the psychocentric theory of the university in the form of:
sunbeams
The textbook discussed the case of a man that performed poorly when answering questions such as "Does a bear have a long tail or a short tail?" This man has brain damage to:
the "what" pathway of visual perception
Brennan notices that the subjects in his experiment modify or improve an aspect of their behavior because they know they are being studied. This phenomenon is called:
the Hawthorne effect
Most physiological psychologists today think of drives primarily as states of:
the brain
Wilson and Daly's view that "the young-male syndrome" helps explain adolescent recklessness and violence can be BEST reflected by the fact that risk acts are performed by adolescent males:
to gain status by demonstrating their fearlessness and valor, because higher status is associated with more potential offspring.
Troy is conducting a laboratory study to investigate the effects of different sounds on different parts of the brain. Why would Troy want to conduct this study in a laboratory?
to have greater control over variables
The phrase "level of analysis" may include all levels EXCEPT the:
tolerance
Josh is working in the yard when an insect buzzes by his ear. Before he can hear the insect, the receptor cells in his ear must produce an electrical change in response to the sound. This process is called:
transduction
What is the difference between sex and gender?
the culture you grow up in determines gender, while sex is determined biologically
Research findings concerning the physiology of smell indicate that most of the output from the glomeruli goes to:
the limbic system and hypothalamus, areas involved in basic drives and emotions.
Teagan has just been hired as an elementary school teacher. What technique would BEST help her students commit the lessons to their long-term memory?
utilization of elaboration
Research has demonstrated that leptin would be ineffective as an antiobesity drug because:
the majority of obese people are not lacking in leptin
"The concordance rate for schizophrenia in fraternal (non-identical) twins is considerably higher than that for non-twin pairs of full siblings. Since fraternal twins are no more similar to each other genetically than are other full siblings, this illustrates the effects of:"
the prenatal environment.
Which statement is NOT an example of an environmental influence?
the person's genetic makeup.
A marathon runner is eagerly looking forward to having a drink of water. Thirst is the runner's:
motivational state
Jen was studying the correlation between the amount of TV people watch and their GPA. She found the more television people watched, the lower their GPA. The type of correlation Jen found is a _____ correlation.
negative
In operant conditioning, the process of extinction of a behavior involves a behavior that once occurred because it was reinforced but then the behavior did not result in reinforcement and now:
no longer occurs.
"According to the DSM-IV criteria, what percent of people in North America could be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder at some point during their life?"
6%
A study is run on the shoe size of freshman girls, the shoe sizes collected were as follows: 8, 6, 8, 5, 9, 6. What is the mean of this data set?
7
What percentage of teenage females become pregnant in any given year in the United States?
7
What is the median of the numbers 8, 7, 5, 9, 12?
8
What is the mean of the numbers 5, 7, 8, 9, 16?
9
Each complete sleep cycle lasts about:
90 minutes
Statistically, which scenario would MOST likely receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia?
A 20-year-old male who has difficulty keeping a job due to suspicions of coworkers planning against him and few close relationships because of inappropriate shows of emotion.
Central tendency is to variability as _____ is to _____.
median; standard deviation
Reproductive cells are produced by the process _____, while cells such as skin and muscle cells are produced by _____.
meiosis; mitosis.
Culture-bound syndromes are:
mental distresses limited to specific groups.
Which value illustrates the highest correlation coefficient?
-0.8
Benjamin, who is 30 years old, feels like he has the best luck when gambling. He always makes up excuses to go gamble his paychecks. In reality he has lead him and his family into financial ruins because of his gambling addiction. It has turned into a compulsive, pathological drive to gamble. According to the book he falls into what percentage of North Americans who have this compulsive drive?
1 and 2
Young children have an inborn predisposition to give; they give objects spontaneously to others. This occurs around the age of:
1.
Purebred basenji hounds are fearful and timid toward humans, while purebred cocker spaniels are not. If fearfulness is controlled by a dominant gene, then approximately what percentage of F1 offspring of cockers and basenjis should show high fear?
100 percent.
At what age do young children begin to regularly give objects to others?
12 months.
In an experiment, memory researchers convinced participants that when they were 5 they were lost in a shopping mall and were comforted by an elderly lady. This never actually happened to them. The results were that _____ percent of the participants later reported this false memory as if it were an actual memory.
25
The olfactory nerve contains roughly _____ different types of sensory neurons, each of which is characterized by a distinctly shaped binding site on its terminals within the olfactory epithelium.
350
How many general conclusions can be drawn about executive functions?
4
In order for the results of an experiment to be statistically significant, there must be a _____ or lower chance that they are due to chance.
5%
Which statement is a key piece of evidence that supports Wilson and Daly's "the young-male syndrome" hypothesis?
A high proportion of violence among young males is triggered by public signs of disrespect or challenges to status.
Suppose that in a food-preference study, you deprive a group of rats of an essential nutrient and give them a variety of food choices (the same set each day), but only one choice has the nutrient added to it. What would you predict about the outcome of the study?
After a few days, the rats would show a strong preference for whichever food contained the nutrient they had been deprived of.
Which is an example of sensory adaptation?
After a few minutes of exposure to an unpleasant odor, one no longer notices the smell
Mandy often uses verbal reasoning to induce her children to think about the harmful consequences of their actions. Which parenting style is Mandy using to punish her children?
Authoritative.
Whose theory of learning was also considered to be a selectionist theory?
B. F. Skinner.
Although he was a behaviorist, _____ was interested in how nonreflexive behavior could be altered through learning.
B.F. Skinner.
Phineas Gage was working on a railroad when an explosion sent a metal bar through his head destroying most of his prefrontal cortex. He remained a pretty intelligent guy yet his behavior changed. What evidence from this study suggests that his prefrontal cortex plays a role in executive functions?
Because Phineas lost the ability to plan out his day and often lacked empathy
Why do people fear old age?
Because old age entails loss.
If psychology can be defined as the science of behavior and the mind, why are the data in psychology always drawn from behavior?
Behavior can be observed but the mind cannot
_____, or nonrandom effects caused by factors outside of the research hypothesis are problematic to researchers.
Bias
Which statement is TRUE of bias and error in research?
Bias can lead a researcher to conclude that a false research hypothesis is true, and error can lead a researcher to conclude that a true research hypothesis is false.
After eating, Bob is still starving. However, after waiting for about 15 minutes he was no longer hungry. What best explains this occurrence?
Bob began to feel the effect of PYY.
Lester accidentally hits his thumb with a hammer. The diffuse, long-lasting pain he feels is carried to his central nervous system by:
C fibers.
The thin, slow, unmyelinated pain neurons are called _____. The fast, thick, myelinated pain neurons are called _____.
C-fibers; A delta fibers
The males of some animal species (such as birds) are heavily involved in the care of their offspring, while the males of other animal species (such as cats) have very little involvement. According to Trivers's theory of parental investment, which of the following is most likely?
Cats are more likely to be polygynous than birds.
Which is TRUE of sensorineural deafness?
It is a result of damage to the hair cells of the cochlea or to the auditory neurons
Josh's friend was hoping to improve his chances of finding a date by buying human pheromone to add to his cologne. The advertisement claimed it would make him irresistible to women. Based on what he knows from research on sex-attractant pheromones in humans, what advice should Josh give his friend?
Don't buy it; there's no convincing evidence that humans produce sex-attractant pheromones
_____ syndrome is a congenital (present at birth) disorder that appears in about 1 in every 800 newborns.
Down
_____ refers to the decline in physiological and behavioral effects that occur with some drugs when they are taken repeatedly.
Drug tolerance.
What has provided strong evidence that endorphins are involved in the liking component of reward?
Drugs that increase the effectiveness of endorphins increase the facial liking reaction to sucrose
____ is short for endogenous morphine-like substance.
Endorphin
_____ is/are responsible for the liking component of reward, and _____ is/are responsible for the wanting component of reward.
Endorphins; dopamine
Under strong selection conditions, what is the relationship between the complexity of an evolutionary change and the amount of time required for that change to occur?
Evolutionary change proceeds at varying rates, but increasingly complex changes require increasingly lengthy amounts of time.
Which taste was most recently added to the six primary tastes? (pg. 205)
Fat
Which statement is NOT an evolutionary reason that monogamously mating females and males sometimes copulate with partners other than their mate?
Females spend more time taking care of children, which drives the males away and leads them to copulate with other partners.
Which statement MOST accurately describes flavor?
Flavor is the sensation of taste and smell combined
The _____ is the attempt to explain behavior in terms of what it accomplishes for the behaving individual.
Functionalism.
Which statement regarding generalized anxiety disorder is FALSE?
Generalized anxiety disorder is a common version of phobia in which the affected individual has generalized from the original stimulus to similar stimuli.
How is Jane Goodall's primatology work in Africa an example of a field study?
Goodall observed apes in their natural habitat
Which statement accurately describes transduction in hearing?
Hair cells on the basilar membrane bend as they are pressed against the tectorial membrane by the basilar membrane's movement
Similar to _____ findings with monkeys, Katy, a new mom, noticed that her own son preferred to cling to her most of the time but not to the maid/cook who happened to feed him.
Harlow's
Which statement accurately describes evidence that imprinting in prosocial birds-such as chickens and geese-is due to learning guided by biological predisposition?
Hatchlings learn during the critical period to follow the first moving object they see, but given a choice of objects, will follow the one that most resembles an adult female of their species.
Benny has suffered a brain injury and his suprachiasmatic nucleus was damaged. How will this injury affect him?
His circadian rhythm will be disrupted
Which of the following sounds like the thinking of someone at risk for depression, according to the hopelessness theory?
I didn't get invited to the party because people think I'm a bore.
Which statement about REM sleep is TRUE?
Individuals spend increasing amounts of time in REM sleep with each sleep cycle during a night
_____explanations of group polarization focus on the pooling of arguments that occurs during group discussion. _____ explanations attribute group polarization to people s concerns about being approved of by other group members.
Informational; normative
Although it has limitations, Descartes's theory appeals to non-scientists still today because _____.
It acknowledges the roles of sense organs, nerves, and muscles in behavior without violating religious beliefs
How does a newly weaned wild rat learn what foods to eat?
It eats only what they observe the older rats in the colony eating.
The _____ states that responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation and that responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.
Law of Effect.
The _____ was a principle devised by Edward Thorndike based on his extensive research on trial-and-error learning.
Law of Effect.
Which statement about the greater tendency toward sexual jealousy and violence in males is FALSE?
Males are physically stronger and therefore are inclined to be more jealous and violent than females.
Which statement about teenage delinquency is TRUE?
Males show much more pronounced recklessness than females.
According to the text, who would be MOST likely to suffer from histrionic personality disorder?
Marguerite, who is constantly seeking attention and often wears provocative clothing to attract attention.
_____ is the hormone that is most directly locked to the circadian clock and is often used by researchers as an index of the clock's timing.
Melatonin
What is thought to be one of the reasons for the apparent sex differences in the prevalence of mental disorders?
Men typically are more reluctant than women to express mental distress in the form of fear or sadness.
Samantha, Daniel, and many of their adolescent peers often engage in risky activities that are decidedly not adult-like. This fact tends to disconfirm:
Moffitt's theory that adolescents are seeking to enter the adult world in any way possible.
Which statement would BEST explain why older people generally report higher life satisfaction than younger people?
Older people concentrate mostly on positive events in life and try to ignore negative ones.
The textbook describes a research study by Richard Herrnstein in which slides depicting natural scenes showing a tree or part of a tree served as discriminative stimuli for key-pecking by pigeons. What did Herrnstein conclude from his research study?
Operant generalization and discrimination can be used to index concept understanding.
What hormone has had considerable success in experimentation with exciting appetite-suppressing neurons and inhibiting appetite-stimulating neurons?
PYY
In what way is pain a body sense like that of touch, temperature sensitivity, and the sense of body position?
Pain can originate from multiple places throughout the body and the experience of pain comes from the body itself, not outside stimuli
____ is a feeling of helpless terror.
Panic
What research finding accurately portraits the relationship between sensitive care and secure attachment?
Parental training with temperamental babies increased secure attachment vs no parental training
Which statement is NOT one of the contributing factors to the gender differences seen between boys and girls at an early age?
Parents jostle their daughters more than they do their sons.
What is the effect of partial reinforcement on the target behavior?
Partial reinforcement produces greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement.
Which report would suggest that at least some sensory adaptation occurs in the brain rather than in receptor cells?
Participants who smell garlic with one nostril plugged report after a few minutes that the smell is much fainter than at first, even after they switch which nostril is plugged
Which statement explains the Stroop interference effect?
People cannot prevent themselves from making the automatic response of reading the printed color word, which interferes with the intended task of naming ink color
According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, what happens as people grow older?
People grow less concerned with the future and are more focused on the present.
Maria has done a study for an advanced psychology class. She identified people who were either currently depressed or not depressed and asked them to look back over the past three months and report how many stressful experiences they had. The depressed people reported significantly more stressful events, which Maria interprets to mean that stressful events cause depression. Why should you be skeptical about this claim of a cause-effect relationship between stress and depression?
People who are predisposed for depression may also be predisposed to behave in ways that bring on stressful life events.
_____ is the unconscious pre-activation of information that is already stored in long-term memory.
Priming
Yang-Su is abruptly woken up by his cat while he is dreaming about falling off the edge of a building. What stage of sleep has he most likely been awaken from?
REM
During which stage does a sleeper produce an unsynchronized EEG similar to that of an awake, alert person?
REM sleep
Stephanie is participating in a sleep study. She is woken up after about 90 minutes and reports that she was having her most vivid dreams. She was likely experiencing _____.
REM sleep
Unsynchronized EEG (fast, irregular beta waves) characterizes both:
REM sleep and high arousal when awake
Which statement does NOT support evidence that an organism's environment plays a role in how genes are expressed?
Rats of two different intelligence strains that are cross-fostered still perform at the same level as rats who share their specific strain.
_____ is a component of rewards that refers to the effects those rewards have on learning.
Reinforcement
What form of memory dysfunction from the text MOST accurately describes the amnesia typically characterized in soap operas in which the person can form long-term memories after the accident but has no memories of what happened before the accident?
Retrograde amnesia
Which psychologist studied the principles of social influence?
Robert Cialdini
While Watson and future behaviorists used the S-R (stimulus-response) theory of classical conditioning, what model did Pavlov personally use?
S-S (stimulus-stimulus)
The _____ theory of classical conditioning is inherently more cognitive than the _____ theory.
S-S; S-R.
Which scenario MOST accurately reflects a schema?
Sarah is able to recognize the city park, even though it doesn't look like any other park she has seen before
Which statement regarding adolescent sexual behavior and teenage pregnancy rates in the United States is TRUE?
Sex education and parents' greater willingness to discuss sex openly with their children have contributed to a drop in the teenage pregnancy rate from a peak reached in 1990.
Your best friend Sally views men as trustworthy providers. Based on the work of Draper and Harpending, what can you predict about Sally?
She had a caring father.
Before Kiley was born, her developing adrenal glands produced an excess of androgens, including testosterone. Which means which two things?
She has congenital adrenal hyperplasia and partially masculinized genitals.
Jessica has a very large short-term memory span. Which statement is TRUE about Jessica?
She has the ability to speak very quickly
Chun is an adolescent that lives in China. Which of the following is true of her?
She regards peer pressure as a positive influence.
______________ proposes that detecting a stimulus is based on both the physical intensity of the stimulus and the psychological states of the perceiver.
Signal detection theory
Which scenario is consistent with Thorndike's law of effect?
Since Dale's persistent nagging gets his wife to take out the trash, he always nags when the trash is full.
Pavlov is to classical conditioning, as _____ is to operant conditioning.
Skinner.
_____ refers to the faithful pairing of female and male for raising their young, while _____ refers to the fidelity in copulation between that female and male.
Social monogamy; sexual monogamy
[ch13] The term _____ is the entire set of psychological forces exerted on a person by others or by the person's beliefs about others.
Social pressure
Why have researchers proposed that marital happiness may depend even more on the husband's capacity to adjust than the wife's?
Success in a marriage may often depend on the husband's willingness and ability to acquire some of the intimacy skills that were practiced less in his childhood than in his wife's.
Which statement about taste receptors is FALSE?
Taste receptors, located in spherical structures called taste buds, exist only on the tongue
John Bowlby used the term attachment to mean:
The emotional bonds that infants develop toward their principal caregivers.
[ch13] A group of executives experienced group polarization during a meeting about possible company expansion. The majority position from the beginning of the meeting was pro-expansion. If polarization was due to one-upmanship, which must have happened?
The executives were competing against one another to become the most vigorous supporter of the pro-expansion position.
_____ support(s) the notion that the brain's mechanisms for experiencing pain can be activated without sensory input.
The existence of phantom-limb pain
How is stress related to epigenetic mechanisms?
The human brain experiences stress and learns how to react to it.
How can a researcher conclude from an experiment that a cause-effect relationship exists between two variables?
The results of an experiment can demonstrate that change in the dependent variable is caused by change in the independent variable.
Which factor causes a person to have an increased short-term memory span?
The speed in which they can pronounce the items
Which statement is FALSE regarding the relationship between the independent and dependent variables?
The variables are both manipulated
Why might Jake and Alyssa, who are teenagers in the United States, be confused about their culture's view of sexuality?
There are many advertisements that promote sexual activity among teenagers, while, in reality, engaging in sexual activities as a teenager is looked down upon.
Which findings from research on the brain's reward system best explain addiction to drugs such as cocaine and heroin?
These drugs are addictive because, with every dose, they strongly activate dopamine-receiving neurons in the nucleus accumbens that are responsible for promoting reward-based learning
Which is evidence that the medial forebrain bundle and nucleus accumbens are essential pathways for the effects of a wide variety of rewards?
These two brain structures become active in all sorts of situations in which an individual receives a reward
A study shows that as the number of churches in a town increases, the rate of crime also increases. Which statement below is TRUE regarding the study's findings?
They are correlational. The two variables might be caused by a third variable.
Which statement is false about episodic mental disorders?
They are most often present at birth.
What are transcription factors?
They are proteins that act on other genes to control the rate at which they produce protein molecules.
Which statement would the American Psychiatric Association prefer a clinician to say?
This patient suffers from schizophrenia.
Which statement best characterizes the difference between REM sleep and the other stages of sleep?
True dreams occur during REM sleep but not during the other stages
In Tryon's study involving rats and maze running, why were the two strains of rats improperly termed "bright" and "dull?"
Tryon only tested the rats on a particular kind of maze.
Shari successfully avoided alcohol for two months while living at a treatment center. Unfortunately, when Shari returned home, she experienced very strong cravings and began drinking again. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Shari's relapse?
Upon returning home, Shari is again surrounded by cues that she associated with drinking that were not present at the treatment center.
_____ said that play is paradoxical in that children freely enter into it, but in doing so they give up some of their freedom.
Vygotsky
Andrea is studying psychophysics. She has a participant hold 30 marbles in one hand. What psychological law should Andrea use in order to find out how many marbles she needs to add for the participant to feel the difference?
Weber's law
Jason thinks tomatoes are disgusting and can't understand why anyone would eat them. Which of the following is NOT an example of the types of emotional responses Jason would have in the presence of tomatoes?
When Jason sees tomatoes the left hemisphere of his prefrontal cortex is active
Britt lives in a non-western culture. Based on studies, how many times a week would she sleep with her parents?
Which is NOT considered to be one of Hoffman's three categories of disciplinary techniques?
Manuel has been drinking coffee before work for the last several years. One day he notices that he has begun to feel more alert and awake when he first smells the coffee brewing, before he has a chance to drink it. What could explain this phenomenon?
a conditioned drug reaction.
Introspection refers to:
a form of self-report
An intense, irrational fear that is clearly related to a particular category of object or event is called:
a phobia.
Analise completely avoids walking on anything but paved surfaces outdoors because she has an intense fear of grasshoppers. Her fear of grasshoppers is irrational and powerful. Analise is MOST likely to be diagnosed with:
a phobia.
When Ashton attends a birthday party, he expects people will give presents, sing "Happy Birthday," and put candles on a cake. Ashton's idea of what he expects to happen at this event is known as:
a script
Jean is irrationally afraid of spiders and it affects her daily life. it is likely that Jean has:
a specific phobia
Van Hooff believed that the human smile of greeting is homologous to a facial display that in chimpanzees is shown:
about equally by the more submissive and the more dominant of two chimpanzees upon meeting.
The two members of a gene pair are called:
alleles.
"According to the broken windows theory of crime, physical evidence of chaos in public areas results in:"
an increase in the amount of crime in that area.
A variable-ratio schedule would require:
an unpredictable number of responses before reinforcement.
A similarity between species that arise not because of common ancestry but because of similarities in the species' habitats or lifestyles is called a(n):
analogy.
A similarity between two different species due to sharing a similar habitat or lifestyle is called a(n):
analogy.
Robert Plutchik identified eight primary emotions by:
asking subjects to rate pairs of common emotion labels for the similarity of the emotions they described, producing a theory that is useful but definitely not universally accepted
Why is sexual activity NOT considered a regulatory drive?
because it does not maintain homeostasis and is considered a want more than a need for the body
In humans, a dramatic reduction in pain can be produced by the power of:
belief
[ch13] A social dilemma can be defined as an action that _____ the person who takes it, _____ others in the group, and would _____ everyone if everyone took the action.
benefits; harms; cause more harm than benefit to
If a person tries to solve a problem or becomes excited while in a waking state, the EEG is most likely to show:
beta waves
During REM sleep, EEG waves resemble _____ waves, muscles become more _____, and breathing and heart rates become _____.
beta; relaxed; more rapid
Frederick wanted to know how couples communicate. He asked his friends who were in a relationship if they could take a survey. This type of study displays:
bias
Samples of participants who are not representative of the larger population are known as _____ samples.
biased
Ashley reminded Peter that like animals, people's behaviors such as eating can be studied in the natural world. This is solely relative to the _____ part of a person versus the _____ that cannot be studied naturally.
body; soul
Bias:
cannot be corrected by statistics
Hilda suffers from a form of schizophrenia in which she spends most of her day sitting in her bedroom chair without speaking or moving. Her symptoms are characteristic of _____ schizophrenia.
catatonic.
Human senses are designed to alert individuals to ______ in the environment.
changes
[ch13] When the prisoner's dilemma game is played repeatedly (iteratively) for a series of trials rather than just once, the logic _____, with cooperation _____, even if the goal is to maximize one's own profits.
changes; becoming the best choice
Findings from cross-cultural studies indicate that indulgent parenting, including sleeping with infants and offering immediate comfort whenever they cry, is related to:
children exploring more and seeking their mothers less in a novel environment.
A young child is seated for the first time in a dentist's chair. The first time the drill is turned on the child shows no particular response. Then the drill is applied to the tooth, causing sharp pain and a reflexive tensing of all muscles. From then on, every time the drill is turned on, the child's muscles become tense. This is best described as:
classical conditioning, with the sound of the drill as the conditioned stimulus.
A person will automatically blink in response to a puff of air in the eye. If the word pickle is spoken just before the eye puff on a number of occasions, the person will eventually blink in response to hearing the word pickle. This is an example of:
classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov earned the Nobel Prize for his research on digestion before discovering the learning process known as:
classical conditioning.
Pavlov used what type of conditioning?
classical.
Classical conditioning occurs best when the conditioned stimulus comes slightly before the unconditioned stimulus, and it typically does not occur at all if the conditioned stimulus comes slightly after the unconditioned stimulus. This observation supports which theory of classical conditioning?
cognitive theory.
The sequence stimulus - interpretation - response best characterizes the _____ perspective on learning.
cognitive.
Regarding the effects of drugs, the _____ reaction tends to counteract the direct effect.
compensatory.
A _____ is a repetitive action that is usually performed in response to an obsession.
compulsion
Harry has the specific language impairment (SLI), which means he has difficulty with _____. Harry's mother is devastated and thinks there's no hope for Harry to get better at language because the genes he inherited determined his fate. This assumption is an example of _____.
distinguishing sounds from one other and articulating words; the deterministic fallacy
Wanda is a therapist and utilizes self-report as her primary data-collection method even though she realizes that the data from self-report studies run the risk of being:
distorted
[ch13] Dominique was involved in an apparent emergency involving many bystanders. In this situation, diffusion of responsibility will tend to cause:
each bystander to feel less responsible to help than if the bystander was alone with the victim.
Researchers found that in _______ culture(s) studied, boys play mostly with boys and girls play mostly with girls. Through playing with others of their own sex, children________.
every; develop the gender-specific skills and attitudes of their culture.
[ch13] Jasmine asks her friend for a small favor of watering her plants while she is gone for the weekend. After her friend agrees to this request, Jasmine asks the friend if she would feed and walk her dog while she is away. Jasmine is using:
foot-in-the-door technique.
The !Kung San mothers have been shown to be in contact with their babies:
for the entire day.
"People who suffer from _____ worry more or less continuously, about multiple issues, and they experience muscle tension, irritability, difficulty in sleeping, and sometimes gastrointestinal upset due to overactivity of the autonomic nervous system."
generalized anxiety disorder
Polygenic characteristics influenced by:
genes and variations in the environment.
Jerome hears a door slam in his dorm room and jumps in reaction to the noise. Then, a few seconds later, it slams again and soon again. As Jerome continues to hear the door slam, he jumps less and less each time. Jerome's response illustrates the principle of:
habituation.
Suppose a researcher measures intelligence by weighing participants on a highly accurate scale. This measure would have _____ reliability, and _____ validity.
high; low
People who have _____ levels of _____ receptors are more likely to be compulsive gamblers.
higher; dopamine
"During periods of _____, Robert Schumann composed the majority of his musical works, where as during periods of ______ he experienced a loss of energy making it impossible for him to compose anything."
hypomania; depression
What is the name for a prediction that is derived from a theory?
hypothesis
According to Erikson's life-span theory, adolescence is the stage of a(n). _____, which is to give up one's childhood identity and establish a new one.
identity crisis.
Anthony, an adolescent, is facing many life problems that are characteristic of his age. Erik Erikson would suggest Anthony needs to develop his sense of:
identity.
Which statement describes the types of species that would be MOST likely to have polyandry?
in egg-laying species, because female parental investment can be comparatively low
[ch13] Social facilitation is MOST likely to occur when an individual is:
in the presence of others during dominant actions.
Nick feels dehydrated after running a marathon. He sees a sports drink stand just past the finish line and heads straight for it. The internal motivational state that orients Nick to the sports drink stand is thirst. The sports drink itself represents a(n):
incentive
Because of drug tolerance, people who regularly take a drug have to _____ over time to achieve the same effects.
increase their doses.
What is spontaneous recovery?
is the return of a conditioned response that underwent extinction.
Learning that is acquired but is not immediately demonstrated in the animal's behavior is called:
latent learning.
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects one's sensitivity to specific odors?
location
Fechner's Law states that the magnitude of the sensory experience of a stimulus is directly proportional to the:
logarithm of the physical magnitude of the stimulus
Proximate explanations of behavior are explanations that deal not with function but with the:
mechanism
The relaxed open-mouth display in primates often occurs during _____ and is thought to be related to human _____.
mock-aggressive play; laughter and smiles of happiness.
Michelle is a musician who goes to play for a class of blind children. If the children have been blind since birth, and her music is making them happy, which of the following would she expect to see?
movements in their facial muscles similar to those expected from sighted children.
A young child falls into the deep end of a pool. The child surfaces and swims to the edge of the pool without having prior swimming experience. This inborn behavior demonstrates which philosophy?
nativism
"To be diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, the obsessions and compulsions must consume more than _____ per day of a person s time."
one hour
[ch13] Which is a normative explanation of group polarization effects?
one-upmanship hypothesis
A conventional hearing aid can help _____ deafness.
only conduction
Results are labeled as significant if:
p < .05
When Ekman and his colleagues showed photographs from their atlas of facial expressions to individuals from many different cultures, the researchers found that:
people in every culture, even very isolated ones, identified the facial expressions in the same way Americans did.
"This disorder is characterized by frightening, uncontrollable re-experiences of a traumatic event or events, in nightmares and in daytime thoughts or flashbacks. "
posttraumatic stress disorder
The release of dopamine into the nucleus accumbens:
promotes long-term potential of neural connections in that area
Susan is replicating a famous study in psychology by placing a cat inside of an apparatus. She will observe how the cat learns to escape, and if those behaviors become more prevalent in the future. Her apparatus is most likely a(n) _____ which was originally used by _____.
puzzle box; Edward Thorndike.
The experience of the color red corresponds to the _____ and the high intensity of the color red corresponds to the_____.
qualitative dimension; quantitative dimension
Sensory areas in the cerebral cortex:
receive signals sent along sense-specific pathways in the central nervous system
[ch13] Laughter often puts a group of people into a shared mood of playfulness, which seems to:
reduce the chance that one person will be offended by the remarks or actions of another.
If a test measuring intelligence is administered multiple times to the same individuals and yields largely different scores every time, what might be lacking?
reliability
If a patient is diagnosed with the same illness by 20 different doctors, the diagnosis is said to be:
reliable.
In the operant procedure referred to as negative punishment, a response that is followed by _____ the likelihood that the response will occur again in the future.
removal of a stimulus, decreases.
Posttraumatic stress disorder commonly involves all of the following except:
rituals that are carried out routinely to cope with anxiety
Robert Tryon's breeding of rats according to their maze abilities refers to:
selective breeding.
A p value is _____ when it is .05 or less.
statistically significant
[ch13] What principle might a woman be operating under if she performs horribly on a test measuring her spatial abilities after having been told by her instructor that women are not as good at spatial thinking as men?
stereotype threat
Russell gets hit by a car on his way home from school. At first he feels fine, but after a while he discovers his leg is broken. What would explain the fact that he didn't feel his broken leg?
stress-induced analgesia
An example of a vestigial characteristic is the:
strong grasp reflex in premature human infants.
The concept of biological preparedness as the basis for species-typical behavior must be considered relative rather than absolute because all of the following EXCEPT _____ need to be considered.
the animal's gender.
"In Milgram s study, which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the participants obeying?"
the attractiveness of the experimenter and the unattractiveness of the learner
Jimmy's father is over-weight and eats fast food, chips, cookies and leaves fatty, salty snacks lying around the house. Jimmy has lived with his father, and only his father, for his entire life. Jimmy has a good chance of becoming over-weight because of:
the environment that surrounds him on a day to day basis.
The low amplitude of beta waves is thought to be due to:
the fact that neurons are firing in an unsynchronized way
Several studies have found that adolescents who exhibited the highest levels of moral reasoning were also:
the most likely to help others and refrain from harming others.
The coding of stimulus quantity is based on:
the rate of action potentials in sensory neurons
According to research described in the text, which of the following pairs of human behaviors are believed to have separate evolutionary origins?
the smile of greeting and the smile of happiness.
[ch13] "Choking" under pressure occurs especially when:
the task has strong demands on working memory.
Support for the expectancy theory of classical conditioning comes from research showing that conditioning occurs only, or at least mainly, when the new stimulus provides information that truly helps the animal predict the arrival of:
the unconditioned stimulus.
The ossicles include everything EXCEPT the:
tympanic membrane
A teacher asks a class of college students at what age they expect to marry. The female students' responses fall within a narrow range, between 21 and 23, whereas the male students' responses fall within a broader range, between 21 and 35. Answers from the male students show greater:
variability
The standard deviation is a measure of:
variability
Dr. Jacobs assigned her students the task of conducting some type of field study. The student who correctly carried out the assigned task:
watched a nest of birds, recording everything that happened while being careful to not disturb the birds
Which example is a demonstration of naturalistic observation?
watching workers on an assembly line in a factory to see how they adjust to stressful situations
Dr. Reese conducts an experiment to examine the effects of different antidepressants on individuals with depression. She has each individual take drug A for 3 months, drug B for 3 months, and no antidepressant for 3 months. She measures the participants' feelings of sadness daily and calculates their average for each 3-month period. Dr. Reese's experiment is a _____ experiment.
within-subject
What two things are most important for adults?
work and love
Which is NOT one of the three clusters of personality disorders described in the text?
"isolated" personality disorders.
_____ is the process in which the labile memory form is converted into the stable one.
Consolidation
Ben and Blake were discussing the role of _____ and how it serves to code for and regulate the production of protein molecules. Ben remembered his professor saying that a unique replica of it exists in the _____ of each cell.
DNA; nucleus
Which statement regarding Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is FALSE?
Each stage is linked to a particular age throughout the lifespan.
Which statement regarding Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is TRUE?
Each stage represents a true developmental progression.
Ivan sustained a head injury in a car accident resulting in temporal lobe amnesia. After the accident, Ivan learned to play the piano in a therapy program. Which statement describes what is MOST likely to happen to Ivan after he ends the program?
He can play the piano, but cannot remember being in the therapy program
Injections of epinephrine (which increases physiological arousal) increase the intensity of emotion, but only if the person is in the presence of emotion-inducing environmental stimuli. This research finding best supports:
Schachter's cognition-plus-feedback theory of emotion
Which theory predicts that a drug-induced increase in arousal will increase the intensity of the emotion felt in an emotion-inducing situation?
Schachter's cognition-plus-feedback theory of emotion and James's peripheral-feedback theory ofemotion
[ch13] When opponents in a social dilemma game see themselves as members of a common group rather than as individuals, what typically happens to their style of play?
They cooperate more than when opponents are not so identified.
Operant conditioning is based on whose law of effect
Thorndike
B. F. Skinner's laboratory procedures were most closely related to:
Thorndike's puzzle boxes.
[ch13] Which two solicitation techniques are both believed to work because of the principle of cognitive dissonance?
foot-in-the-door and the low-ball techniques
Henry organizes his music so that individual songs are organized into albums of related songs and so that related albums are organized into playlists of albums. What is this an example of?
hierarchical organization
When Jody's mother takes him to preschool, he clings to her and won't explore the toys. When she leaves for the day, he becomes extremely upset and remains upset even upon her return. According to Mary Ainsworth, Jody's behavior would be indicative of a(n). _____ attachment.
insecure-resistant attachment.
Most Americans are not obese because of a leptin deficiency, but because they are _____ to the hormone.
insensitive
One possible reason that people in developing countries are more likely to recover from schizophrenia is that family members in those countries place more value on:
interdependence
Manipulation of an individual's ability to articulate the words to be remembered in the verbal short-term memory can be referred to as:
interference
Sleep is an example of a circadian rhythm because it:
is a rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24-hour cycle in the absence of external time-of-day cues
For women who hold out-of-home jobs in addition to maintaining at-home family responsibilities, the out-of-home job typically:
is associated with greater enjoyment than that provided by at-home work.
People are _____ concerned with their impression on acquaintances than close friends.
more
[ch13] Social research shows that a person who witnesses an emergency alone is _____ than a person who witnesses an emergency in the presence of others.
more likely to come to the victim's aid
informational influence.
more likely to come to the victim's aid
[ch13] Players in repeated prisoner's dilemma games are _____ likely than those in a one-trial game to cooperate because _____.
more; it establishes a reputation
James has been diagnosed with the _____ type of ADHD. Consistent with this diagnosis, James fidgets in his seat at school, talks excessively, and blurts out answers before his teacher can complete a question.
predominantly hyperactive impulsive.
If Ryker hears the word car, he might immediately think of tires, headlights, a steering wheel, and other elements of a car. This kind of observation is the basis for the:
principle of association by contiguity
If one is asked to produce from memory a list of items that are red, one might respond with a list that includes both apple and stop sign. Since apples and stop signs do not normally occur together, Aristotle proposed this aspect of memory is governed by the:
principle of association by similarity
A child's ability to learn a language refers to _____ knowledge whereas the specific words and grammar that a child acquires refers to _____ knowledge.
priori; a posteriori
[ch13] The most common social-dilemma games used by researchers are two-person computer games called:
prisoner's dilemma games.
A child shows off its newfound ability to tie its shoe. The child has MOST directly demonstrated an addition to its _____ memory.
procedural
The knowledge that enables a skater to execute graceful moves on the ice would be an example of a(n) _____ memory.
procedural
Emerson is concentrating on driving though a busy intersection when his passenger asks him a question to which he does not attend. Emerson says "What?" but before the question is repeated, he "hears" it from his own memory. Presumably, a trace still existed in his _____ memory.
sensory
After the rock concert, Ian was out in the parking lot. He and his friends were talking, but were having a hard time hearing each other even though there was no other noise. What could this be attributed to?
sensory adaptation
The concept of preattentive processing describes the ability of the human mind to distinguish between new sensations and ones that have already undergone:
sensory adaptation
Alan Baddeley proposed that working memory consists of separate but interacting components, including all of these EXCEPT the:
sensory memory
According to the information-processing model of the mind, the correct sequence through which new information from the environment is stored into more permanent memory is:
sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory
Carl and Jeanne are very relaxed and non-disciplinary with their daughter Tanya. It is likely that later in life Tanya will:
show low self-control.
For classical conditioning to take place, the conditioned stimulus must _____ the unconditioned stimulus.
signal the availability of.
A study of giving behavior in infants between the ages of 12 and 18 months revealed that they:
spontaneously gave toys to others.
A _____ is a model used to explain observations and make predictions, whereas a _____ is a prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy.
theory; hypothesis
A researcher has conditioned a group of rats to freeze in response to a sound by presenting the sound just prior to electric shock. The rats then undergo new conditioning trials in which they are presented with both the sound and a light just prior to electric shock. Consistent with the expectation and prediction view of classical conditioning, the rats in a later test will freeze:
to the sound but not to the light.
Peggy works as a seamstress for a women's clothing store. In order to receive each paycheck, she must finish 15 dresses. Peggy's performance is being reinforced on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-ratio.
Edwin was ambushed and mugged. Two weeks later, he viewed a police lineup to see if one of the suspects was the one who robbed him. What would MOST likely help Edwin pick out the correct suspect?
Baddeley's central executive
Which statement below correctly represents the relationship between taste and smell?
Chewing and swallowing push air from the mouth up into the nose where molecules from the food stimulate smell receptors
Which statement regarding human emotional expressions as an example of species-typical behavior is FALSE?
Children who are both blind and deaf do not manifest their emotions in the same ways as sighted or just blind children do.
When a gene is said to be "shut off," it means that it is not producing its specific protein. The mechanism responsible for shutting off this gene is:
DNA methylation.
Which statement is TRUE of protein production?
DNA serves as a template for producing RNA, which in turn serves as a template for producing protein molecules.
"Trevor is a businessman always looking to profit. If he repeatedly played the prisoner's dilemma game, which of the following would be his best strategy?"
He should try to promote as much cooperation as possible.
Ashtad, a psychology professor, is investigating the effect on exam grades of a note-taking strategy. Which statement is an example of a between-groups experimental approach to this research question?
He teaches one group of randomly selected students the note-taking strategy and the other students are given general instructions to "take good notes"
Tom was born with a genetic mutation that leaves him without a basilar membrane. What is the likely effect of this mutation?
He will not be able to transduce sound
Susan has been under tremendous stress lately and has had at least one manic episode and at least one depressive episode. Alan, who has also been under a lot of stress, has also experienced these episodes, but the high phase for him wasn't as severe as Susan's. They both take lithium to control the episodes. Susan most likely has bipolar disorder type _____ and Alan most likely has bipolar disorder type _____.
I; II.
Every time Jill lends David her homework, he compliments her on her intelligence. In contrast, he only compliments Nancy on her intelligence every few times she lends him her homework. Then, David stops complimenting both Jill and Nancy when they lend him their homework. Given what you know about schedules of reinforcement, who will continue lending David her homework for a longer period of time, assuming that the compliments were reinforcing?
Nancy will continue lending David her homework.
_____ allow researchers to learn firsthand about their subjects' natural behaviors.
Naturalistic observations
Which statement is FALSE regarding the role of smell in interpersonal relations?
Nearly 50 percent of mothers can immediately identify their newborn babies by smell alone right after birth
Why there are sex differences in size and aggressiveness minimal or absent in monogamous species?
Neither sex is much more likely than the other to fight over mates.
A correlational study may suggest a cause-effect relationship between two variables, but it does not in itself constitute evidence of cause and effect. Why not?
Neither variable is manipulated, so it's impossible to identify the cause and effect with certainty.
Which statement is a research result that provides evidence for an innate human capacity to feel empathy and to act accordingly?
Newborns will cry reflexively at the sound of other crying babies.
Alisha is trying to train her cat to salivate to a bell by presenting the bell after the food. Will this work?
No, because the bell has to signal the availability of the food.
Tenen is on the jury for a very important trial. The only strong evidence that a man is guilty of a crime is a witness' testimony. Should Tenen base his judgment on a witness' memory?
No, memories are highly susceptible to suggestion
Which statement BEST describes the phenomenon known as psychic blindness?
Objects no longer have any psychological significance
You notice a sudden change in your friend Ron after he got his new job. Now he is much more intellectually flexible in all areas of his life. What can you infer about his new job?
It is high on occupational self-direction. It is not closely supervised. It is relatively complex and varied from day to day.
Which statement is TRUE of sensory memory?
It is of high capacity and short duration
16-year-old Elliot decides to steal a car in order to show off to his friends. How would Judith Harris explain this adolescent's engagement in such a risky and delinquent activity?
It reflects Elliot's desire to set himself apart from the adult world.
Which is TRUE about peptide YY3-36 (abbreviated PYY)?
It targets the arcuate nucleus, where the hormone excites appetite-suppressing neurons and inhibits appetite-stimulating neurons
One theorist who did NOT concentrate on the stimuli that followed the learned response is:
Ivan Pavlov.
_____ discovered classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov.
A biologist finds a plant species thought to be extinct. _____ theory would argue that her positive perception of the event causes arousal in her body. This arousal then causes her to feel the emotion of excitement.
James's peripheral feedback
Jane and Roland are a married couple who both hold away-from-home jobs in addition to managing their household duties. If they are typical of other such couples, research results suggest that:
Jane is happier with her away-from-home work, while Roland is happier with his at-home work.
Jason conducts a study looking at how parenting style is related to child behavior and finds a standard deviation of 5.42. Ryan conducts a similar study but with adolescents and finds a standard deviation of 7.54. Based on the information given, which of the following are true?
Jason's results have less variability
According to the text, who said, "In a system of psychology completely worked out, given the response the stimuli can be predicted, and given the stimuli the response can be predicted"?
John B. Watson.
_____ conducted the classic study that demonstrated fear could be conditioned in humans.
John B. Watson.
What is the name of the researcher who found that food-avoidance learning violates certain principles of conditioning?
John Garcia.
_____ refers to the feeling of satisfaction that occurs when one receives a reward, and _____ refers to the desire to obtain a reward.
Liking; wanting
Mary was in a car accident and suffered severe damage to the primary taste area in her brain. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
Mary will lose her conscious experience of taste unless artificially stimulated in this location
Which of the following is true regarding the two processes by which cells divide?
Mitosis is the process by which cells divide to produce any cells other than sperm or egg cells while meiosis is the process by which cells divide to produce just sperm or egg cells.
The _____ twins originate from one zygote that separates into two bundles of identical cells, and _____ twins originate from two zygotes, formed from two different egg and sperm cells.
Monozygotic; dizygotic.
Four students are trained how to solve a complex math equation. Which student is MOST likely to remember how to do it the next day?
Student C, who went to sleep and spent most of the night in slow-wave sleep
How is smell a component of flavor?
The act of eating food forces air through a passage between the mouth and the nose causing the person to smell food which contributes to the flavor experienced
Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between smell and taste?
The act of eating food forces air through a passage between the mouth and the nose causing the person to smell food; this contributes to the flavor experienced
Which statement is a key piece of evidence that supports Moffitt's theory of adolescent violence?
The adolescent peak in violence and crime is greater in modern cultures than in traditional cultures.
Which observation about white-crowned sparrows illustrates the point that species-typical behavior may depend on learning?
White-crowned sparrows develop the ability to sing their species-typical song only if they hear the song during the first summer after hatching.
Tamaya has an intense fear of being in elevators, which causes disruption in her otherwise normal life and distresses her. She is MOST likely to be experiencing:
a phobia.
[ch13] What is the best example of social facilitation?
a professional musician performing his best while playing for a large audience
[ch13] A particular course of action or inaction may lead to rewards for the individual who takes it but at the expense of others and will cause more harm than good to all if everyone in the group takes it. This situation is known as:
a social dilemma.
[ch13] A situation in which a particular course of action or inaction will benefit the individual but harm others in a group and will cause more harm than good to everyone in the group if everyone takes that particular course is the definition of:
a social dilemma.
Which of the following would NOT be characterized as a chronic mental disorder derived from irreversible brain damage?
bipolar disorder.
In one study, some mothers were trained to use firm but kind methods of discipline and others were not trained. The results showed that, compared to children of the untrained mothers, the children of the trained mothers were rated as:
friendlier and more cooperative by their teachers.
Sexual jealousy promotes long-term mating bonds because it is designed to drive off any individuals that would lure away a mate. This would be considered the:
function of behavior
Darwin's concept of natural selection is most important for psychologists interested in the _____ of behavior.
functions
According to Darwin, the _____ are the ways in which an organism's behavior helps it to survive and reproduce.
functions of behavior
Workers that moved into jobs that were high in occupational self-direction changed in which ways?
They became more intellectually flexible in all areas of life. They began to value self-direction more in others and in themselves. They became less authoritarian and more democratic in their approaches to child rearing.
Which statement is true about negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
They can be harmful to the health of the individual.
Young monkeys watch videotapes of other monkeys reacting fearfully to snakes and flowers and are then shown the same snakes and flowers themselves. How do the young monkeys react and what explains this response?
They do not fear flowers, but they do fear snakes due to observational learning and because they have an innate fear of snakes.
How have twins and adoptees been helpful in discovering information about mental disorders?
They provide insight to whether or not some disorders are influenced by genes.
Which statement below BEST represents the role of statistics in the scientific field of psychology?
They summarize and analyze the data that have been collected in a research study
Behaviors that are maintained by certain schedules of reinforcement are more difficult to extinguish than those maintained by other schedules of reinforcement.
This statement is true.
John B. Watson argued that only a sudden loud sound and a sudden loss of support are unconditioned stimuli for fear in human infants. How, then, did Watson explain the fact that young children seem to exhibit fear in the presence of other stimuli?
Through classical conditioning, stimuli paired with stimuli already feared become linked to the fear reaction.
How are mutation and natural selection related to one another in the process of evolutionary change?
Through natural selection, a useful genetic mutation tends to become more common over the generations whereas a harmful mutation tends to die out.
According to the book, which statement is NOT an accurate statement about reflexes?
To be considered a reflex, the response to a stimulus must be learned.
What is the purpose of using a placebo in a drug experiment?
To determine whether the drug's effect is due to the participants' own expectations
_____ is the process by which the sensory cells in one's nose respond to the physical stimulus by producing an electrical change.
Transduction
In what sense can it be said that a particular behavior is the product of evolution by natural selection?
When the ability and tendency to respond to stimuli in a particular way result in reproductive advantage, the genes responsible are more likely to be passed on from generation to generation.
Bart likes to listen to music on his radio, but the radio is old and sometimes fails to work. If Bart pounds on the top, he can get it to work, but he never knows exactly how many times he will have to hit it before it turns on. Bart's pounding is being reinforced on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
variable-ratio.
Children in nursery school usually enjoy playing games of make-believe and need no encouragement to do so. If their teacher rewards them for doing so, cognitive theory predicts the children will _____ when the reward is no longer given, which is consistent with _____.
have come to view the games as work and will play significantly less often; the overjustification effect.
[ch13] Devon often chokes on tests. Research shows that this problem occurs when students:
have distracting and disturbing thoughts that interfere with working memory.
In circadian-clock experiments with humans, Charles Czeisler found that:
having a few hours of bright, artificial light at night coupled with avoidance of natural light during the day could reverse subjects' circadian clocks
"In situations where a person is confronted with the foot-in-the-door technique, it may work because compliance with the first request induces all of these EXCEPT:"
having a shared history.
Sergei and Natasha's offspring would MOST benefit from Sergei and Natasha:
having different MHCs
[ch13] According to the informational influence explanation of group polarization, each person:
hears a disproportionate number of arguments that support his or her initial position and so it becomes more extreme.
If the two genes that occupy corresponding locations on a pair of chromosomes are different, it is said that the individual carrying them is _____ at that location.
heterozygous.
Researchers found a positive correlation between television violence and levels of cortisol, a stress hormone. According to this finding, people who watch more television violence tend to have _____ levels of cortisol than those who watch less.
higher
One effect of the traveling-wave mechanism is that people lose sensitivity to _____ to a much greater degree than other frequencies, as they age.
higher frequencies
Norene is approaching her 75th birthday. Based on research findings, her self-ratings of life satisfaction are probably:
higher than those of middle-aged and young people.
Jada wants to get a good grade in her introductory psychology class. Which method would be LEAST helpful to her when she is studying?
highlighting a passage for later reading
"John is a novice pool player who is learning pool by himself at a bar. When a crowd suddenly gathers around him, it is likely that:"
his performance will decline.
Nick was severely beaten by a gang of neighborhood bullies. He is so fearful of leaving his home that he no longer goes to school or visits friends. He wishes he wasn't so afraid, but the feeling hasn't diminished because the bullies continue to taunt and threaten him. Although this is a serious situation, Nick would not be diagnosed as having a mental disorder because:
his reaction is a culturally appropriate response to a stressor.
Stephanie is a 22-year-old college graduate; she dresses up daily and likes to be loud and showy. When she is given criticism, she gets extremely upset and takes it personally; also, she does not have genuine relationships with others. With which personality disorder could Stephanie be diagnosed?
histrionic.
Walter Cannon proposed that individuals can understand drives in terms of the body's need to keep internal conditions (for example, oxygen levels) within restricted ranges. He called this process:
homeostasis
Darwin suggested that human emotional expressions are:
homologous to certain emotional expressions of monkeys and apes.
Darwin's study of hive building behaviors in honeybees used comparison by _____ to demonstrate how a complex behavior like hive building could come about through _____.
homology; natural selection
Which category is NOT characteristic of disorders in DSM-5?
homosexual disorders.
Recessive genes will only produce their effects on the body when they are in a:
homozygous allele.
If the paired genes at a given locus are the same, the person carrying them is said to be _____ at that locus.
homozygous.
The kin selection theory of altruism is designed to explain:
how apparent acts of altruism can be consistent with the principle of evolution by natural selection.
Generalized anxiety disorder is associated with:
hypervigilance.
Composer Robert Schumann and writer Emily Dickinson may have experienced periods of heightened creativity during episodes of:
hypomania
Mei told her friend, Layla, to smile and be happy. According to Ekman's facial feedback theory of emotion:
if Layla smiles more, she will feel happier
Children under four years of age and the elderly generally exhibit poorer episodic memory than semantic memory, which may be related to:
immaturity of or damage in the prefrontal cortex
One characteristic of food-aversion learning that makes it unlike typical classical conditioning is that it will not take place if the unpleasant physiological responses to the food occur _____ eating it.
immediately after.
Rorschach's inkblots are a series of ambiguous ink stains used to elicit subconscious thoughts from the participant. Past experiences are supposed to affect the results, letting the psychologist look into the participant's reactions and see thoughts and memories the participant may not be aware of. A psychologist studying memory would explain the results of this test in terms of _____ memory.
implicit
[ch13] An individual wants his boss to view him in a professional manner. He also wants his friends to see him as casual. How would a social psychologist best describe this phenomenon?
impression management
[ch13] Bystanders who know one another well are more likely to take action in an emergency than those who are strangers. This suggests that the unresponsiveness of multiple bystanders found in many studies is at least partly due to:
impression management.
[ch13] Without realizing it, Jeffery speaks very properly around his mother and uses slang when around his friends. When Jeffery's brother points this out to him Jeffery explains his behavior in terms of:
impression management.
When a group of goslings hatch, a researcher and an adult female goose are both there to welcome them into the world. The goslings will respond by:
imprinting on the goose.
Shelby is studying for her psychology exam on learning. She remembers that reinforcement and punishment are generally opposite processes but she cannot remember which is which. Her friend helps her out by saying, "Reinforcement _____ the future rate of behavior while punishment _____ the future rate of behavior.
increases; decreases.
In an experiment, the factor that affects the groups and makes them differ from one another is the:
independent variable
Consistent with a brain-based theory of emotion, which response was observed in the behavior of monkeys after their amygdala and nearby portions of cerebral cortex had been removed?
indifference to the psychological significance of stimuli
The strange-situation test developed by Mary Ainsworth is used to assess:
infant attachment.
Latonia has developed a new treatment to help people quit smoking. 52 % of the participants assigned to her program quit successfully, whereas 34 % of participants assigned to a no-treatment condition quit successfully. If Latonia wanted to rule out the possibility that her treatment's results were due to chance, she should use _____ statistics.
inferential
The fact that some degree of variability can be attributed to chance is justification for the use of:
inferential statistics
Which concept is explicitly designed to help a researcher decide how much confidence to place in a specific, data-based conclusion?
inferential statistics
The term cognition refers to which of the following?
information in the mind
[ch13] "I thought that because I wore glasses there was something wrong with my vision" is an example of conformity due to:
informational influence.
The Stroop interference effect shows that participants are slowest to identify the: Correct!
ink color when it is different from the written color name (e.g., the word is "red" and the ink color is blue)
When 1-year-old Darlene's mother picks her up from the babysitter after work each night, Darlene does not seem happy to see her. Darlene ignores her mother when they are together at home in the evening. According to Ainsworth, Darlene's cold and distant relationship with her mother would be indicative of a(n). _____ attachment.
insecure-avoidant attachment.
Suppose Amir routinely has difficulty falling asleep and as a result feels tired during the day. Amir is probably suffering from:
insomnia
Research suggests that obese people may have _____ PYY production; this _____ a contributing cause of obesity.
insufficient; may well be
The major difference between the two main varieties of bipolar disorders identified in the DSM-5 is the:
intensity of the manic episode.
The children of the !Kung are raised with great indulgence, as they co-sleep with their parents and receive immediate comfort whenever they cry. The !Kung also live in large communal groups. Together, these two factors may account for the fact that !Kung children develop an especially strong sense of _____ as they grow up.
interdependence
Kendra suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder. No matter how many times she checks to make sure her front door is locked, she never feels a lasting assurance that it is truly locked and has an overwhelming need to check the door again. Kendra's experience is consistent with research suggesting that damage to certain areas of the brain may produce obsessive-compulsive behavior by:
interfering with the brain's ability to produce the psychological sense of closure or safety that normally occurs when a protective action is completed.
Sally tries to find reasons within her for things going wrong in her life compared to John who looks at his environment and tends to act out aggressively while Sally dwells mentally. This is because women tend to _______ while men tend to _______.
internalize; externalize.
Mary can easily look at a room and mentally rearrange it to optimally utilize the space available in her apartment. She is also very good at distinguishing many subtly different sounds. The area of her brain that is responsible for both of these abilities is the:
intraparietal sulcus
Newborn boys tend to be more _____ than are newborn girls.
irritable
A researcher is interested in the genetic basis for aggression in dogs. She crosses two breeds-purebred A and purebred B. Breed A bites unfamiliar people and is termed "aggressive," while breed B hardly ever bites and is termed "docile." 100% of F1 hybrid puppies turn out to be docile, and 75 percent of F2 puppies are also docile. From these results, the researcher can conclude that the tendency to bite:
is controlled by a single gene.
Posttraumatic stress disorder differs from other anxiety disorders in that it:
is directly tied to a very stressful incident or a set of incidents in the person's experience.
15-year-old Rina has not seen her father for 11 years. She lives in a community in which her single-parent, father-absent family structure is typical. Based only on these facts, research might lead us to predict that Rina:
is more promiscuous than adolescents in intact homes.
A possible danger in labeling a person "depressed" or "schizophrenic" is:
it could blind clinicians to other characteristics not captured by the label; it can reduce self-esteem; it is recommended to label the behavior, not the person
How is introspection an example of self-reporting?
it is an observation of one's thoughts, perceptions, and feelings.
All of these are true about the human span of short-term memory EXCEPT:
it is larger for people who speak slower
Marli is carrying a box of her belongings to her new dorm room. Her roommate puts a book on top of the box Marli is carrying, but Marli does not notice the extra weight of the book. Her roommate keeps adding books until Marli can detect the added weight. Marli's ability to detect a difference in weight is referred to as the:
just-noticeable difference
The _____ is the minimal difference in intensity between two stimuli that is required for a person to detect that a difference exists.
just-noticeable difference
Maintenance rehearsal is the general term for the process by which people _____, and encoding rehearsal is the general term for the process by which people _____.
keep information in working memory; move information from working memory into long-term memory
The _____ says that ground squirrels living with kin are more likely to emit alarm calls than those living with nonkin.
kin selection theory
Jonathan and Ben are both interviewing for the same position and have similar qualifications. During Jonathan's interview, attention is brought up about his past experience with depression and the interviewer shows concern about Jonathan's working capability. Jonathan does not get offered the position. This demonstrates the negative effects of:
labeling.
Ron conducted a field study but is concerned that his results aren't as precise as he would like. If he were to conduct a subsequent _____ study, this would ease his concerns because _____.
laboratory; control would be increased
Thomas, Andrew, and George are forming a peer group, while Cindy, Mary, and Stephanie are forming a separate peer group. Statistically, the peer groups formed by Thomas, Andrew, and George will likely be:
larger, more competitive, and more hierarchical than peer groups formed by Cindy, Mary, and Stephanie.
According to empiricists, the _____ means that two events experienced together will be linked in the person's mind so that the thought of one event will tend to elicit the thought of the other.
law of association by contiguity
The validity of a diagnostic system, such as the one detailed in DSM-5, could most fairly be judged by how often the categories of disorders that it identifies:
lead to accurate predictions about the future course of those disorders.
According to research done by Tolman, animals that are allowed to explore a maze without reward will:
learn about the maze but will not demonstrate their knowledge until a reward is available.
According to cognitive theorists, S-S classical conditioning can best be understood as a stimulus-stimulus relationship mediated by:
learned expectancy.
Any process through which experiencing at one time alters behavior in the future is called:
learning
Which area of psychology would best explain behavior in terms of past experiences with the environment?
learning
What is defined as any process through which experience at one time can alter an individual's behavior at a future time?
learning.
A woman is eagerly waiting at a coffee shop for her fiancé to arrive. When she sees him approaching, she would most likely experience positive emotions associated with increased brain activity in her:
left prefrontal cortex
When fat cells have adequate reserves, they secrete the hormone known as _____, which _____ the hunger drive.
leptin; decreases
Emmett, age 6, Olivia, age 9, and Austin, age 13, are playing at a local park, while Isabela, age 9, Liam, age 9, and Natalie, age 9, are playing in a similar setting. Based on research findings, it is likely that Emmett, Olivia, and Austin's play is _____ than Isabela, Liam, and Natalie's play.
less competitive.
The major advantage of a field study over a laboratory study is that the field study is:
less likely to distort the participant's behavior
A researcher could be MOST confident that the research hypothesis was correct if there were _____ than a _____ percent chance that the data were due to chance and the research hypothesis was wrong.
less; 5
A researcher could be MOST confident that the research hypothesis was correct if there were _____ than a _____ percent chance that the data were due to chance and the research hypothesis was wrong. Correct!
less; 5
According to most research psychologists, results are considered statistically significant if there is _____ than a ____ % chance that the results were due to chance.
less; 5%
Dalton wants to determine whether the lighting level in a room affects test performance. He has one group of students take a test in a brightly lit room, and a second group of students take the same test in a dimly lit room. In this experiment, the _____ is the independent variable and the _____ is the dependent variable.
level of brightness; test score
"Evaluative conditioning" refers to the changes in strength of ____ a stimulus as a result of being paired with another positive or negative stimulus.
liking or disliking
A genetic component to the impact of parental care on attachment shows that infants with the _____ genotype were less impacted by maternal sensitivity than those with the _____ genotype, who increased their secure attachment when maternal sensitivity was high.
ll; ss/sl
Broca's area in the brain's left hemisphere is an example of:
localization of function
Consistent with Bowlby's theory of infant attachment as a product of natural selection, research indicates that mobile infants show a high degree of social referencing, for example, by:
looking to their mother's facial expression before deciding whether or not to avoid a new toy.
Precipitating causes of a disorder are best reflected by:
losing a loved one or job unexpectedly.
The kinds of precipitating experiences most strongly associated with depression are:
losses that cause a permanent change in the nature of the individual's life.
If a sound's amplitude were increasing and its frequency decreasing, the sound would be experienced as becoming _____ pitched.
louder and lower
All are qualitative dimensions of sensory coding EXCEPT the:
loudness of two tones at the same pitch
The pair of concepts that are central to nearly all research and theory on adult development are:
love and work.
Angelina and Andre created mating bonds with the use of _____ and they preserved their bonds with _____ by motivating each other to act in ways designed to prevent the other from having an affair with someone else.
love; sexual jealousy.
[ch13] Tiana is having a garage sale and notices that someone seems interested in buying a lamp. Tiana approaches the person, suggests a price of $5, and the person quickly agrees. Tiana suddenly wonders if she could get more money for the lamp, so she tells the person that she should check with her husband before selling the lamp. Tiana goes into her house, waits a minute, then returns, saying that her husband will only sell the lamp for $15. Tiana is using a sales strategy known as the _____ technique.
low-ball
In a study of the causes of depression, researchers recruited over 1,000 women with twin sisters. Among those participants who had not recently experienced a highly stressful life event, the incidence of depression was found to be _____ regardless of the level of genetic predisposition. For those participants who had recently experienced a highly stressful life event, the incidence of depression was found to be _____ to genetic predisposition.
low; strongly related.
An extremely obese individual is found to have a genetic defect that affects PYY production. This individual most likely has _____ levels of PYY.
lower than normal
Randall consciously repeats the title of the book he needs while walking across campus to the library. Randall is utilizing _____ to increase the amount of time he is able to hold the book title in his short-term memory.
maintenance rehearsal
Which of the following is a process of rehearsal that involves a person holding information in working memory for a period of time?
maintenance rehearsal
John tells a clinician he has been feeling severely depressed for the last month. An initial diagnosis based solely on this information would be:
major depression.
An example of a behavior pattern that can be changed for the better (and may improve a couple's relationship) is:
making an effort to communicate when you disagree
According to Robert Trivers, in a species in which females make the greater parental investment, but not the males:
males will compete with one another for access to females.
Which method would a behavioral neuroscientist most likely utilize to study jealousy?
mapping specific brain areas, in order to observe which of these areas become more active during a jealous state
[ch13] According to the notion of stereotype threat, a group of female participants' scores on a test will be lower if the researcher refers to the test specifically as a _____, as opposed to using a more general term such as a problem-solving test.
math test
The mean and the median are both:
measures of the central tendency of a set of numbersCentral tendency is to variability as _____ is to _____.
Randy is participating in a study for extra credit in which his _____ levels are monitored every 30 minutes. During one of the checks, the doctor notices that the levels of this hormone have significantly increased, which means Randy will likely _____.
melatonin; begin to feel tired
[ch13] Research has shown that groups produce effective solutions to problems when:
members focus clearly on the problem to be solved.
Studies of sex differences in the prevalence of particular mental disorders reveal that:
men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorders.
Research suggests that _____ enjoy at-home work more, while _____ enjoy out-of-home work more.
men; women
Consciousness, from a psychological perspective, refers to the experiencing of one's own _____ events in such a way that one can relay them to others.
mental
A common treatment for ADHD is:
methylphenidate
Certain specialties within psychology, such as sensory psychology, perceptual psychology, and the psychology of motivation, do not correspond to the different levels of analysis discussed in the textbook because they:
might use any or all of psychology's levels of analysis to understand the specific topics they study
Ajay, an elementary school boy who has just established a clear gender identity, is now likely to:
model his behavior in a culturally specific manner on the adult members of the same gender.
Natural selection has endowed humans with mechanisms of attention that can meet two competing needs. One of these needs is to:
monitor stimuli relevant to the current task and shift one's attention if danger or potential benefits justify such a shift
Even though some cultures permit and idealize polygyny, most marriages are:
monogamous
Kevin is in a committed relationship with Cierra and has been for a year. They do not engage in sexual activity with anyone but each other. This type of mating, which is characteristic of humans, is known as:
monogamy
In most bird species, both the male and the female are involved about equally in taking care of the eggs and the chicks since one of the parents must protect the nest while the other parent obtains food. One would, therefore, expect most bird species to have what mating system?
monogamy.
Carla has just banged her knee against an open drawer. The extent to which she feels pain from her knee depends, in part, on how fully input from pain sensory neurons pass into the central nervous system and on to higher pain centers in the brain. In other words, Carla's pain experience will be governed by:
gate control
Serena is a participant in a selective listening experiment where she is asked to immediately repeat the words coming into her left ear and ignore the words coming into her right ear. When thinking about what she heard in her right ear, Serena will BEST identify the:
gender of the speaker
Responding to stimuli perceived as similar to others in which reinforcement has been given is called ____
generalization
The main advantage of sexual reproduction is that it allows _____ to occur within the population.
genetic diversity.
Say a small group migrated away from their normal population and brought genes for a different nose shape into a new group. This type of genetic variation is known as:
genetic drift.
[ch13] Imagine a kindergarten teacher has discovered that her class has divided itself into two groups, and that these groups harass each other and even physically fight with each other on the playground. Judging by the results of the Robbers Cave study, what is the best way to resolve the conflict?
give them a task with a goal they value but can attain only through cooperation
[ch13] Experiments have demonstrated that when cheating occurs during a social-dilemma game involving several players, people will:
give up some of their own earnings in order to punish the cheater.
Which statement demonstrates caregiver behaviors that show the largest positive correlation with secure infant attachment?
giving prompt comfort whenever the infant cries or shows other signs of distress.
"Currently, a good deal of attention is being devoted to the role of _____ in schizophrenia, which is the major excitatory neurotransmitter at fast synapses throughout the brain."
glutamate
A puppy watches an older dog claw its way into a large bag of potato chips and starts eating them with enthusiasm. The puppy is more attracted to eating potato chips than he previously was, which illustrates _____ as a type of _____.
goal enhancement; observational learning.
Terry is sitting in the back of a large lecture hall listening to his professor discuss the Spanish Civil War in a monotone. Eventually, Terry's attending responses decline in relation to his professor and he falls asleep. The noticeable decline in Terry's responses in relation to the constant voice stimulus is depictive of the learning process known as:
habituation.
The form of learning in which an unconditioned reflexive response weakens with repeated exposure to the stimulus is called:
habituation.
What term is used to describe a decline in the magnitude of a reflexive response when the stimulus is repeated several times in succession?
habituation.
Jenny went to her best friend's graduation party and spent a lot of time in the hot tub. She noticed that the tub did not feel as hot after a few minutes of sitting in the water. The decline in this feeling in response to the constant heat stimulus is known as _____, which is a type of _____ sequence.
habituation; stimulus-response.
Devon suffers from schizophrenia. During a session with his therapist, he tells her that he's hearing voices telling him to destroy the painting on her office wall. Devon is describing a(n):
hallucination.
Rebecca typically hears her thoughts as if they were broadcast aloud and controlled by someone else. What is she experiencing?
hallucinations
The difference between a delusion and a hallucination is:
hallucinations involve false sensory perceptions and delusion are false beliefs
"You are in your dorm room at your computer and you hear your roommate behind you talking to someone. However, when you turn around, you don't see anyone else nor do you see a phone or earphones or a video chat pulled up on her computer. It appears that your roommate thinks she is talking to someone who is not there. You roommate is likely experiencing:"
hallucinations.
Peripheral changes are ones that:
happen within one's body but outside the central nervous system
Human beings attempt to engage in the _____ mating pattern, meaning they are often paired with one sexual partner in a committed relationship and do not have sex with people outside of that relationship. This mating pattern is the only one in which parental investment for both parents is _____.
monogamy; equal
Identical twins are _____ and fraternal twins are _____.
monozygotic; dizygotic.
In a research by Elizabeth Loftus and J. C. Palmer, participants viewed films depicting an auto accident and then were asked a question about the accident using either the word hit or the word smashed. The participants reported:
more broken glass when the question used smashed than when it used hit
When Gregory Razran tested his college students for generalization, he found:
more generalization to words with similar meanings rather than similar features.
Douglas Fry studied children's play in two Mexican villages, the village of La Paz and the village of San Andrés. Fry found that the children from San Andrés engaged in:
more play fighting and serious fighting than the children of La Paz.
Emotions are important because they:
motivate us and help us communicate
The cingulate cortex and the insular cortex, which are found in the limbic system, are responsible for:
motivating individuals to escape from painful stimuli
If Albert is sleepy and starts to get ready for bed, then his feeling of sleepiness is a(n) _____, and him going to sleep is a(n) _____.
motivational state; incentive
A theory behind why children with ADHA have a harder time staying still is because their:
motor areas develop earlier
Susan has had an extremely difficult time overcoming her heroin addiction. She always overcomes her addiction in the treatment center but relapses a few weeks after getting out. Eventually, the doctors tell her that her best hope for preventing relapse may be to:
move permanently to an entirely new environment.
Cindy wasn't paying attention while cooking and put her hand on the hot stove. She quickly pulled away when the first, initial wave of pain hit and put ice on the burn to ease the second, longer-lasting wave of pain. The first wave of pain was a response to _______, ultimately activating interneurons of the brainstem, while the second wave was caused by __________.
myelinated A-delta fibers; unmyelinated C fibers
After watching his infant son consistently reach for the largest of three piles of marbles, Tyler begins to think that babies may possess an inborn quantitative understanding. His belief is most consistent with the philosophical view known as:
nativism
The view that elementary ideas are innate to the human mind and are not gained through experience is known as:
nativism
Conditions like sickle-cell anemia have a low fitness value in the general human population, and therefore the trait is not common. However, in communities which have high malaria infection rates the sickle-cell trait is common because the trait confers immunity from malaria. This is an example of the process of _____ because the communities are adapting to their environment.
natural selection
If one is concerned with interfering with the subjects' behavior, he/she is likely using:
naturalistic observation
By directly observing the action of the basilar membrane, Georg von Bekesy discovered that traveling waves for high-frequency sounds peak:
near the proximal end (the end closer to the oval window)
Fourteen-year-old Mary loves her beaded bracelets. When Mary talks back to her mother, her mother takes away a bracelet for a week. Over the course of a few weeks, Mary stops talking back to her mother. What process has occurred?
negative punishment.
Jason ate all of his sister's candy and did not clean his room. His parents took away his toys for a week. After that, Jason left his sister's candy alone and kept his room clean. The consequence of no toys for Jason's behavior resulted in the process called:
negative punishment.
Raymond does not like to clean his room, even when his parents continuously tell him to do so. For every day that he doesn't clean his room, his parents take 25 cents from his weekly allowance. Raymond doesn't like that his parents are taking away money, so he stops his messy behavior. This is an example of:
negative punishment.
For most people, pain medicine reduces the effects of a bad headache, which makes it more likely that persons will take pain medicine the next time they have a headache. This is an example of:
negative reinforcement.
Whenever Xavier's neighbors play their music loudly, he bangs on the ceiling with a broom handle to get them to turn it off. Given the fact that they do turn off the annoying music, which makes him likely to bang on the ceiling, the next time he hears it, his behavior is under the influence of:
negative reinforcement.
A stimulus that increases the likelihood of a response by removing it is a:
negative reinforcer.
[ch13] A college is considering whether to put the English or the math department in a posh new building. A group of English professors joke about the math faculty, saying that they are all alike—unsociable, unable to participate in a discussion of the arts, and boring. The English professors see themselves as friendly, literate, and witty. Their tendency to see members of the math department as different from themselves and very similar to one another in having such undesirable traits is an illustration of:
negative stereotyping of the other group.
Suzy is making fun of her little brother because she has a cookie and he has none. Her mother sees Suzy making fun of her little brother and waving her cookie in his face and takes away her cookie. Suzy stops making fun of her little brother. What kind of punishment is this?
negative.
Whenever Bill was late to school, his teacher would take away his right to participate in the morning playtime activities. Bill is no longer late to school. Bill's late behavior has been:
negatively punished.
Maddie is studying behavioral neuroscience and studies situations under the ___ level because it looks at ____ as the cause.
neural; the brain
Each sense has its own set of sensory _____, which carry the neural impulses from the receptors to the central nervous system.
neurons
Some scientists speculate the physiological causes of depression and subsequent recovery from depression involve the loss and re-growth of:
neurons or neural connections.
With continuous reinforcement, a reinforcer occurs after every response, whereas with extinction, the response is _____ reinforced?
never.
Dr. Azrin is giving a lecture on the tremendous ability of field studies to control for extraneous variables in research. Would you agree with Dr. Azrin?
no, laboratory studies have the advantage of controlling for extraneous variables
"Sam has to practice for a long time at a particular task while Jodie can acquire the same task relatively quickly, with little conscious thought. For Sam, this task is a _____ while for Jodie this task is a _____."
non-dominant action; dominant action
A professor administers a questionnaire to students who received an A in the course on the grounds that they will take the task more seriously than students who received a lower grade. The sample is:
non-representative
As a technical term, bias refers to:
nonrandom effects caused by extraneous factors
Unlike thirst or hunger, some human drives, such as the drive for achievement or the drive for sex cannot be explained in terms of the body's tissue needs. Psychologists refer to these drives that serve other purposes as ____ drives
nonregulatory
When meeting a person diagnosed with temporal lobe amnesia, one would expect the person to show:
normal implicit memory capabilities
[ch13] In one of Asch's conformity experiments, participants arrived "late" and were asked to write their answers down privately after hearing the groups' answers. The participants in this experiment were found to conform less than those who announced their answers publicly. This reduction in conformity demonstrates that conformity in the basic version of the study was at least partly due to:
normative influences.
[ch13] Research subsequent to Solomon Asch's primarily indicates that for easy tasks conformity stems from _____ influence, and for difficult tasks it stems primarily from _____ influence.
normative; informational
One of the three general conclusions to emerge from fMRI studies on preattentive processing is that stimuli that are _____ nevertheless activate sensory and perceptual areas of the brain.
not attended to
The case of H. M. supports the information-processing model proposition that there is a sharp distinction between working and explicit long-term memory because H.M. could:
not encode new information from working memory into explicit long-term memory, although he could retrieve information that entered long-term memory before his surgery
James is the youngest of eight siblings. His five brothers are half-siblings on his father's side, and his two sisters are full siblings. Empirical evidence shows that James will _____ be impacted by the _____ on male homosexuality.
not; fraternal birth-order effect
Research on selective listening shows that participants hearing two messages and shadowing one will:
notice only physical characteristics of the unattended message
The _____ has connections to large areas of the limbic system and the cerebral cortex, and is now understood to be a crucial center for the behavioral effects of rewards, in humans as well as in other mammals.
nucleus accumbens
Well-learned tasks become automatic, such that we don't have to think about doing them. This is facilitated by _____ processing.
obligatory processing
One of the main ideas associated with behaviorism is that:
observable actions are the only things that psychologists should study.
Gallup is a company that conducts phone-based surveys to assess political preferences in the country. Their data-collection method is NOT:
observational
An untrained chimpanzee that was present when its trained mother used human-language symbols began to use some of the symbols himself appropriately. This could be considered an example of:
observational learning.
Observer-expectancy effects can influence the:
observer's perceptions of the participant's behavior
A psychologist believes that males will have a more positive attitude towards violence than females. The psychologist tends to nod slightly at male interviewees when they express approval of specific violent behaviors, but not at female interviewees who do the same. The results of the study reflect a(n) _____ effect.
observer-expectancy
As Pfungst showed, Clever Hans's miraculous performance was actually the result of:
observer-expectancy effects
Which statement BEST represents the concept of naturalistic observation?
observing a participant's behavior without interfering in any way
A disturbing thought that intrudes repeatedly on a person's consciousness even though the person recognizes it as irrational is called a(n):
obsession.
When driving, Alex often has the disturbing thought that he is about to be involved in a crash if he continues on his present path. When the thought occurs, he responds by taking evasive action, which means a lengthy detour. The repetitive thought is a(n) _____ and the corresponding action is a(n) _____.
obsession; compulsion.
Whenever Cheryl leaves her house in the morning, she constantly worries that she has left the iron on. She usually drives home two or three times a day to make sure that it is unplugged. Worrying about the iron represents a(n) _____ and repeatedly driving home represents a(n) _____.
obsession; compulsion.
On her way to class, Hawah notices a fire truck. She does not think about the truck and does not consciously remember it. Later, Hawah is asked to develop a story outline. Her outline contains references to heat, bright red, and fire. If these references were the result of her earlier exposure to the fire truck, Hawah would be showing the effect of:
priming
The phenomenon in which a person who initially performs a task for no reward (except the enjoyment of the task) becomes less likely to perform that task for no reward after a period during which this person has been rewarded for performing it, is a result of:
overjustification effect.
Free nerve endings are the sensitive terminals of the receptors for the sense of:
pain
In classical conditioning terms, the conditioned stimulus must be _____ in order to elicit a reaction.
paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Which symptom does NOT belong with the others?
panic attacks.
A feeling of helpless terror that strikes at unpredictable times, unrelated to any specific situation or idea, and usually accompanied by high physiological arousal is the primary symptom of:
panic disorder.
Marlee sometimes experiences an intense sense of helpless terror without being able to pinpoint any specific threat in the environment. Her terror comes at unpredictable times and is accompanied by strong physiological signs such as a racing heartbeat. Marlee also fears that she will behave in a frantic way and lose control. Marlee MOST likely suffers from _____ disorder.
panic.
The time, energy, and risk to survival involved in caring for offspring is known as:
parental investment
The procedure in which only a portion of correct operant responses are reinforced is called:
partial reinforcement.
An operant response will be most resistant to extinction if it is:
partially reinforced on a variable schedule.
Which of the following is NOT advice for studying textbooks?
passively highlight or copy passages
Some social scientists consider boys' and girls' _____ to be so distinct that they constitute separate subcultures, each with its own values, directing its members along different developmental lines.
peer groups
Which is a specialty BEST defined by the topic it studies than the level of analysis?
perceptual psychology
Rashid's parents love him very much, are highly tolerant of his disruptive actions, and rarely exert any type of control over him. Baumrind would classify Rashid's parents as:
permissive.
John has been depressed for over a year. One reason his condition has not improved is that his problem provides some benefits, such as reduced expectations of him at work and home, increased attention, and sympathy from friends. These benefits could be considered:
perpetuating causes.
[ch13] When Hassam thinks of himself as an independent individual with self-interests distinct from those of other people, Hassam is thinking of himself in terms of _____ identity.
personal
Jeremiah used to have dark brown hair, but after spending a day in the sun, his hair became much lighter. Jeremiah's _____ was impacted by the sun.
phenotype.
Some developmental researchers have argued that adult romantic love can be understood in terms of infant attachment in part because both involve:
physical affection and feelings of security in each other's presence.
Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between:
physical stimuli and the sensory experiences they produce
Three different classes of events exist for describing the sensory process. The _____ is the matter or energy of the physical world that impinges on sense organs; the _____ is the pattern of chemical and electrical activity that occurs in sense organs, nerves, and the brain as a result of the stimulus; and the _____ is the subjective, psychological experience by the individual whose sense organs have been stimulated.
physical stimulus; physiological response; sensory experience
[ch13] The underlying variable that appears to explain why the mere presence of observers sometimes facilitates or inhibits performance in individuals is:
physiological arousal.
Sensation can be described as a chain of events in which a physical stimulus provokes a(n):
physiological response that leads to an elementary psychological experience
An example of a _____ to pain is the body's increased production of _____.
physiological response; endorphins
A set of fraternal twins, William and Peggy, were just born. Given the differential treatment of young boys and girls by adults in American culture, one could expect to see people:
play more actively with William and behave more gently toward Peggy.
What are the three main methods designed for learning in nature?
play, observation, exploration.
Which mating strategy involves ONE FEMALE mating with MANY MALES?
polyandry
In which mating system does an individual female mate with more than one male while an individual male mates with only one female?
polyandry.
Since height in the human species VARIES widely across organism, it is most likely a:
polygenic trait
If a trait varies in a continuous, graded manner among different individuals, then it is probably a(n) _____ trait.
polygenic.
Which mating strategy involves one male that mates with more than one female?
polygyny
"Which of the following are examples of information processing deficits associated with schizophrenia, as mentioned in the text?"
poor sustained attention; poor at holding onto information in working memory; poor encoding and retrieval of long term memories
A small child is scolded for chasing a ball into the street and thereafter does not do it again. What has caused this result?
positive punishment.
Sometimes when Holli looks in the coin slot of a public telephone, she finds a quarter. The fact that Holli continues to look in telephone coin slots reflects:
positive reinforcement.
For most people, receiving money after performing some behavior would make that behavior more likely to recur in the future. Thus, money is for them a:
positive reinforcer.
A parent spanks their son after he hits his sister. A few minutes later, their son hits his sister again, which is followed by another spanking. This pattern happens several more times that day. In this case, we can say that spanking is ____.
positively reinforcing the son's hitting behavior
Jeff has been feeling very depressed, irritable, and has loss of sleep. He keeps having flashbacks and horrible nightmares. Jeff is BEST described as suffering from:
posttraumatic stress disorder brought on by his previous experience from being a soldier in the Vietnam War.
The text describes the case of a toddler who demanded large quantities of salt because deficient adrenal glands prevented his body from conserving enough salt. This case illustrates the:
powerful influence of homeostasis on behavior
Ideally, scientists try to disprove their own hypotheses and those of others. In other words, they:
practice skepticism
Kelsey and Michael are playing in their backyard. Lev Vygotsky would argue that while these two children are at play they are:
practicing self-discipline.
A woman who has previously shown no evidence of a mental disorder develops clinical depression following the loss of her job. This event would be considered a ______ cause of her depression.
precipitating.
"Overall, results of concordance studies suggest that genes play a substantial role as a _____ cause of schizophrenia."
predisposing
What type of ADHD is characterized by lack of attention to instructions, failure to concentrate on school tasks, and carelessness in completing assignments?
predominantly inattentive type.
Researchers investigating childhood amnesia suggest the slow development of the _____ in childhood is the reason adults have poor recall from the first few years of life.
prefrontal cortex
Lawrence Kohlberg's methodology for studying moral reasoning was to:
present a story involving a moral dilemma and ask subjects how the protagonist should respond and why.
Comparisons of the amount of time and the time of day that different species spend sleeping support the _____ theory of sleep.
preservation and protection
Jackie believes that horses sleep at night because they don't have very good eyesight, would have a hard time finding food, and would be vulnerable to predators. Jackie's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ theory of sleep.
preservation and protection
Anorexia nervosa, a disorder characterized by extreme thinness, a preoccupation with body weight, and a refusal to eat, is found:
primarily among young, middle- to upper-class women in Western (or Westernized) cultures, providing evidence of cross-cultural variation in mental disorders.
After studying the planets for his astronomy exam for hours, John received a phone call from his friend who asked him to guess what kind of car he just bought. John immediately replied, "A Saturn." John's prior exposure to stimuli related to planets influenced his response to his friend's question due to:
priming
Kendra was the only participant shown a photograph of an apple. Later in the experiment, she was able to identify an unclear drawing as an apple when the other participants did not. Kendra's ability to identify the drawing as an apple was due to:
priming
According to Sherman (1992) some of the formal characteristics of a personalized system of instruction (PSI) include mastery, self-pacing, repeated testing, immediate feedback and:
proctors
The main outcome of evolution is that it:
produces species that are better adapted to their current environment.
Each of the following is a general category of causes that contribute to mental disorders EXCEPT _____ causes.
prolonging.
A group of recently discovered primates are being studied for their mating behaviors. Scientists have found that there is an equal amount of involvement between males and females in raising offspring and little to no competition. Furthermore, they have found that both males and females will most likely mate with most of the adults of the opposite sex within the colony. Which mating pattern would best describe this species?
promiscuity.
In this course, PSY 101 uses a variation of PSI that limits each class size to 25 people. Based on the PSI teaching model, this is primarily done to:
promote active engagement and increase responding among students
Genes help construct the building blocks for one's physiology, which are known as:
proteins.
Pavlov's findings on conditioning were particularly appealing to behaviorists because he:
provided an objective, stimulus-response way of studying and understanding learning.
The meanings of words and other general knowledge stored in a person's memory are considered part of their _____ memory.
semantic
Knowing that automobile emissions contribute to air pollution is an example of _____ memory, which is a subclass of _____ memory.
semantic; explicit.
Which type of deafness does a person with a cochlear implant have?
sensorineural deafness
The action of biting into an apple will trigger an individual's _____ to produce electrical changes. These initiate _____, which carry information to the central nervous system. Correct!
sensory receptors; sensory neurons
The general pattern of sleep over the course of a normal night consists of a:
series of several cycles in each of which sleep gradually deepens and then rapidly lightens
A personality disorder is characterized as a(n):
set of long-standing behaviors or emotions that impair life.
A pigeon is learning to peck a key for food. At first it receives food just for moving into the half of the cage nearest the key. Once it is spending all its time there, food is only given when it brushes against the key. Once that behavior is established, the pigeon must touch the key with its beak before food is delivered. What technique is being employed?
shaping.
A trainer wants a chimp to sit still in a chair. She might therefore reward the chimp for staying within 5 feet of the chair, then only for staying in physical contact with it, then only for actually sitting in it. This strategy uses the technique called:
shaping.
Ariel wanted to teach her pet fish to swim through the castle in the fish tank. First, she would feed him each time he approached the castle, then she would feed him only when he entered the castle, and, finally, she would only feed him when he swam through the castle. What is this operant conditioning technique called?
shaping.
Craig is training his tropical fish to swim through a hoop. He starts by feeding the fish a food pellet when it just approaches the hoop. Then he only gives the fish a pellet when the fish puts his nose inside the hoop. Then he gives it a pellet when it swims most of the way through the hoop; and finally, he gives the fish a pellet only when it swims completely through the hoop. What technique is Craig using?
shaping.
Rewarding a squirrel in small steps until the squirrel is able to water ski is done by the use of:
shaping.
Using an operant conditioning technique known as _____, Blake teaches his dog to roll over by first giving her a treat for sitting, later only giving her a treat for lying down, then giving her a treat only when she moves onto her side, and finally only giving her a treat when she rolls over.
shaping.
"In Stanley Milgram s experiment, participants were asked to:"
shock another participant for wrong answers.
Bobby is taking a test in his behavior class and is consciously thinking of the answers to the questions. This means that Bobby is using his working, or _____, memory.
short-term
The conscious thoughts and reasoning Betty is using in her debate with Callie are processed in the memory store known as _____ memory.
short-term
Working memory, also known as _____ memory, is where all conscious perception and reasoning occurs.
short-term
Sensory memory can hold information for a very _____ period of time, and contains _____ of the sensory input that enters the sensory system.
short; all
The branch of psychology that emphasizes how the general psychological processes of an individual are influenced by other people at a given point in time is called _____ psychology.
social
[ch13] Jimmy, a professional basketball player, usually plays in small, empty stadiums. However, Jimmy played better at his last game that was held in a larger, crowded stadium. This would be referred to as:
social facilitation.
[ch13] An increase in performance due to an audience is _____ while a decrease in performance due to an audience is _____.
social facilitation; social interference
Tom and Vanessa are playing "house" and both children are taking turns pretending to be different members of a make-believe family. They are engaging in a universal form of play known as:
social fantasy play.
[ch13] The tendency for an individual to exert less effort in a team situation in which all team members receive the same outcome (for example, a grade or a bonus) is referred to as:
social loafing.
[ch13] When Helen, Tom, and Mary each sing solo, they try their best to sing loud, expressively, and in perfect tune. However, when Helen, Tom, and Mary sing as a group, they do not try as hard, which lowers their overall performance. Helen, Tom, and Mary's behavior when singing as a group is an example of:
social loafing.
Suppose that Jamie, who has just learned to crawl, and his mother visit his aunt for the first time. Toward the end of the visit, Jamie explores the room but frequently looks toward his mother, apparently to observe her reactions. The attention Jamie directs toward his mother is called:
social referencing.
Suzy knows that she wants to work in the psychology realm, however is unsure which direction to go. She knows that she likes economics, political science, and anthropology. Which academic division should she pursue?
social sciences
A _____ psychologist is studying the relationship between the number of her fellow students' interactions with one another and preference in music, art, and philosophies of her fellow students; all subjects of the _____.
social; humanities
Fear of public speaking would be an example of a(n) _____ phobia whereas fear of blood would be an example of a(n) _____ phobia.
social; specific
Jenny tells an interviewer that she likes to spend most of her time with her husband, visiting her daughter and grandchildren, playing bridge with the same friends she has played bridge with for 24 years, and working in her garden. This information fits BEST with the _____ theory of aging.
socioemotional selectivity.
[ch13] When two groups see each other as competitors, they tend to exhibit within-group _____, while between-group interactions become increasingly _____.
solidarity; hostile
[ch13] According to research findings in the area of impression management, Jillian will be the most concerned with managing her impression when she is around:
someone she's talked to a few times while riding the subway to work.
Barking is a(n) _____ in dogs.
species-typical behavior.
Cultural differences in the use of the eyebrow flash illustrate that:
species-typical behaviors can be modified by learning.
The major "gate" in the gate control theory of pain is the point where pain sensory neurons enter the ____ to synapse on second-order pain neurons
spinal cord and brainstem
The major gate in the gate-control theory of pain is the point where pain sensory neurons enter the _____ and synapse on second-order pain neurons.
spinal cord and brainstem
Suppose that Dr. Sanders were to test her students' knowledge of psychology by administering the mathematics portion of the Scholastic Assessment Test. The most justified criticism of this procedure is that it lacks:
validity
A reinforcement schedule in operant conditioning that would be best to use if someone wants to produce behavior that is very resistant to extinction is a _____ schedule.
variable-ratio.
According to the socioemotional selectivity theory of adult development and aging, with what would an elderly person be most concerned?
emotional ties with family
Janet believes that she was born with all her knowledge. She believes that she already knew everything possible at birth because the source of all knowledge is inborn. This belief is most opposite to the belief proposed by:
empiricism
All are examples of motivational states EXCEPT:
food
All are incentives EXCEPT:
hunger
Which is NOT one of the three components of reward?
needing
Each time Ari ties his shoes, he is accessing his _____ memory.
procedural
An unconditioned stimulus elicits a(n) ____
unconditioned response
Dr. Williams is a behaviorist, but unlike John B. Watson, does not consider the stimulus-response reflex to be the fundamental unit of all behavior. Instead, Dr. Williams is interested in nonreflexive behavior. You would recommend that he read up on _____ who provided _____ a model of how nonreflexive behaviors could be altered through learning.
Edward Thorndike; B.F. Skinner.
Which statement is TRUE of the periaqueductal gray (PAG)?
Electrical stimulation of the PAG can reduce or stop chronic pain
_____ are errors that occasionally and unpredictably occur during DNA replication.
Mutations
_____ selection is the process by which a species survives or succumbs to obstacles in its environment.
Natural
Which statement about dominant and recessive genes is TRUE?
Not all pairs of alleles manifest dominance or recessiveness.
[ch13] The term _____ refers to instances of compliance when the person making the request is perceived as an authority figure or leader and the request is perceived as an order or command.
Obedience
_____ refers to those cases of compliance in which the requester is perceived as an authority figure or leader and the request is perceived as an order.
Obedience
_____ is an illusion in which people hear the missing sounds of words or sentences from which individual vowel and consonant sounds have been deleted.
Phonemic restoration
_____ refers to an increase in the salience or attractiveness of the object that the observed individual is acting upon.
Stimulus enhancement.
Jacob and Aiden have both been wounded to similar degrees but neither feels any pain. _____ accounts for Jacob's lack of pain, as he was just stabbed by a mugger and has to get away. However, _____ accounts for Aiden's lack of pain because he has spent hours meditating in order to pierce his cheeks for a religious ceremony.
Stress-induced analgesia; belief-induced analgesia
[ch13] If a social dilemma game goes from 5 players to 50 players, what will happen to the overall cooperation?
The cooperation will decrease.
How might the double standard regarding male and female sexuality contribute to the incidence of date rape and related female victimization reported in a number of studies?
Young men often feel considerable social pressure to have sexual intercourse.
Which of the following is NOT associated with experiencing a panic attack?
a distinct feeling of terror lasting for several hours
Tom has been going out to drink regularly for the past several weeks. He noticed that now he has to drink about twice as much as before in order to get the same intoxicating effect. This is because he has acquired:
a drug tolerance.
Which of the following is considered a mechanism that momentarily heightens pain sensitivity?
a fever
The neurons near the proximal end of the basilar membrane fire rapidly, while other neurons on the membrane barely fire. The brain interprets this as:
a high-pitched sound
[ch13] Which group is LEAST likely to cooperate when playing a public-goods game?
a large group of random individuals
Which does NOT increase the likelihood that the observed difference between two means will be statistically significant?
a larger standard deviation of each group.
The precipitating cause of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is thought to be:
a major life change or disturbing event in adulthood.
H.M. had temporal-lobe amnesia which was caused because of:
a physical disruption or injury to the brain
A child has to have what kind of knowledge in order to begin to learn about the world?
a priori knowledge
Priming does NOT:
activate conscious thoughts
Ellen tends to ask the same questions in different ways to her participants. In other words, she is:
adding structure to her interviews
Different genes that can occupy the same locus, and thus can potentially pair with each other, are referred to as:
alleles
Wolves, killer whales, and army ants all live and hunt in packs. This is an example of:
an analogy.
When one is unable to create long-term memories after their injury they are diagnosed with:
anterograde amnesia
What is the master center of appetite control and weight regulation?
arcuate nucleus
Some researchers study whether people diagnosed with a particular mental disorder are suffering in similar ways from similar causes. These researchers are evaluating the:
validity of the diagnostic category.
In a _____ schedule, the period of time that must elapse before a response will be reinforced varies unpredictably around some average.
variable-interval.
Joseph has always been interested in astronomy and now has his own telescope. Unfortunately, he lives in an area with lots of cloud cover. He never knows how many nights will go by before a clear night will allow him to see the stars that fascinate him so much. His viewing is reinforced on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
variable-interval.
A _____ schedule occurs with a slot machine because winning does not occur every time, but only after an unpredictable number of responses.
variable-ratio.
With respect to the way people psychologically approach death, research supports the:
view that there is no universal approach to death.
Habituation _____ stimulus-response sequence, whereas classical conditioning _____ stimulus-response sequence.
weakens an existing; produces a new.
What is the definition of a biased sample?
when the sample is not representative of the larger population that the researcher is trying to describe
A psychologist is testing the effectiveness of a weight loss program. One group receives a diet and a specific counseling program. Another group receives the same diet and speaks to the counselors regularly but does not receive the specific counseling program. Participants are weighed weekly for 6 months. What is the independent variable?
whether or not the participants receive the counseling program
Harry Harlow separated infant monkeys from their mothers and provided each with two surrogate mothers, one of wire and one of cloth. For half the monkeys, a nipple that provided milk was attached to the wire mother, and for the other half the nipple was attached to the cloth mother. Harlow found that:
both groups became attached to the cloth mother, regardless of which surrogate had the nipple.
Many states have passed laws forbidding the use of cellular phones while driving, unless the driver is using a hands-free device. According to the text, when the disruptive effects of hands-free phone calls and hand-held phone calls are tested, the results show that:
both types of phones had great disruptive effects
Mitosis is the process of:
cell division of cells, not including egg and sperm cells.
In an experiment with domesticated quail, male birds that received a(n) _____ prior to opportunity to copulate with a hen, fathered many more offspring then other males.
conditioned stimulus.
In classical conditioning terms, the object or event that must be paired with something else in order to elicit a reaction is called a(n):
conditioned stimulus.
Doctors have discovered that by pairing a particular harmless injection with a drug that boosts the body's immune system, the injection itself can come to boost the immune system as well. In classical conditioning terms, the injection is known as a(n) _____ that elicits a(n) _____.
conditioned stimulus; conditioned response.
In one of Pavlov's experiments, a dog learned to salivate at the sound of a bell. In this case, the bell was a(n) _____ and the salivation it elicited was a(n) _____ response.
conditioned stimulus; conditioned.
The _____ must signal heightened probability of occurrence of the _____ for classical conditioning to take place.
conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus.
A mother opens a jar of baby food to feed her infant. The lid makes a popping sound as it opens, and the hungry baby gets excited. In the classical conditioning model, the baby's response to the popping sound is a(n) _____ response.
conditioned.
If one wants to maximize experimental control, they should:
conduct a laboratory study
In analyzing the results of his experiment, Bob wants to confidently rule out the possibility that his results are due to chance factors. What can he do?
conduct inferential statistics
The psychologist Oskar Pfungst discovered the source of Clever Hans's intellectual abilities by:
conducting experiments in which he controlled what the horse could and could not see
"To study conformity, Solomon Asch used one participant at a time with a group of _____ situated around a table."
confederates
[ch13] When Solomon Asch tested participants for conformity in a perceptual-judgment task, he found that most participants:
conformed their answer to that of the confederates' even though the perceptual task was easy.
Skinner was interested in how ____ affect the likelihood that some behavior would occur in the future
consequences
People tend to recall better if tested in the same environment in which they originally learned the information. This illustrates the effect of:
context
The principle of association by _____ is described as the process in which concepts are associated because they have occurred together in the person's previous experience.
contiguity
Catina underwent hypnosis because she was unable to remember anything from a particular span of time from her childhood. She hoped it would help her recover these lost memories. Given the research findings discussed in the textbook, one would expect the questioning under hypnosis would:
contribute to her remembering events from this period that did not actually take place
Jane wondered how certain things like serotonin and dopamine activate within her cells. She asked her biology professor, "When I exercise, what is it that _____ and makes me feel better. He responded, "_____."
controls the rate at which chemicals are released into my cells; enzymes
Michelle has noticed a trend of children with ADHD having higher intelligence and wants to run a study to demonstrate this trend. Which type of study should Michelle conduct?
correlational study
Refer to the metaphor of a circus performer keeping a set of plates spinning on the ends of sticks. If the performer attempts to do another task at the same time that involves his or her arms, the number of plates he or she would be able to spin:
decreases
[ch13] Which is NOT a factor that allows for groupthink to occur?
diffusion of responsibility
Many drugs produce two effects: a(n) _____ effect followed by a(n) _____ reaction.
direct; compensatory.
Genes contribute to behavior by:
directing the manufacture of protein molecules that build and modify the body.
A cultural psychologist would be most interested in studying:
discipline styles among parents from three countries
According to the field of behavior analysis, what are two indicators of whether the subject has acquired concept understanding?
discrimination and generalization.
The technique in classical conditioning that has been used to study an animal's sensory capacities is:
discrimination training.
A cue signaling the availability of a reinforcer is known as a(n):
discriminative stimulus.
Which is an example of a unipolar disorder?
dysthymia.
Cassie is out with her friends at a bonfire. When Cassie moves closer to the fire, she experiences the sensation of heat. As a result, Cassie begins to move toward the fire whenever she gets cold. This demonstrates how her sensory experience shaped her behavior. Which philosophy would explain Cassie's behavior?
empiricism
What psychological school of thought claims that all knowledge is based upon sensory experience?
empiricism
Shalita is actively processing information for her general psychology exam by asking questions, drawing comparisons, and thinking of examples. The method by which this information will be placed into her long-term memory is known as:
encoding
If dopamine is responsible for the "wanting" component of reward, what is responsible for the "liking" component?
endorphins
Jon uses opiates, such as morphine, codeine, and heroin, because these drugs reduce pain and create a euphoric feeling. These drugs are effective because they chemically mimic _______, (a) naturally occurring chemical(s) in the body.
endorphins
Which of the following is NOT considered a level of behavior?
environmental
Pavlov and his colleagues concluded that any _____ that an animal can detect can become a conditioned stimulus.
environmental event.
The way a human brain learns to react to stress through the production and processing of the hormone cortisol could be explained by:
epigenetics.
An amnesic patient was told, "Sierra's father was a fireman." When later asked what Sierra's father did for a living, the patient responded, "He was a fireman," but when asked how he knew that, he said, "I don't know." This patient was thereby demonstrating a deficit in _____ memory.
episodic
Dylan is asked to remember and describe everything he can about his 6th birthday party. Which type of memory is being used to help him in this process?
episodic
Kenji is asked about the last time he went to the movies. Kenji's knowledge of the movie, where he sat, and the identification of his movie companions are all part of his _____ memory.
episodic
The current conclusion drawn from studies of people with deficits in episodic memory is that the hippocampus is essential for encoding _____ memory.
episodic
Which principle helps to explain the finding that a conditioned response is often quite different from the unconditioned response?
expectancy theory.
Jane's cat gives her a lot of attention when she opens the refrigerator because opening it is a stimulus that has been reliably paired with cat food. It is almost as if the cat can predict that the food would come soon, which is explained by the _____ theory of classical conditioning.
expectancy.
The _____ theory of classical conditioning relates to an organism's ability to predict when the unconditioned stimulus will occur.
expectancy.
Research has shown that phonemic restoration is much more reliable for words that are:
expected to occur in a sentence
The MOST direct way to test a hypothesis about a cause-effect relationship is through a(n):
experiment
Source confusion is thought to be a primary cause of MOST cases of:
false-memory construction
A toddler cries at the sight of a red plastic toy sword for weeks after his brother strikes him with it. He also cries at the sight of a red umbrella and a red broom, but not in response to a red beach ball or a black umbrella. This example illustrates:
generalization.
The ability to show the same response to new stimuli that resembles the original conditioned stimulus is known as:
generalization.
Daniel remembered his professor saying something in regards to "we are what we are", yet he could not remember what it was based on. He knew _____ affect the body's development but only insofar as their influence on some other element. His friend Cari cleared up his confusion by saying that it is _____ that make us what we are.
genes; proteins
Differences in body weight within a culture result mainly from differences in _____; weight differences across cultures can be strongly affected by differences in _____.
genes; the environment
Suppose one population of a species has a somewhat different gene pool than another because the original members of one group brought with them to a new location some unusual genes. The genetic differences between the groups would be attributable to:
genetic drift.
Research suggests two predisposing causes of generalized anxiety disorder, namely:
genetics and frequent, unpredictable traumatic childhood experiences.
The set of genes that an individual inherits is known in genetics as a:
genotype.
Play nurturing is more common with _____ while play fighting is more common with _____.
girls; boys.
"In the prisoner s dilemma game, the _____ goes to the player who defects while the other cooperates."
highest individual payoff
A group of subjects were asked to feel emotions by mentally reliving events associated with them. A second group of subjects were asked to move their facial muscles in ways that mimic the facial expressions associated with various emotions. Researchers found that subjects:
in both groups showed the pattern of arousal associated with the emotion
Reinforcement refers to a(n) _____ in response rate whereas punishment refers to a(n) _____ in response rate.
increase; decrease.
The ability to shadow effectively _____ if the two voices are physically different.
increases
A single dissenting opinion can significantly _____ the tendency of others to conform.
lower
Humans sometimes can engage in a polygyny mating pattern, however, the socially acceptable and more common mating pattern is:
monogamy.
Daniel loves wildlife. However, whenever he goes on a hike, the animals seem to be spooked before he can get close enough to watch them. In terms from the research chapter, Daniel is trying to conduct _____ but is _____ with his subjects.
naturalistic observation; interfering
A ratio schedule of reinforcement deals with _____ whereas an interval schedule deals with _____.
number of responses; time.
When running a study, it is important for the experimenters to not convey their beliefs and expectations to the participants because the participants may:
observe them and act accordingly
It was discussed in the text how certain traits can be merely side effects of natural selection for other traits which actually serve a survival and reproduction function for our species. Which of the following human traits captures this notion perfectly?
our belly buttons
People with the condition known as asymbolia for pain:
perceive painful stimuli, but do not feel a normal desire to escape the pain
Positive punishment refers to a stimulus being _____ and a(n) _____ in response rate.
presented; decrease.
When parking at work Hadley always parks in the same spot. She cannot remember when she formed this habit and has difficulty explaining why she does it. Hadley's habit is an example of a(n) _____ memory.
procedural
According to Georg von Bekesy, the auditory system codes pitch in terms of the:
rate of firing from various places on the basilar membrane
An online poll is conducted to try and predict who will be elected in the upcoming presidential election. Considering that not everyone has access to the internet, the data collected for the poll is incomplete. What does this example illustrate?
sample bias
Steven Pinker suggested that art, literature, and music are ways for humans to:
satisfy other drives rather than drives themselves
Jonny has decided that he wants to go to the gym and begin working out more often. He goes to the gym one morning and the next morning most of his muscles are in pain. This dull, burning, more diffuse, and longer-lasting pain is known as _____ pain and is mediated by the C-fibers.
second
Which of the following is one of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning?
self-interested exchanges; interpreted accord and conformity; law-and-order morality
The preservation of the pattern of neural responses to a stimulus (such as a light or a sound) and information about various dimensions of the stimulus (such as the wavelength of light or the frequency of sound waves) is called:
sensory coding
At first a coach praises a basketball player for behaviors that are only remotely like those that will sink a basket. Gradually, the coach restricts praise to behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior. The coach is using a training strategy called:
shaping.
The passage of time after extinction produces the phenomenon known as:
spontaneous recovery.
In an experiment, the independent variable is the one that the researcher:
systematically alters
"Practicality" is an advantage of the _____ data-collection method.
testing
The existence of phantom-limb pain suggests that:
the brain's pain mechanisms can be activated by factors other than sensory input
Materialism is credited to which philosopher?
Thomas Hobbes
Arnulf assists a world-renowned artist by traveling around the country to assemble his intricate glass sculptures for exhibits. Arnulf's salary is above average for people with his training and experience, and he enjoys the other perks of his job, such as meeting different people and touring new cities. The work is complex, and no two jobs are ever the same. If Melvin Kohn is correct about the importance of occupational self-direction, which aspect(s) of Arnulf's job is most essential to his enjoyment of it?
work that is complex and varied.
In the information-processing model, _____ memory is where all conscious thinking, perceiving, and decision making takes place.
working
Polygenic characteristics typically follow a _____ distribution.
normal
Before the 1920s, scientists believed that the basilar membrane acted like harp strings. Georg von Bekesy was the first to discover that the membrane actually behaves more like:
a bed sheet when someone shakes it at one end
In U.S. elementary schools, children have been found to maintain gender segregation by ridiculing those who cross gender lines. The degree of ridicule is largest when:
a boy prefers to play with girls.
Standard deviation is:
a common measure of variability
Males in certain bird species engage in mating dances that announce their location and availability for mating. It might be argued that male birds with a distinctive dance are more likely to attract a mate, and thus are more likely to leave offspring than a male bird that does not exhibit the dance. This argument is most likely to be considered:
a distal explanation.
The similarity between the relaxed open-mouth display (seen in young primates) and the human happy smile would be seen as:
a homology.
If Ararv sustained damage to his amygdala, the damage would affect his brain function by causing Ararv to experience:
a lack of an ability to experience fear or anger
Which of these is NOT a name for the external stimulus toward which motivated behavior is directed?
a motivator
Fathea refuses go to public places because she is afraid of judgment from other people. She is especially afraid of talking to others for fear of saying the wrong thing and being overwhelmed with embarrassment. She will only visit friends and relatives in their homes. Fathea is MOST likely suffering from:
a phobia.
Human-controlled selective breeding of dogs is an example of:
artificial selection
Psychology as an academic discipline MOST comfortably fits:
as a field that bridges social sciences, natural sciences, and the humanities
What is the most effective way to guard against biased sampling?
assign subjects randomly to groups
Long-term research in Finland has shown that a disorganized, hard-to-follow, or highly emotional communication pattern in adoptive parents is:
associated with a greater likelihood of developing schizophrenia only in children at high genetic risk.
When Sine thinks of birthdays, she always thinks of birthday cake. This is an example of:
association by contiguity
[ch13] A juror named Marrakesh does not believe that the defendant on trial has been shown to be "guilty beyond a reasonable doubt" although most of Marrakesh's fellow jurors are firmly convinced of the man's guilt. The foreperson is now orally polling the jury for the first time and Marrakesh happens to be going last. Asch's studies on conformity suggest that Marrakesh is more likely to resist the majority view if:
at least one other juror disagrees with the majority view.
The process that controls the flow of information from sensory memory into working memory is:
attention
Gabriella's mom is very involved in her life, has set definite rules for her behavior, and has open communication with her about these rules. As a result, Gabriella is very independent and socially responsible. According to Diana Baumrind, Gabriella's mom's style of parenting would be classified as:
authoritative.
When Matthew breaks his brother's favorite model car on purpose, his parents talk with him about what he has done, why it was wrong, and how his actions have made his brother feel. They want Matthew to learn right from wrong, and sometimes they punish him for his bad behavior. According to Diana Baumrind, Matthew's parents are demonstrating a(n). _____ parenting style.
authoritative.
Which parenting style is associated with high warmth (warm, responsive) and high control (demanding, restrictive)?
authoritative.
Diana Baumrind's study of nursery school children supported Hoffman's theory of discipline in that the children of _____ parents were found to be friendlier, more cooperative, and less disruptive than children of _____ parents.
authoritative; permissive or authoritarian.
Kira shows little intimacy and doesn't want any kind of commitment in her relationship. Which attachment style could this be classed as?
avoidant.
Being able to recall one's childhood birthdays is an example of a(n) _____ memory.
episodic memory
Patients with developmental amnesia typically have the most severe deficiency in:
episodic memory
Most mental disorders, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia, are _____, meaning that they are reversible.
episodic.
Which statement describes the level of parental investment of monogamy?
equal for males and females
A monogamous male would have _____ investment in raising his young, whereas a polygamist male would have _____ parental investment.
equal; lesser.
Low reliability of a measurement procedure is a source of:
error
Which term refers to changes in the strength of liking or disliking of a stimulus as a result of being paired with another positive or negative stimulus?
evaluative conditioning.
After surgical removal of parts of his temporal lobe and limbic system as treatment for epilepsy, the patient H. M. experienced a form of severe amnesia making him unable to remember:
events that occurred after the surgery
Suppose Dr. Schlesinger is investigating food aversions that some women develop while pregnant. She is particularly interested in the aversion to green vegetables and has hypothesized that this aversion has survival benefits, given that some plants can contain toxins harmful to developing fetuses. These research interests suggest that Dr. Schlesinger is most likely a(n):
evolutionary psychologist
Jim studies how sexual jealousy promotes long-term mating bonds. He is an _____ who is interested in the _____ of sexual jealousy.
evolutionary psychologist; behavioral functions
The research specialty concerned with explaining universal human characteristics and how they arose in their course of evolution is referred to as:
evolutionary psychology
Doug thinks that behavior came about through natural selection, while Chelsea thinks that behavior has to deal with the differences in genes. Doug is a ______ psychologist while Chelsea is a ______ psychologist.
evolutionary; behavioral genetic
A cultural psychologist would most likely investigate jealousy by:
examining significant differences in romantic and sexual behavior across different countries
Research suggests that people who want to maintain a lower body weight should:
exercise to build muscle because muscle burns calories at a higher rate than other body tissues do
If Lulana conducts research in which she manipulates an environmental factor in order to observe its effects on a participant's behavior, she is using the _____ method.
experimental
Which of the following is NOT a way to distort memories or create false ones?
explanations
Semantic memory and episodic memory are both subclasses of _____ memory.
explicit
Patients with temporal lobe amnesia provide evidence that the encoding of _____ but not _____ memories depend on the _____ and nearby structures.
explicit; implicit; hippocampus
A mother gives her son two dollars for every day that his room is clean. After several weeks, she decides that her son has learned the value of cleaning up and withdraws the daily reward. He stops cleaning his room. To which of the following is this cessation of cleaning probably attributable?
extinction.
If, after a conditioned reflex has been learned, the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, what process is going to occur?
extinction.
When Jamie first started working at a deli, she would eat the dill pickles that made her mouth water. She did this so often that her mouth would water just at the sight of the pickle jar. Eventually, her boss put an end to her pickle eating and her mouth stopped watering at the sight of the pickle jar. Jamie's behavior underwent:
extinction.
When an operant response stops occurring because it is no longer being strengthened, what process has taken place?
extinction.
Habituation refers to a decline in the magnitude of a:
response.
The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery provides evidence that extinction:
restricts but does not destroy the conditioned reflex.
Abu asks Ariel what she got for her birthday last year. In this case, Abu's question is a(n) _____ cue.
retrieval
Declan saw a piece of candy at the store and suddenly remembered that his grandma had always given it to him as a kid. This candy served as a stimulus that primed a particular memory for Declan and is referred to as a(n):
retrieval cue
Geraldine walks be the gym and hears the gym shoes squeaking on the floor. This stimulus primes a particular memory of when she used to play volleyball. The shoes on the floor sound is referred to as a _____ for the volleyball memory.
retrieval cue
The 1973 decision by the American Psychiatric Association to drop homosexuality from its list of mental disorders is an example of the:
role of culture in determining what is or is not a disorder.
Overall, adoption studies suggest that schizophrenia:
runs in families, primarily because of the genetic relatedness of family members.
To determine whether college men or women are better at math problems, a researcher took 15 women from a high level math class and 15 men at from the library and asked them to complete a short math test. Suppose the women performed better than the men, and the results were statistically significant. The MOST justified criticism of this study is that the:
samples were biased
A _____, which is commonly used to visualize results of a(n) _____ study, allows researchers to show each participant's scores on two variables as a single point on the graph.
scatter plot; correlational
Luka recently moved to Columbus, Ohio, from Seattle. He was surprised to find Starbucks and skyscrapers downtown. This scene was contradictory to his _____ of a typical Midwest city, as consisting mainly of some low-profile office buildings, and a field with dairy cows.
schema
"To receive the diagnosis of _____, the person must manifest a serious decline in ability to work, care for him/herself and connect socially with others."
schizophrenia
"In some cases, an abnormality in neural pruning may lead to the development of:"
schizophrenia.
Brody, a mailman living in Idaho, believes the government is plotting against him because he constantly sees the President around the mail room when no one else does. He hears voices telling him that the Secretary of Defense knows where he lives and has targeted missiles at his bedroom. His symptoms are characteristic of:
schizophrenia.
The disorder that accounts for a higher percentage of the in-patient population of mental hospitals than any other diagnostic category is:
schizophrenia.
First, Siyandra picks a tree, then she puts lights on it. Later, she gets ornaments and a star for the top. This sequence is a ______ that describes how to put up a Christmas tree.
script
Mackenzie's attentive, responsive, emotionally sensitive behavior toward her infant promotes which type of attachment?
secure attachment.
Angelina, a 1-year-old child, is placed in an unfamiliar room containing a variety of toys. She confidently explores the room when her mother is present, becomes upset and plays less when left alone, then eagerly goes to the mother upon her return. By this test Angelina's attachment to her mother would be classified as:
secure.
Jamie wanted to develop a variety of cat for people who are allergic-a variety with very little dander or shedding. She proceeded to mate cats that were low in shedding and dander, then to mate the offspring that were lowest in shedding and dander, and so on, in a process known as:
selective breeding.
Xavier is a rancher, and makes decisions every year pertaining to which cows will breed with which bull. Xavier is engaging in:
selective breeding.
The cocktail-party phenomenon is an example of:
selective listening
According to Robert Cialdini, the foot-in-the-door solicitation technique may work because people who grant a small, initial request typically feel
self-contradictory if they deny the larger request
Alumni of university are sent a survey asking about their college experience and how their education prepared them for their career, and life in general. The university is using _____ as their method of data collection.
self-report
Which option is NOT a type of research design?
self-report
In Pfungst's experiments with Clever Hans, the independent variable was the:
varying procedures by which the horse's sensory systems were blocked
A behavior that does not make adaptive sense now but would have been adaptive given environmental conditions in earlier times is called a(n):
vestigial characteristic.
An individual's taste for sugar may be maladaptive now, given the current availability of sugar, but would have been adaptive at an earlier time in the individual's evolution when sugar was rare and energy needs were greater. Therefore, the modern "sweet tooth" could be considered a(n):
vestigial characteristic.
Premature infants exhibit a strong grasping reflex that allows them to support their own weight. Researchers think that while it is not useful now, at one point it was essential for survival. The grasping reflex is now considered a:
vestigial characteristic.
Statistically, which person is most likely to receive a diagnosis of schizoid personality disorder?
Alberto, a middle-aged man that likes to live alone and has few close relationships.
Possible explanations to why attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is the single most frequently diagnosed disorder in the United States?
All answers contribute to the higher diagnoses of ADHD.
[ch13] John drives to work every morning even though he could take public transportation or ride his bicycle. John reasons that the pollution that he personally adds by driving his car is inconsequential in comparison to the millions of other cars that are driven on any given day. Therefore, he thinks that by continuing to commute by car he enjoys a benefit at minimal harm to the environment. John's thinking is a good illustration of:
a social dilemma.
____ involves the delivery of small, artificial reinforcers following a target behavior. Individuals can then use these artificial reinforcers to "buy" other reinforcers, such as products or privileges
a token economy
Survey research on the nature of adolescent rebellion seems to show that adolescents typically _____ and that _____.
admire and accept many of their parents' values; rebellion is usually aimed at parental control over their behavior.
Malcolm is attending a laser-light show at a local planetarium. The show begins with a display of very faint red lights. The weakest intensity of red light that Malcolm is able to see is his _____ for that light.
absolute threshold
The _____ is the faintest detectable sound from a flute, and _____ refers to the minimal difference in intensity between two otherwise identical stimuli, such as a flute and a piccolo (a small flute).
absolute threshold; just-noticeable difference
As one enters the perfume/cosmetics section of a department store, the odor from the various products is quite strong. After a few minutes the odor becomes much less intense. The term that best describes this experience is sensory:
adaptation
From an evolutionary perspective, mice choose mates that smell maximally different from them because this will:
add new genetic variation to the mix of disease-fighting cells that develop in their offspring
What is the difference between affect and mood?
affect is a short-term emotion independent of an object, while mood is long term, free-floating emotion
Harry is constantly worried that his romantic partner is being unfaithful. What kind of attachment style is this?
anxious.
Reciprocity theory is used in the explanation of:
apparent acts of altruism that can arise among nonkin.
If you happen to look up at a clock and notice it is dinnertime and you start to feel hungry, you have demonstrated the _____ effect.
appetizer.
A laboratory rat has received an injection of an appetite-stimulator that causes it to start eating voraciously. The _____ of the hypothalamus would be the most likely site of the injection.
arcuate nucleus
The Stroop interference effect illustrates that when a perceptual skill becomes automatic, it:
becomes difficult to avoid doing it
Adult mice and rats that have not given birth will _____ take care of newborns placed in their cages, which illustrates that experience _____ activate genes.
begin only after several hours to; can.
Psychologists study the mind by observing behavior because:
behavior can be observed but the mind cannot
When members of an experimental group are initially different in some systematic way from those of another group, that is called a(n):
biased sample
As Demetria listens to music, sound waves are transported inward to her _____, the structure where transduction takes place.
cochlea
Jimmy does not respond to questions asked of him, wears coats in very hot weather, and jokes around at funerals. In addition, he often does not move at all for hours on end. This latter behavior can be referred to as a ______ and is part of the overall disorder known as ______.
catatonic stupor; schizophrenia.
This theory states that different drives correspond to neural activity in different sets of neurons in the brain.
central
The set of neurons in which activity constitutes a motivational state is called a:
central drive system
Cognitive psychologists often compare working memory to the _____ of a computer.
central processing unit
Genetic drift is a:
chance change in the gene pool.
Who is the LEAST susceptible to the Stroop interference effect?
children who have not yet learned to read
The DNA containing an individual's genetic information is organized into structures called:
chromosomes
Instead of memorizing a complex mathematical equation, a math student decides to memorize small pieces of the equation. This strategy is MOST similar to:
chunking
[ch13] In analyzing the judgment of U.S. presidential advisory groups involved in political fiascoes, Irving Janis coined the term groupthink
decision-making in the interest of group cohesiveness and pleasing their leader.
All statements concerning the senses are true EXCEPT:
each sense is capable of producing conscious sensory experiences without the involvement of the cortex
The brief memory trace for specific sound is known as a(n):
echo
Suppose you read about an experiment in which participants watched a videotape of a man talking about his personal problems. You learn that they rated his level of personal adjustment and social attractiveness far more negatively if they believed that he was a mental patient than if they believed he was not. This experiment would be highlighting the dangers of:
labeling.
[ch13] Which emotional signal is considered to be the MOST contagious?
laughter
The "world of girls" is BEST characterized by:
small, intimate groups in which cooperative forms of play predominate and competition is more subtle.
Working memory has a _____ capacity and, without rehearsal, a _____ duration.
small; brief
_____ refers to the extent to which different diagnosticians reach the same conclusion when they independently diagnosed the same individuals.
Reliability
_____ are myelinated, fast-conducting fibers that signal the first wave of pain upon injury.
A-delta fibers
What evidence supports the view that choking on tests occurs because distracting thoughts interfere with working memory?
"In a series of experiments, subjects in the high-pressure test condition performed significantly worse than the low pressure group."
Suppose Craig hypothesized a strong relationship between hours spent watching television and grade-point average; namely, as the amount of time spent watching television increases, GPA suffers seriously. Which correlation coefficient would BEST support his hypothesis?
-0.80
Schizophrenia is found in roughly _____ percent of people at some time in their lives.
0.7
Mark is doing a study on Mendelian trait heredity with roses. He cross-pollinates two strains of roses. The first strain is homozygous dominant and produces red roses, while the other is homozygous recessive and produces white flowers. According to the Mendelian pattern of heredity, what will be the phenotype of the offspring?
100% red and no white.
Alvin a 15 month baby, is experiencing egocentric empathy. He always tries to comfort himself before anyone else. Melvin on the other hand is a little bit older and he always tries to comfort other people when he feels empathy. Most likely Melvin is at least:
2 years old.
Researchers told participants that, according to their parents, they had spilled punch on the bride's parents at a wedding reception when they were 5 years old. Participants in the imaginary condition were asked to form vivid mental images of this event to remember it, and participants in the control condition were asked to think about the event to remember it. The result was that:
38 percent in the imagery condition claimed they could remember the incident compared to 12 percent in the control condition.
How does a priori knowledge compare to a posteriori knowledge?
A priori knowledge is that which is built into the human brain and does not have to be learned while a posteriori knowledge is that which one gains from experience
Marcus was in a bad car accident in which his head cracked on the steering wheel and gouged his forehead open. The immediate sharp pain he felt the moment his head hit the steering wheel is the first pain and it is mediated by the _____. The dull, burning, and long-lasting pain that persisted afterwards is known as the second pain and it is mediated by the _____.
A-delta fibers; C-fibers
Which of the following is an example of the phenomenon, sensory-specific satiety?
After eating a sandwich for lunch and becoming uncomfortably full, Melissa decides that she still has room for ice cream when she sees it and smells it placed in front of her.
Which are components of rewards that are emphasized in the textbook?
All of the answers are correct (liking, wanting, reinforcemnt)
In addition to other animals, human traits can also be explained functionally. Some examples of traits and behaviors which have readily identifiable distal explanations are:
All of the answers are correct.
The effects of genes which are entwined with the effects of the environment both biochemically and behaviorally can be affected in various ways. In what way could genes be affected by their environment?
All of these are ways by which genes are affected through the environment.
Which is NOT a way by which genes are affected through their environment?
All of these are ways by which genes are affected through the environment.
According to the empiricists, the law of association by contiguity was the most basic operating principle of the mind's machinery, but it was not originally proposed by them. Who originally proposed this idea?
Aristotle
Which statement would accurately encourage older people to make sure their smoke alarms and other alert systems are properly working?
As the sense of smell declines with age, the elderly are less likely to smell smoke in time to escape
The scientist who is known for observing the similarities between attachment behaviors in young humans and the attachment behaviors Harlow saw with his monkeys was:
Bowlby.
______ observed attachment behavior in young humans and _____ developed a systematic program of research on attachment.
Bowlby; Harlow.
What is one difference between how boys and girls view sex?
Boys often say they are eager to have sex for the sheer pleasure of it, while girls more often equate sex with love or say they would have intercourse only with someone they would marry.
JP, Alan, and Zack were studying for their psychology test on genetics. JP could not remember what codes and regulates the production of protein. Alan remembered that it had something to do with extremely long molecules of some substance. Zack knew that it was _____, which has an exact replica that resides in the _____ of each body's cells.
DNA; nucleus
Which of the following is NOT an example of implicit memory?
Dani is asked where she was when Princess Diana died, so she stops for a moment and remembers that she was in her car at nighttime listening to news radio when the announcement was made
_____ variables have causes.
Dependent
Which of the following does NOT accurately describe a difference between depression and generalized anxiety?
Depression is more likely than anxiety to be accompanied by hypervigilance.
All of the following are examples of irreversible mental disorders EXCEPT:
Depression.
Derrick's grandmother and father have schizophrenia. Based on the family's concordance for the disorder, statistically, which scenario is most likely to occur?
Derrick is likely to develop the disorder to some degree.
_____ amnesia is rare and is caused because of bilateral damage to the hippocampus, but not to structures surrounding it.
Developmental
_____ is the philosophical theory that two distinct systems-the material body and the immaterial soul-are involved in the control of behavior.
Dualism
Kendra and Wendy discussed what their psychology professor taught them in lecture. "_____ is such an interesting philosophy," stated Wendy. "Especially when you think about how _____ believed in the similarities between humans and animals with behaviors such as eating, panting, and running," responded Kendra.
Dualism; René Descartes
The front and back doors in John's house have locks consisting only of deadbolts that have to be unlocked with a key, even from the inside of the house. One day John lost his keys, and therefore, was locked inside of his house. After several minutes of panic, John accidentally broke a window and he was able to escape, which produced a satisfying effect. In the future John will likely break a window to get out if the same situation happens again. According to _____, John demonstrated _____.
Edward Thorndike; the Law of Effect.
Johanna is competing in a cheese-smelling contest, and the grand prize will be won by telling the difference between mild and sharp cheddar by smell alone. Given their age and gender, which person is MOST likely to be Johanna's toughest competition?
Elsie, a 25-year-old woman
Which statement BEST describes the relationship between the predisposition to a mental disorder and stress?
If an individual's predisposition is low, even great stress may not precipitate the disorder. Also, if an individual's predisposition is high, even a relatively trivial event may precipitate the disorder.
How do drives and incentives complement each other?
If one is weak, the other must be strong in order to motivate goal-directed behavior
Which statement is consistent with findings from studies investigating brain-based theories of compulsive gambling?
People who gamble compulsively are subject to unpredictable releases of dopamine due to random payoffs. Because of this, they experience dopamine release into the nucleus accumbens every time a payoff occurs, which results in repeated reinforcement and an unusually strong habit
Which best describes Schachter's cognition-plus-feedback theory of emotion?
Perception of the stimulus influences the type of emotion felt, and the degree of bodily arousal influences the intensity of the emotion felt
Dalton (age 4) and his parents go to a restaurant and Dalton flings food at the waiter. Dalton's parents see the disruptive incident and apologize to the waiter, but do not punish him. Which of Baumrind's parenting styles are Dalton's parents utilizing?
Permissive.
What allowed Pfungst to demonstrate the existence of a cause-effect relationship between visual cues being given by observers and Clever Hans' ability to respond correctly to questions?
Pfungst measured the questions Hans answered correctly with or without blinders on, and kept other variables constant
Animals' play involves some costs and risks, including the expenditure of energy and the potential of attracting predators. Which statement is most likely the explanation of why evolution by natural selection would have produced a drive in mammals to engage in such apparently purposeless and costly activity?
Play evolved to promote the practice of survival skills in young mammals.
Dillon spoke with his professor about the lecture he attended that day. He wanted clarification on how something that carries all your genetic information could possibly serve as a mold or pattern in producing a different molecular substance known as _____. His professor expressed, "That's just one of the extraordinary functions of _____."
RNA; DNA
While watching a football game on television, a man's wife begins talking on the phone and his kids play noisily. Even with the additional noise, the man is still able to watch the game and remember what happened in detail. What phenomenon could explain this?
Selective listening
_____ are specialized structures that respond to physical stimuli by producing electrical changes that can initiate neural impulses in sensory neurons. _____ are specialized neurons that carry information from sensory receptors into the central nervous system.
Sensory receptors; Sensory neurons
Tom and Susan are both research biologist that grow plants. Tom grows his plants in a highly dynamic, ever-changing, environment. Susan grows her plants in a highly controlled environment that never changes. Based on these different environments, what can you infer about their plants?
The characteristics of Tom's plants change frequently while Susan's plants hardly ever change.
Christina is a recovering heroin addict that has completed treatment in a rehabilitation facility. During her time at the facility, she stopped feeling any withdrawal symptoms or craving for the drug. However, once she returned to her neighborhood where she had been previously using heroin, she experienced withdrawal-like symptoms and a strong craving for the drug. Why does this commonly occur with recovering addicts who return to their same drug-using environments?
The conditioned cues of her neighborhood are eliciting a strongly felt need for the drug.
Which statement is MOST accurate regarding the period of adolescence?
The conflict between parents and teenagers is greater if puberty comes earlier than is typical.
Which statement is true about a valid system of diagnosis?
The diagnoses are based off research showing clinically significant usefulness.
[ch13] Participants play a public-goods game in which no one will be able to tell who has cooperated or defected in any given interaction. Control participants know nothing other than the rules of the game. Experimental participants know that all players share membership in a larger group (for example, that all are psychology majors). Participants cannot see or meet one another. Given what is known about cooperation in social-dilemma games, what type of results would you predict for this experiment?
The experimental participants will cooperate significantly more often than the control participants will.
In the strange-situation test, an infant is placed in an unfamiliar room that contains toys. The mother comes and goes in a prearranged schedule. Which statement BEST exemplifies behavior patterns that are most prevalent in North America and are believed to reflect secure attachment?
The infant explores the room when the mother is present, seems uneasy and explores less after she leaves, and shows pleasure when she returns.
Pavlov and his colleagues found that extinction of a conditioned reflex does not return the animal to its unconditioned state. Which phenomenon is evidenced this to?
The passage of time following extinction can partially renew the conditioned reflex, and a single pairing of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus can fully renew it.
Richard Herrnstein conditioned pigeons to peck a key for grain. The pigeons were reinforced only when a slide with a tree in it was being shown and not when other "no tree" slides were shown. What did he discover?
The pigeons successfully discriminated between the two types of slides on new slides as well as original training slides, indicating that they were using the concept "tree."
If learned beliefs, habitual patterns of reacting to stress, and specific genetic traits put an individual at risk for developing a mental disorder, they would be considered ______ causes if the disorder developed.
The precipitating cause of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is thought to be:
Which BEST describes a typical night's sleep?
With each successive cycle, the amount of time spent in REM sleep increases
Which of the following is TRUE of gender differences involving taste?
Women are more sensitive to bitter tastes than men
Craik and Tulving showed a list of words to participants and asked them to answer one of the following questions about each word. Which question led to the BEST long-term memory for the words?
Would it fit into the sentence: The girl placed the _____ on the table?
How do you likely relate to your grandparents in terms of life satisfaction?
Your grandparents likely have a higher life satisfaction than you think you would when you are their age.
While waiting with other participants for a psychological experiment to begin, a rumor is started that the experiment is designed to assess racist attitudes. During the experiment, these participants avoid portraying any racist attitudes. If the rumor is true, the results obtained from this group of participants will be:
biased because of the subject-expectancy effect
[ch13] In Stanley Milgram's famous study of obedience, most participants:
administered progressively more severe shocks as ordered but seemed deeply upset about doing so.
Collins and Loftus designed a spreading-activation model of memory organization to explain the results of experiments on people's ability to recognize or recall specific words:
after exposure to other words
Researchers have shown that sexual arousal can be classically conditioned in:
all mammals.
Two genes that occupy corresponding locations on a pair of chromosomes are called:
alleles.
The value of sensory adaptation is that it:
allows one to focus his/her attention on the changes that occur in his/her environment
It has been found that in age-graded school settings, children play _____. However, in neighborhood settings, or cultures that don't have age-graded schools, children often play _____.
almost entirely with others who are about the same age as themselves; in groups with age spans of several years.
The EEG of a person who is awake and relaxed, with closed eyes, thinking of nothing in particular, will generally consist of _____ waves.
alpha
Lenaya's friend's car broke down one day, and Lenaya offered to drive her to work. However, by driving her friend to work, she got in a lot of trouble from her boss for being so late. Lenaya demonstrated an act of:
altruism.
If a piano's notes were getting softer and higher pitched, its _____ as measured in _____ would be decreasing and its _____ as measured in _____ would be increasing.
amplitude; decibels; frequency; hertz
True dreams ____, and sleep though ____
are experienced as real events, is experienced as a kind of thinking such as problem solving; are quickly lost from memory unless the dreamer immediately awakens from REM sleep, is seldom productive; occur during REM sleep, occurs during non-REM sleep
[ch13] If Imani wants to strengthen a different person's existing attitude about an issue, she should have that person participate in a group discussion with people who:
are like-minded.
According to Robert Triver's theory of parental investment, the fact that men pay a lesser cost than women in terms of bearing and rearing children explains why men:
are more aggressive in seeking copulation with multiple partners.
A survey investigating public opinion regarding drug abuse and addiction in the United States is carried out by telephone with calls made Monday-Friday between 9 A.M. and 5 P.M. This study is flawed, due to:
biased sampling
Language use in humans can best be understood in terms of:
biological preparedness.
Behavioral geneticists and evolutionary psychologists use _____ , which is a subject of the _____.
biological processes; natural sciences
Casey helps place children out of foster care and into caring homes. Being a social worker, which of the following classes did Casey most likely NOT take in college?
biology
On several rainy days, Andrea distributes a questionnaire about mood to participants, but does not tell them about her research interest because she fears that calling attention to the rain will bias participants' opinions about their mood. Keeping participants uninformed about the hypothesis of the study is also known as keeping them:
blind
Scientists know that stress-induced analgesia is mediated by endorphins because rats injected with endorphin(s):
blockers and then subjected to stress showed no sign of the usual stress-induced analgesia
Following extreme physical exercise, sleep is usually deeper and lasts somewhat longer. This fact tends to support the _____ theory of sleep.
body-restoration
Forming the face into a particular emotional expression can influence:
both emotional feelings and physiological responses
A repetitive action, usually performed in response to a disturbing thought that repeatedly intrudes on a person's consciousness is called a(n):
compulsion.
Researchers often calculate the percentage of a given class of relatives (e.g., siblings, first cousins) of a person with a disorder (e.g., schizophrenia) who also have the disorder. Such a percentage is called the:
concordance.
Knowing the meaning of the word orchestra and knowing that Vladimir Horowitz was a great pianist are all pieces of knowledge that would be stored in a person's _____ memory.
semantic
Suppose participants are asked to listen to the following list of letters and then to repeat them in order: i, n, t, r, o, p, s, y, c, h. Participants who perform the task most accurately and with the LEAST apparent effort probably have used:
chunking
The efficiency of memory can be increased if people organize information so the amount of information in each unit increases while the number of separate units correspondingly decreases. This process is called:
chunking
What is the term for any biological change that is in approximately a 24-hour cycle without any external cues?
circadian rhythm
Jay never laughs except when tickled, so his dad begins tickling Jay every time he sees him. Pretty soon Jay begins to laugh every time he sees his dad, even before his dad tickles him. Jay has learned to associate his dad with tickling through the process of:
classical conditioning.
Randy likes car racing events. Thus, when he sees a billboard with his favorite driver holding a product, he is more likely to purchase the product. This illustrates the use of _____ in advertising.
classical conditioning.
Ryan just broke up with his girlfriend. A song that frequently comes on the radio used to be "their song." Since this song was paired so frequently with his ex-girlfriend, Ryan thinks of her whenever he hears it on the radio. This learning process is called _____, and was discovered by _____.
classical conditioning; Ivan Pavlov.
Jeff is an Iraq War veteran who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder. Because highway overpasses were commonly paired with ambushes, overpasses in the United States trigger the same anxiety for Jeff as an ambush. In terms of _____ this occurs because _____.
classical conditioning; the overpass signals the availability of an ambush.
In Harry Harlow's experiment with wire and cloth surrogate mothers, when young monkeys raised with both surrogates were frightened, they usually:
clung to the cloth surrogate.
Which occurs because different receptors in a given sensory system are tuned to respond to somewhat different forms of energy (e.g., different wavelengths of light)?
coding of stimulus quality
Jane is a psychology student and wants to focus her study on the human memory. Studying human memory also involves studying human beliefs and thoughts. What is Jane ultimately studying?
cognition
A psychologist is researching effective learning strategies for acquiring a second language. This type of research is:
cognitive
The study of information that is stored and activated by the brain, such as beliefs, thoughts, or forms of memories, is part of which branch of psychology?
cognitive
[ch13] Senida is approached by a sales person to buy some perfume. The sales person uses the foot-in-the-door technique of gaining compliance to make Senida feel a need to buy the perfume. The sales person is taking advantage of the principle of ___ to persuade Senida to buy the perfume.
cognitive dissonance
Mac always drives the same way to his best friend's house, and on the way he always passes the golden arches of the local burger joint. Although Mac is not always hungry as he passes these arches, he seems to always develop a craving to eat one of their burgers when he sees the arches. Mac is displaying a phenomenon known as:
conditioned hunger.
After many mornings of drinking caffeinated coffee to wake up, Donald now feels more awake just at the smell of the coffee brewing. In classical conditioning terms, feeling more awake due to the smell of the coffee even before he drinks his first cup is a(n):
conditioned response.
In Ivan Pavlov's study, the dogs' salivation in response to the bell is known as a(n):
conditioned response.
Sally is a veteran. She has many great memories thinking back to her days with her friends in the armed services. Now, when she sees people in a uniform, she feels happy. Since the uniform was paired with enjoyable people who made her feel happy, feeling happy in response to a uniform would be called a(n) _____ by Ivan Pavlov.
conditioned response.
An infant becomes quite excited to see his mother when she comes through the door after work each day. Gradually, the child starts to become excited as soon as he hears a key turning in the door lock. In the classical conditioning model, the noise of the key would be a(n):
conditioned stimulus.
Tom is a high school student who has had trouble with a bully in the past. Based on his prior experiences, the mere sight of the bully elicits an aversive reaction in Tom. In classical conditioning terms, the sight of the bully, aside from the bully's behavior, is a(n):
conditioned stimulus.
Harry is walking down a crowded sidewalk in Phoenix at high noon. He and twelve other people watch a man open the door of a Porsche with a long metal bar, get into the car, reach under the dash to start it, and drive off. None of them try to stop the man from stealing the car. They do not call the police. The factor below that explains this inaction is:
conformity
Judas and Julia are playing at recess. Vygotsky would argue that Judas and Julia's social play promotes:
conscious attention to rules of behavior.
Both Thorndike and Skinner studied what?
consequences of behavior.
According to the hopelessness theory, depression is the result of:
consistent attribution of negative experiences to conditions that are pervasive and unlikely to change.
The circadian clock in all mammals is apparently located in a specific nucleus in the hypothalamus, which:
contains rhythm-generating neurons and receives direct input from the eyes
Every time Emilia visits her parents in the house where she grew up, it brings back memories of the funny things she did as a child that she is unlikely to remember anywhere else. Emilia's enhanced retrieval at home is due to:
context
If George is happy to help his brother rob a bank, thinking they will both get money out of it, he is _____ with his brother; however, when he stands in front of his brother when the bank teller points a gun at them, he is demonstrating an act of _____.
cooperating; altruism.
John conducted an experiment and found that conformity to groups increase when the group members are wearing similar clothes. In this study, conformity and clothes are _____ while clothes are _____.
correlated; the independent variable
A psychologist is studying mastectomy patients in local hospitals to learn whether a patient's age at the time of surgery is related to postsurgical emotional adjustment. The psychologist is carrying out a:
correlational study
Researcher Diana Baumrind classified families according to the parents' discipline style and measured behavioral characteristics of their children. She then looked for a relationship between the children's behavior and their parents' style of discipline. This type of research design is a(n):
correlational study
Stress and worry are often associated with an increased release of _____, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
cortisol.
[ch13] Cases in which people, in response to others' orders, carry out unethical or illegal actions have been referred to as:
crimes of obedience.
A psychologist uses a paper-and-pencil test to measure the creativity of art students and later correlates the scores on this test with a measure of these students' success as professional artists. The psychologist uses the correlation of these measures to assess:
criterion validity
These are all examples of mammalian drives EXCEPT _____ drive.
critical
Research on schizophrenia suggests that the greater the expressed emotion in the home, the greater the chances that a diagnosed family member's symptoms will worsen and perhaps need hospitalization. The term expressed emotion refers to family members in the same household:
criticizing and otherwise communicating negative attitudes toward or about the person with schizophrenia.
Sophie studies the differences between societies that have an individualistic view versus a collectivistic (group) view. She would most likely describe herself as a _____ psychologist.
cultural
Social interference refers to a(n) _____ in performance with observers are present.
decline
Experiments with rats show that subjecting them to stressful stimulation temporarily _____ their sensitivity to pain, an effect mediated by a _____.
decreases ; release of endorphins
What structural changes have been associated with the development of schizophrenia?
defects in one of the major receptor molecules for glutamate.
In B.F. Skinner's operant-conditioning chamber, he studied operant behavior in rats by having the rat press a lever, which produces what effect?
delivery of a food pellet.
Which are MOST common during stage 4 of sleep?
delta waves
False beliefs held in the face of compelling evidence to the contrary are called _____ and are among the major symptoms of _____.
delusions; schizophrenia.
In an experiment, the variable that is affected and measured is called the:
dependent variable
A psychologist asks 3-year-olds to explore a room filled with toys either with or without their mothers present. The time the children spend exploring is measured. Exploration time is thus an example of a(n) ____ variable, and the presence or absence of the mother is a(n) ____ variable
dependent, independent
Alan writes in his journal that he feels like he is nothing, that he cannot imagine why his friends would want to be his friends, and that nothing seems to be worth the trouble it takes to get it. Alan is apparently suffering from:
depression.
Negative thinking is a cognitive variable that has been found to be associated with:
depression.
Possible evolutionary bases for having an increase of appetite, sleepiness, and lethargy during the winter season is linked to what disorder?
depression.
The aim of descriptive studies is to:
describe the behavior of an individual or set of individuals
Jonathan has spent the last 3 years observing the mating patterns of blue-footed boobies in Peru. He is MOST likely conducting a(n) _____ study.
descriptive
Suzie's research project entails sitting outside the campus library for two hours each day and recording how many people ride bicycles, what kinds of bicycles they are, what kinds of clothes the riders are wearing (regular clothes versus biking attire), and any other interesting observations. Suzie is conducting a(n) _____ study.
descriptive
A psychologist systematically observes and records the behavior of children on their first trip to a dentist's office. This psychologist is performing a(n):
descriptive study
Morgan is interested in exploring the kinds of behaviors that people engage in at their gyms. She observes and records how much time they spend on aerobic activity, how much on resistance training, and how much on activities other than exercise, such as conversation or resting. She is conducting a(n):
descriptive study
The primary purpose of the strange-situation test is to:
determine an infant's attachment style to a caregiver.
Dmitri believes that because he's inherited genes for a weak heart, then he's most likely never going to be able to play sports, run long distances and will probably experience heart failure at some point in his life. What attitude would best describe Dmitri's beliefs?
deterministic fallacy.
The assumption that genetic influences on one's behavior take the form of genetic control of one's behavior, which one can do nothing about, refers to:
deterministic fallacy.
Mohammad is interested in comparing young children, older children, and adolescents in terms of their moral reasoning level. Given his interest in typical age-related changes in reasoning, he is most likely a _____ psychologist.
developmental
On the first trial of a psychology experiment, Tam is presented with two identical auditory tones. On subsequent trials, the intensity of the second tone is slightly increased, and Tam is asked to report the first time she hears a difference. The researchers are trying to discover Tam's:
difference threshold
Sex hormones have two main influences on mammals' sex drives. One is called the _____ and involves the development of the brain, and the other is called the _____ and involves the already-developed brain.
differentiating; activating
Betty notices that some of her daughter's responses do not occur under a variety of stimuli. Rather, each response tends to occur in relation to its own unique stimulus. The process that produced this effect is called _____, which is the opposite of _____.
discrimination training; generalization.
[ch13] The president of a campus club holds a meeting to decide what they are going to do for the annual fundraiser. He will best guard against groupthink if he:
does not give his own opinion first.
A gene that produces its observable effects in either the homozygous or the heterozygous condition is:
dominant.
One group receives a placebo and a different group receives a new drug. Both groups do not know which drug they have received, and the observers also are not aware of who received the new drug. This demonstration is a _____ experiment.
double-blind
Consistent with the gate-control theory of pain, activation of neurons in the PAG of the midbrain inhibits pain by way of axons that run:
down to the lower brainstem and spinal cord, where pain sensory neurons enter
Hunger is an example of a(n) _____ and food is an example of the corresponding _____.
drive; incentive
The two interacting components of the motivational process are _____ and _____.
drives; incentives
Jane has entered college and really likes to party with her friends. She notices that she is spending more and more money on alcohol. Because of her _____, she has to drink more alcohol to have the same intoxicating effect, which is likely caused by _____.
drug tolerance; her drinking in the same type of setting each time.
The church maintained that each human being consists of two distinct but intimately conjoined entities, a material body and an immaterial soul -;a view referred to today as what?
dualism
This is characterized by less severe symptoms that last for at least two years.
dysthymia
Marta is a middle-aged woman who has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. According to the text, how would the etiology of her disorder likely be described?
early trauma/genetic predisposition-->hyper-vigilance-->recent major life change/disturbing event-->generalized anxiety disorder.
A study in which subjects are told to repeat spoken words — that they were previously instructed to ignore — upon hearing a particular signal, is likely a study investigating _____ memory.
echoic
[ch13] Support for Zajonc's theory of social facilitation and interference comes from evidence that:
either facilitation or interference can occur, depending on the performer's skill level.
Cari enjoys studying American history and anthropology and is able to recite facts about past presidents' lives. Which encoding activity is she engaging in order to remember such abstract information?
elaboration
Carlos has realized that trying to memorize terms for his exam is not helpful. Instead, he attempts to understand the meaning behind the concepts and is better able to remember them. This deeper method of processing information is called:
elaboration
One of the most effective ways to encode information into long-term memory is to think deeply about it. This process is called:
elaboration
Petunia has a story for every keepsake in her home. She can remember each and every one, even though she has hundreds. Which memory technique does Petunia MOST likely use to remember all the things she has?
elaboration
While studying Kanji characters, Kira thought deeply about tying the characters to something in her long-term memory to better understand them. This is descriptive of _____. However, class began before Kira could memorize them all so she held the remaining characters in her working memory until she wrote them down on the test. This is descriptive of _____.
elaboration; maintenance rehearsal
Ashley is studying her states and capitals. As she approaches Vermont and its capital she thinks that the syllable mont appears in both the capital and name. She also thinks that mont is French for mountain and Vermont is known as the Green Mountain state. Utilizing many relationships allows for easier retrieval based on:
elaborative rehearsal
Alain and Andre are infants. They are playing together when Andre begins to cry. Alain gets up and retrieves Andre's stuffed pig and hands it to him. This is an example of:
empathic comforting.
Which statement BEST describes the memory deficit of H. M.? H. M. was unable to:
encode information into long-term memory
When Danika was pregnant, she was malnourished, not being able to achieve the amount of calories needed for herself and the baby. Her daughter was born a normal weight, but doctors told Danika that her child had a high risk of obesity as an adult. Danika's daughter then grew up to have her own baby, whose weight was heavier than average. Which research field can explain this phenomenon?
epigenetics.
Mary is doing a project for her animal psychology lab. Using classical conditioning, she successfully conditions a freezing response to a light in rats by pairing the light with a startling sound. She sets up her apparatus to automatically pair these stimuli and finds that the sound device broke down and the light was being presented continuously without it. Based on what you know about classical conditioning, _____ likely took place, but if she waits a day or two _____ will take place.
extinction; spontaneous recovery.
Tana lives in a society where every Sunday they go out to kill, and catch their food for the week. She is pregnant with her first child. When little Benny is born she knows that she will treat him with:
extraordinary indulgence, keeping him in nearly constant physical contact, permitting nursing at will, and responding quickly to signs of distress.
A test that is based on common sense and seems to measure what it claims to measure has high:
face validity
Which statement BEST expresses the relationships among facts, hypotheses, theories, and experimental testing in science?
facts -> theories -> hypotheses -> tests -> more facts
Ashley is studying for her psychology exam, but she's having trouble understanding the difference between subcortical and cortical routes sensory information takes to the amygdala. Out of nowhere, her friend throws a snake at her and she screams but then realizes it's not a real snake. The friend says, "That first, _____ surge of fear you felt had to do with the subcortical route, but when you realized the snake was fake, the relief had to do with the _____ cortical route."
fast; slower
Neuroimaging studies (using EEG or fMRI) show that the right prefrontal cortex is most active when a person experiences:
fear
John B. Watson was the first psychologist to show that _____ can be conditioned in human beings.
fear.
In anxiety disorders, when the problematic stimulus is very specific, the symptom is generally referred to as _____; when it is vague or not identifiable, the term _____ is generally used.
fear; anxiety.
Researchers asked clinical psychologists to diagnose, by DSM-III criteria, a fictitious case history resembling either antisocial personality disorder or histrionic personality disorder. No matter which case history they received, the psychologists tended to diagnose
female patients as histrionic personalities and male patients as antisocial personalities.
The brain maintenance theory of sleep helps explain why REM sleep occurs most in:
fetuses
Dr. Williams is an ardent opponent of experimental control, stating that "control over variables restricts behavior to the point that pure humanity is distorted beyond recognition." Dr. Williams clearly favors _____ which is a type of _____.
field studies; research setting
Paul is a biologist, Ryan is a sociologist, and Matthew is a painter. Even though these are very different _______, they all connect with ______ in some way.
fields ; psychology
What type of partial reinforcement schedule is associated with getting a pay check on the first day of each week?
fixed-interval schedule.
A _____ schedule of reinforcement is one in which the first behavior after a set, consistent period of time is reinforced.
fixed-interval.
Every night at six o'clock, Rolf the dog is given his dinner of standard puppy chow. This routine has stayed the same his entire life. Rolf is on a _____ schedule.
fixed-interval.
Jamal has confessed to going a little overboard to try to control his eating. He has bought a gadget that will dispense two cookies when he presses a button. But, as soon as the cookies have been dispensed, it will lock itself until 8 hours have passed, forcing Jamal to wait to get more cookies. The gadget is reinforcing Jamal's button press on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-interval.
A woodworker is paid for every dozen cabinet doors carved. This worker is operating under a _____ schedule.
fixed-ratio.
[ch13] Diego really wanted someone to help him carry a huge stack of folders from the office to his car. He decided to first ask a coworker if she could help him put the folders into boxes. When she agreed, he then asked her to help him carry the boxes to his car. Diego's strategy is an example of the _____ technique.
foot-in-the-door
"In this technique, people are more likely to agree to a large request if they already have agreed to a small one."
foot-in-the-door technique
Tom has been asleep for about two hours and most of his sleep is devoted to slow wave sleep. Sam, by contrast, has just fallen asleep. It is likely that Tom is in sleep stage _____ while Sam is in sleep stage _____.
four; one
The sensitive terminals of sensory neurons that carry information about pain are called:
free nerve endings
The position on the basilar membrane at which the sound waves reach their peak amplitude depends on the:
frequency of the sound
Bert worries excessively about germs and dirt under his nails. He constantly scrubs them with a nail brush. As soon as he starts to eat, he realizes that germs from the silverware may be getting under his nails. Now, he rarely finds time to eat because he often has to stop to clean his nails. Though this is a serious problem for him and affects his life in many ways, he has no other symptoms that would lead to a diagnosis of mental disorder. Which of the following would Bert MOST likely be diagnosed with?
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
The disorder in which a person repeatedly experiences an intrusive and disturbing thought and then performs a repetitive action in response to the disturbing thought is:
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Sally expresses to her psychologist that she does not experience a sense of task completion and therefore feels the need to repeatedly perform certain tasks. Sally would most likely be diagnosed with _____ disorder.
obsessive-compulsive.
Alex wants to run a psychological study using humans as participants and is concerned aboutfollowing the ethical guidelines. Which statement should he NOT take into consideration?
obtaining informed consent from subjects after they participate in a study
What is a mutation?
occasional errors in DNA replication that serve as the ultimate source of diversity
A job that is complex, varied, and not closely supervised is said to be high in:
occupational self-direction.
Analiese has an increased focus on the present and the positive. These qualities are a hallmark of:
old age.
Sharing is more likely with _____ children.
older
By using her sense of smell, Carissa can cook without using recipes. This is possible because when she smells what she is cooking, odorant food molecules enter her nose and bind to receptor sites found on the terminals of:
olfactory sensory neurons
A shy person has agreed to say "hello" to 10 people during a day. If these greetings are met with friendly responses, the shy person is more likely to initiate a greeting in the future. This procedure is a therapeutic use of:
operant conditioning.
The consequence of a response affects the likelihood of that response occurring again in the type of learning known as:
operant conditioning.
Ralph Hefferline had subjects listen to music with occasional bursts of static superimposed. The static could be turned off with a twitch of the subjects' left thumb. Hefferline discovered that these subjects could be _____ conditioned without _____.
operantly; their awareness.
If the environment stopped changing:
organisms would adapt as fully as possible and change little or not at all thereafter.
Which part of the ear is designed to receive sound waves and funnel them inward to other parts of the ear so that the sound stimulus can lead to the experience of hearing?
outer ear
The rabbit ear has an extraordinarily large pinna, which is part of the _____. This means rabbits _____ than humans.
outer ear; funnel sound better
According to the dopamine theory of schizophrenia (no longer accepted in its simplest form), the disorder arises from:
overactivity at brain synapses where dopamine is the neurotransmitter.
The replication of a previously learned behavior from a model, even when it is not the best solution to the problem, is:
overimitation
Cassidy was allowed to eat one cookie every day after school upon finishing all of his food at dinnertime. Soon, her parents decided to stop rewarding her with cookies, and Cassidy stopped finishing all of his food. Her decline in performance is known as the:
overjustification effect.
Raquan was allowed to eat one cookie every day after school upon finishing all of his food at dinnertime. Soon, his parents decided to stop rewarding him with cookies, and Raquan stopped finishing all of his food. His decline in performance is known as the:
overjustification effect.
Marcy is a scientist who describes animal behavior by looking at the mechanism of behavior and the immediate conditions, both inside and outside the animal, rather than the function of the behavior. Phillip is a scientist who describes a behavior by looking at the role a behavior plays in an animal's survival and reproduction across time. Marcy is offering a _____ explanation while Phillip is offering a _____ explanation.
proximate; distal.
Which of the following is NOT a natural science?
psychology
While studying the first chapter of her psychology book, Suzy tries to explain to Jack that ______ cannot possibly be a subject of _____ because it is indirectly connected to this field.
psychology; the natural sciences
A(n) _____ was the name given by Edward Thorndike to a small cage that could be opened from the inside by some simple act such as by pulling a loop or pushing a lever.
puzzle box.
The ratio of activity that an odorant causes leads to the _____ of the smell whereas the total amount of odorant leads to the _____ of the smell.
quality; quantity
Larissa prefers to drink a large cup of tea, whereas Jayden prefers a smaller cup of tea. Two cups of tea, one prepared by each of these women, would vary along the _____ dimension.
quantitative
Dr. Mullins is conducting a study on marital happiness but is having difficulty obtaining the data he needs through observational methods. What could he use instead?
questionnaires and interviews
Dr. Harrison is investigating the effects of two different teaching techniques on high-school students' mathematical reasoning. He is aware that there is a wide range of difference in math ability among the students in the study. Which concept can help to ensure that the pre-existing differences in math ability do not bias the study's results?
random assignment
It makes sense that _____ schedules produce faster response rates than _____ schedules in terms of adaptiveness.
ratio; interval.
"If someone does something for you, you usually feel a duty to repay them or return the favor by doing something for them. This is called the:"
reciprocity norm.
Gender identity is defined as the:
recognition that one is a member of a particular gender and always will be.
The sharply increased rate of generalized anxiety in modern Western cultures since the mid- twentieth century may be attributed to a(n)
reduced stability in a typical person's life.
Usually when Jerry visits Ron's house, there is food cooking whose smell makes Jerry slightly nauseous. Eventually, Jerry feels the same way simply at the sight of Ron himself. This relatively simple, automatic, response is known as a _____. When the response occurs in response to Jerry, it is a component of _____.
reflex; classical conditioning.
The insight that led Pavlov to his first experiments on conditioned reflexes was that the salivary response of the dogs to the sight of food or the sound associated with its delivery was:
reflexive and could be studied objectively.
According to the brain maintenance theory of REM sleep, the reason REM sleep occurs is to:
regularly exercise groups of neurons in the brain
Psychologists distinguish between _____ drives, like thirst and hunger, and _____ drives, like sex or the need for acceptance and approval.
regulatory; nonregulatory
A consequence of a response that makes the response more likely to occur again is called a(n):
reinforcer
A phenomenon that is partially explained by conditioned compensatory reactions is that of _____ by addicts who have undergone periods of withdrawal.
relapse.
Negative punishment ____ something to/from the environment and ____ the probability that a behavior will occur again.
removes; decreases
[ch13] In Milgram's basic obedience procedure, a subject had the role of "teacher" and a confederate the role of "learner." Ensuring the continued obedience of the teacher required:
repeated orders from the experimenter that the teacher must go on despite the protests or screams of the learner.
After watching her child being yelled at by a stranger, Sally punches the man in the face. This is an example of a(n) _____ drive.
reproductive
Andy found that in parts of the world where disfiguring diseases are prevalent, people have a stronger preference for a physically attractive mate because it indicates the likelihood of _____ success. His research is concerned with the level of analysis called_____.
reproductive; evolutionary psychology
What schedule is NOT one of the four basic types of partial-reinforcement?
response-ratio schedule.
Although in the days following a serious car accident, Christine's muscles tensed every time she got into her car, this reaction eventually disappeared and Christine no longer felt tense. Christine was quite surprised when, several months later, she got into the car and her muscles tensed. This renewal of the conditioned reflex with the passage of time is called:
spontaneous recovery.
Pavlov and his colleagues found that extinction of a conditioned reflex does not return the animal to its unconditioned state. That is to say, if a conditioned stimulus is presented again after some time, the conditioned response will be produced again. Which process explains this discovery?
spontaneous recovery.
According to the hopelessness theory of depression, depression-prone individuals tend to attribute their negative experiences to causes that are:
stable and global.
If Ivan Pavlov's dog salivated to the bell because of a direct learned connection between the sound and salivation, this would be consistent with:
stimulus-response theory.
Sally is a psychologist who is not concerned with the brain or the mind. Thus, she likely favors _____ theory and is probably a(n) _____.
stimulus-response theory; behaviorist.
A reflex is a relatively simple, automatic, _____ sequence.
stimulus-response.
Ryan is a psychologist who likes to explain stimulus-response relationships without using the brain or mind. This sounds very similar to _____ theory.
stimulus-response.
Ryan is a psychologist who likes to explain the relationship between reflexive response and the environmental stimulus without using the brain or mind. This sounds very similar to using the _____ theory.
stimulus-response.
John B. Watson's theory of classical conditioning involved learning a _____ connection while Ivan Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning involved learning a _____ connection eliciting a mental representation of the unconditioned stimulus resulting in the response.
stimulus-response; stimulus-stimulus.
A reflex occurs when a particular well-defined event in the environment, a(n) _____, results in a particular well-defined bit of behavior, a(n) _____.
stimulus; response.
An unexpected loud noise would be considered a _____, and the jump it produces in the person hearing it is a _____.
stimulus; response.
An infant is a participant in a(n). _____ test when it is put in a novel situation and studied for its response to the absence and arrival of its mother.
strange-situation.
A correlation coefficient expresses the _____ of a statistical relationship between two variables.
strength and direction
Bre's favorite show in the entire world is Vampire Diaries. When she thinks of Elena Gilbert, she immediately thinks of Damon, Jeremy, and Stefan. These memory items are organized in a network based on the:
strength of association among them
A correlation describes the _____ and _____ of a relationship.
strength; direction
Genevieve was on a hike and was attacked by a coyote. She said she felt no pain or fright. What could this be attributed to? Correct!
stress-induced analgesia
[ch13] What goal refers to the solution of Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment, which deals with one group cooperating with other groups?
superordinate goal
"In the Robber's Cave experiment, when the researchers staged a break in the camp's water supply, leading to cooperation between the groups, this was an example of creating what?"
superordinate goals
Darwin's conclusions about the universality of human emotional expressions have recently been _____ studies.
supported by cross-cultural.
The span of short-term memory is greater for single-syllable words than for multiple-syllable words. This finding _____ the hypothesis that sub-vocal repetition maintains items in the _____ of working memory.
supports; phonological loop
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test is an example of a(n) _____ task, while the Stroop task is an example of a(n) _____ task.
switching; inhibition
The secondary emotional and motivational component of pain depends on how a person _____ or _____ about the pain.
talks; discusses
Erica is extraordinarily sensitive to tastes, especially bitter tastes. This means she likely has more _____ than the average person.
taste buds
Each taste bud contains about 50 or more _______________, which has hair-like extensions that make contact with the fluid lining of the surface of the tongue and mouth (p. 205).
taste receptor cells
[ch13] Sixty-five percent of "teachers" in Milgram's study continued to shock the "learner" after the "learner" no longer responded. A strategy that would NOT decrease the likelihood of responding from the "teacher" is:
telling the "teacher" that other "teachers" completed the experiment.
Natural selection has shaped the brains of omnivores to:
use smell and taste to distinguish known harmful foods from known harmless foods.
An experiment is conducted in which different groups of people are given stress tests under varying conditions of temperature. One group takes the test with a high temperature (95 degrees), one with a moderate temperature (75 degrees), and one with a low temperature (55 degrees). The noise, lighting conditions, and other environmental factors are the same for each group. In this experiment, the independent variable is the:
temperature level
The DSM-5 identifies _____ personality disorders that are often divided into _____ clusters.
ten; three.
Explanations accounting for the apparent sex differences in the prevalence of specific disorders have centered on all of the following differences EXCEPT the:
tendency of men and women to be influenced by others.
One perpetuating cause of panic disorder may be a(n)?
tendency to interpret physiological arousal as catastrophic.
Olds and Milner identified reward pathways in the brain by:
testing rats in an apparatus in which the rats could electrically stimulate various areas of their own brains by pressing a lever
You have a son and a daughter and notice that your son and his friend engage in much more risky behaviors than your daughter and her friends. One reason for this difference, according to Wilson and Daly, is:
that risk-taking is tied to status. that the number of offspring a male can produce is more variable. that young women are sexually attracted to men who succeed in risky behaviors.
Tiffany is working on her PhD in clinical psychology with a specialization in phobias. It would give her a historical appreciation of this area if she were familiar with _____ conducted by _____.
the Little Albert study; John B. Watson.
The Stroop effect is due to
the automatic nature of skilled reading
Maria is conducting an experiment in her lab that involves presenting a light to a rat and then presenting the rat with cheese. She then presents the light and a bell at the same time, and presents the rat with cheese. The rat seems to show a conditioned response to the light, but when the bell is presented without the original light stimulus, the rat does not show any signs of expecting any cheese. This phenomenon is referred to as:
the blocking effect.
Which of these theories help explain why small mammals sleep longer than larger one?
the body restoration theory
While waiting to enter a classroom, students talk in pairs and attend to their conversation partner while screening out the voices of the other pairs. This is an example of:
the cocktail-party phenomenon
Betty is in a crowded restaurant with many people talking. Even so, she can pay attention to her friend while ignoring the other voices. This illustrates:
the cocktail-party phenomenon with selective listening
A procedure that measures (or predicts) what it is supposed to measure (or predict) is described as:
valid
[ch13] The strategy of getting a potential customer to grant an initial small request, which prepares the customer psychologically to grant a subsequent larger request, is known as:
the foot-in-the-door technique.
Frank has a diverse group of friends. Some are artists, others writers, and still others are priests. What academic division would all of these people fall under?
the humanities
Your neighbors are a dual-career family consisting of a husband, wife, a son, and a daughter. Who is most likely to enjoy at-home work the most?
the husband
Nativism is:
the idea that some knowledge is inborn in the mind and does not have to be learned by experience
Every time Richard gets an 'A' on an exam, his parents take him out for an expensive dinner. Whether or not they know the technical term for it, they are hoping to take advantage of _____ to get Richard to continue bringing home those 'As'.
the law of effect.
Two men get into a fight over a woman. During the fight one man says, "Don't worry; males in many species do this very thing and it makes their species strong. Because of this, we are morally correct in fighting over this woman." The man justified fighting because of:
the naturalistic fallacy.
If a research participant's answers to interview questions are affected by the preconceived notions of the interviewer, the answers are biased by:
the observer-expectancy effect
Which statement is true regarding statistically significant results?
the p value is less than 0.05
"In Milgram s obedience studies, what happened when a second teacher was in the room and refused to continue shocking the learner? "
the participant was much less likely to obey the experimenter
Spontaneous recovery occurs when _____ following extinction renews the conditioned reflex.
the passage of time.
Which statement would explain why someone who just ate soup would have a renewed appetite when presented with an apple?
the phenomenon known as sensory-specific satiety
One theory of the purpose of dreams is that they are merely a side effect of:
the physiological changes that take place during REM sleep
Behavior evolves because:
the physiological mechanisms of behavior are subject to natural selection.
Before a tooth extraction, Scott is injected with a saline substance that he believes is a painkiller. Although the injection contained no active substance, Scott still reported experiencing little pain during the procedure. This is an example of:
the placebo effect
"In prisoner's dilemma games played in psychology laboratories, monetary rewards are involved rather than prison sentences. When it comes to such games, the highest individual payoff goes to:"
the player who defects while the other cooperates.
Shaping is:
the process by which successively closer approximations to the desired response are reinforced until the desired response finally occurs and can be reinforced.
The quantitative dimension of a stimulus (such as brightness of a light, loudness of a sound) is coded at the level of sensory neurons by:
the rate of action potentials
During transduction, variations of the quality of the stimulus are coded as:
the ratio of activity from different sets of receptors
When deciding where a person belonged on the scale of moral reasoning, with what was Kohlberg most concerned?
the reason the person gave to justify his/her answer.
Grace's receptors for a tasting will respond to a savory sandwich with changes in membrane permeability and with changes in the electrical charge across the membrane. This electrical change is called _____ and it is the essence of the process called _____.
the receptor potential; transduction
"Annie, a salesperson, goes door-to-door selling vacuum-cleaners and as a gift, offers a free bottle of furniture polish to potential customers. After receiving the gift, she finds that many potential customers decide to buy the product. What norm is Annie taking advantage of in hopes of making a sale?"
the reciprocity norm
Which statement is LEAST likely to be a reason why cause and effect cannot be determined from a correlational study?
the relationship is the variable that caused the perceived correlation
When both parents in a two-parent household work equal hours outside the home:
the wife rates herself negatively as a parent more often than her husband does.
A test of mathematical ability is said to be _____ if it truly measures mathematical ability and _____ if it gives approximately the same results each time a person takes it.
valid; reliable
If the people receiving a particular experimental treatment alter their expectations because of their own beliefs about that treatment, one could conclude that:
there is subject-expectancy effect
Young children seem to be very sensitive to bitter tastes. This is important because:
they will avoid bitter tasting substances that might be poisonous
[ch13] In a laboratory situation, how people can punish cheaters for not cooperating?
they will spend some of their own resources.
Vasudharini regularly takes a prescription painkiller. She recently had to increase the dose to get the same effects. Vasudharini is experiencing drug _____, a decline in physiological and/or behavioral effects that occurs with some drugs taken repeatedly.
tolerance.
A cochlear implant is a hearing aid that:
transforms sounds into electrical impulses that stimulate auditory neurons
The heritability of bipolar disorder has been assessed through research on _____, which has revealed _____ genetic influences.
twins and adoptees; strong.
Corey goes to the doctor because his right ear hurts. After an exam, the doctor tells Corey that his eardrum is ruptured. What part of Corey's ear ruptured?
tympanic membrane
The ossicles increase the pressure exerted by the sound waves on the inner ear by funneling the pressure from the:
tympanic membrane to the much smaller oval window
In the study by DiMascio on the effects of different methods of treatment (drug therapy, psychotherapy, both types of therapy, or no therapy) on patients suffering from major depression, the independent variable was the _____ and the dependent variable was the _____.
type of treatment; measured level of depression
What was Pavlov's term for the environmental event that elicits an unlearned reflexive response?
unconditioned stimulus.
Consider the results of Frederick Bartlett's research on culture-specific schemas. If a researcher asked participants of one culture to listen to a folktale from another culture and retell it from memory a few days later, the researcher should expect they would remember some of the details and:
unconsciously replace the details they forgot with details that are culturally more familiar to them
Analogies in behavior among different species provide useful clues for:
understanding the evolutionary function of a species-typical behavior.
Alterations in brain chemistry and structure in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia may include:
unusual patterns of dopamine activity; enlarged cerebral ventricles (fluid filled spaces in the brain); excessive pruning of neural cell bodies
Ethical issues in human psychological research involve all EXCEPT the:
use of invalid instruments in data gathering procedures
Su Lin is three years old. When she wants her mother's attention, she tugs on her mother's clothes and says, "Mom, Mom." Sometimes her mother will turn to her after she does this just once, but sometimes it takes two or three-or 10-times before she gets her mother's attention. Her mother is reinforcing Su Lin's behavior on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
variable-ratio.
Many gambling systems (such as slot machines) are on _____ reinforcement schedules and this makes the gambling behavior highly resistant to extinction.
variable.
Which type of human play has NOT been observed in every culture studied?
violent play.
All the areas below are areas of the brain that are involved in the experience of pain EXCEPT, the:
visual cortex.
While Nia is studying Spanish, she pictures a pen with a plume (feather) on top of it to remember pluma, the Spanish word for pen. Nia is using _____ in attempts to build her Spanish vocabulary.
visualization
Research suggests that adolescents who demonstrate the highest levels of moral reasoning are the most likely to:
volunteer to work for social causes.
The ____ organ is found in most mammals and contains receptor cells that specialize in responding to pheromones.
vomeronasal
The learning component of reward is closely related to the _____ component.
wanting
The "young-male syndrome" attempts to explain:
why young males are more delinquent than females.
If a species of frogs were discovered and found to have polyandrous mating patterns, meaning that the females mate _____, then the males would have _____ parental investment.
with many males; higher
"Using the terminology of modern cognitive psychology, the term choking is especially likely to occur:"
with tasks that make strong demands on working memory.