PSY 111 - Exam 2

A die is rolled in front of Jane 10 times. She has to guess if it is going to be even of odd. The first 9 times an odd was rolled every time. For the next roll she guesses that it is going to be an even number. The fact that she guessed an even number is an example of... a. problem solving b. representativeness heuristic c. dual system theory d. availability heuristic

representativeness heuristic

Which of these is an unconditioned reflex? a. A dog salivates when it sees food b. A toddler cries after watching their parent cry c. A zoo animal running to the cages when it sees people d. A circus animal doing acrobatics at a circus

A circus animal doing acrobatics at a circus

What is not an example of positive reinforcement? a. A dad gives her daughter five dollars for cleaning the gutter b. A mother praises her son for doing homework c. A coach rewarding his players for a great practice d. A mom giving her daughter extra chores for missing curfew

A mother praises her son for doing homework

Which of the following is an example of the certainty effect? a. A person accepts a job that is guaranteed to always pay $50,000 per year instead of a job that starts at $40,000 but may, in five years, pay $60,000 per year. b. Someone on a game show has a 50% chance to win a prize if they choose to open the correct one of two doors. The person randomly chooses a door. c. A student may earn a higher grade on a previous exam if they choose to retake it. The grade on the retake will count regardless of whether or not the student improves his/her score. The student chooses to retake the test. d. All of the above

A student may earn a higher grade on a previous exam if they choose to retake it. The grade on the retake will count regardless of whether or not the student improves his/her score. The student chooses to retake the test.

What is non-declarative memory? a. A type of short term memory that helps with skills and responses b. A type of long term memory that helps with skills, conditioned responses, and habits c. Memory for facts and general knowledge d. All of the above

A type of long term memory that helps with skills, conditioned responses, and habits

Episodic memory would be used when recalling... a. How to throw a baseball b. Amount of pizza that was eaten at lunch c. The name of the fifteenth U.S. president d. How many plays Shakespeare wrote

Amount of pizza that was eaten at lunch

What is the main basis of representativeness heuristic? a. A person being tested is more likely to choose the scenario that is statistically backed b. An event is more likely to happen if the person being tested is given a situation they are familiar with c. An event is more likely to happen if the person being tested has never seen the information before d. An event is more likely to be chosen if it represents typical features of its category

An event is more likely to happen if the person being tested is given a situation they are familiar with

A questionnaire asks for an estimate on how many people lived in China last year based off of the data from the 2017 census results. You, a psychology major, know exactly what is going on and make a conservative estimate of 1.4 billion people. What psychological principle is the questionnaire drawing on by using the information of the 2017 census? a. Risk avoidance b. Anchoring c. Representative Heuristic d. Retrieval

Anchoring

For example, a car salesmen offers a very high price to start negotiations that is far above the fair value. Because the high price is an anchor, the final price will tend to be higher than if the car salesman had offered a fair or low price to start. What heuristic is this an example of? a. Representativeness b. Anchoring and adjustment c. Availability d. Dual system

Anchoring and adjustment

Which of the following is NOT an example of confirmation bias? a. Natalie has heard from friends that all people from Alabama are kind so she assumes that when she meets William that he will be nice. Even though he has often said unkind things she continues to believe he is nice at his core because she keeps hearing from friends that all people from Alabama are nice. b. Catherine has grown up believing that all people who dye their hair blue are good at math. Therefore, when she meets someone in her math class with blue hair she assumes that he will be good at math even though this person often does not make good grades and continues to listen to what her parents tell her about all blue- haired people being good at math. c. Bill comes into a classroom having no idea what to expect with no preconceived ideas about the subject matter or the people in class with him. d. Julia has always believed that candy is a good source of protein, and she continues to believe this based on the unreliable magazines she reads even when her wellness professor explains that candy is not a good source of protein.

Bill comes into a classroom having no idea what to expect with no preconceived ideas about the subject matter or the people in class with him.

What type of learning is characterized by the sound of your dad stomping up the stairs and your response of fear? a. Latent Learning b. Operant Conditioning c. Classical Conditioning d. Insight

Classical Conditioning

Jimbob loves to watch Fox News, and he refuses to watch any other network. He likes to have his beliefs and opinions affirmed by the media. Jimbob's behavior can be described by? a. Overconfidence b. Problem-solving c. Confirmation Bias d. Pre-selection

Confirmation Bias

Which word does not describe what System 1 in a Dual System consists of? a. Fast b. Emotional c. Effortless d. Controlled

Controlled

A person is asked how many cows can be found in the state of Montana. They are given a starting number and get to decide if the number of cows is more or less than 1.5 million. What type of heuristic is being used? a. Availability Heuristic b. Dual System Theory c. Representativeness Heuristic d. Anchoring

Dual System Theory

Which of the following influences decision making the MOST? a. Expected Value Theory b. Expected Utility Theory c. Dual System Theory d. All of the above

Dual System Theory

Which is NOT a characteristic of system 1 from the Dual System Theory? a. Fast b. Effortless c. Automatic d. Neutral

Effortless

My professor decides to give us a multiple choice test. This type of retrieval being tested is generally easier or better. What type of retrieval is it? a. Elaborate rehearsal b. Recognition c. Recall d. Consolidation

Elaborate rehearsal

Joey undergoes brain trauma in a car accident. He can remember how to navigate his house, ride a bike, do calculus, and fix a car, but has no memory of his past or how to he got any of these skills. Joey most likely suffered a loss of his a. Nondeclarative memory b. Semantic memory c. Episodic memory d. Short term memory

Episodic memory

What method could you use to improve your memory? a. Exercising b. Thinking of examples for the information that you need to memorize c. Method of Loci d. All of the above

Exercising

You are on a long run and you run out of water. You are very thirsty. Suddenly, you run into a vending machine, but have no money. Water costs one dollar. A man is standing by the vending machine and offers you a choice. You can choose to either flip a coin and get $100 if it lands on heads and nothing if it lands on tails, or roll a die and get a dollar if it lands on any number other than six. You choose to roll the die because you believe that it gives you a greater chance at getting water. Which normative theory of decision making are you using? a. Expected value b. Expected utility c. Certainty d. Heuristics

Expected utility

What is the difference between Extinction and Discrimination a. Extinction is when there is a gradual weakening of a response because it is no longer follower by a reinforcer. Discrimination is performing a once- extinguished response b. Extinction when responses can be generalized to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus. Discrimination is when we learn to ignore a stimuli after not receiving reinforcement for a behavior c. Discrimination is when there is a gradual weakening of a response because it is no longer follower by a reinforcer. Extinction is when we learn to ignore a stimuli after not receiving reinforcement for a behavior d. Extinction is when there is a gradual weakening of a response because it is no longer follower by a reinforcer. Discrimination is when we learn to ignore a stimuli after not receiving reinforcement for a behavior

Extinction when responses can be generalized to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus. Discrimination is when we learn to ignore a stimuli after not receiving reinforcement for a behavior

You are reading a long assignment for a class to motivate yourself to keep going, you promise yourself a piece of candy for every ten pages you read. You are using a ____________ reinforcement schedule. a. Fixed ratio b. Variable ratio c. Fixed interval d. Variable interval

Fixed interval

If when in a skinner box, a mouse consistently receives food after pressing a lever 10 times, this would be known as... a. Fixed interval reinforcement b. variable interval reinforcement c. fixed ratio reinforcement d. variable ratio reinforcement

Fixed interval reinforcement

A factory worker is paid every Friday at 5:30 pm for five days of work. Which type of reinforcement schedule is being used? a. Fixed-ratio b. Fixed-interval c. Variable-ratio d. Variable-interval

Fixed-ratio

Which of the following is NOT a heuristic? a. Availability b. Framing c. Representativeness d. Anchoring and Adjustment

Framing

The concept that utility for losses and gains are not symmetrical and that losses hurt more than gains is... a. Heuristics b. Framing Effect c. Anchoring d. Loss Aversion

Framing Effect

How is the availability heuristic used? a. To tell how easily an event comes to mind b. How clearly an event resembles the properties of a category c. Making estimates by deviating from an anchor d. Changes in preference based on how options are presented

How clearly an event resembles the properties of a category

You are walking down the street and do a double take because you thought you saw a cute dog around the corner. What kind of memory are you employing a. Echoic memory b. short-term memory c. sensory memory d. Iconic memory

Iconic memory

Concerning the dual system theory, which of the following words would not be associated with system 1 (the system to which people naturally revert without much effort or motivation)? a. Reflective b. Intuitive c. Effortless d. Automatic

Intuitive

The dual system theory has two systems, system 1 and system 2. Sam is trying to decide where to go to college. She carefully lists out pros and cons for each of the schools she got accepted to. This is an example of which system in the dual system theory? a. System 1 b. System 2 c. Short Term System d. Long Term System

Long Term System

Alex learned how to do a backflip when he was 17 years old. He also learned how to do complex calculus problems at 17. Learning how to do a backflip is a ____ type of memory and learning complex calculus problems is a _____ type of memory. a. Declarative, nondeclarative b. Nondeclarative, declarative c. Short term, long term d. Long term, short term

Long term, short term

Travis is a child prodigy and can remember information by combining pieces together. What is his technique? a. Consolidation b. Chunking c. Maintenance Rehearsal d. Elaborative Rehearsal

Maintenance Rehearsal

Billy is having a hard time learning which psychologist experimented with classical conditioning in dogs. So, Billy pulls out his notes right before his psych tests and repeats the word "Ivan Pavlov dogs" over and over again in his head. He continues to do this until every few seconds until he receives his test and marks the correct answer. A few minutes later, Billy has completely forgotten the fact. This is an example of a. Echoic memory b. Maintenance rehearsal c. Long Term Memory d. Consolidation

Maintenance rehearsal

Every time Max feeds his dog, he rings a bell 1 minute before putting food in his dog's bowl. Rather than waiting for food to be presented, Max's dog begins to salivate at the ringing of the bell. What is happening here? a. Max is operantly conditioning his dog to react/salivate earlier to the conditioned stimulus of the ringing bell, rather than waiting to salivate at the unconditioned stimulus of food. b. Max is operantly conditioning his dog to react/salivate earlier to the unconditioned stimulus of the ringing bell, rather than waiting to salivate at the conditioned stimulus of food. c. Max is classically conditioning his dog to react/salivate earlier to the unconditioned stimulus of the ringing bell, rather than waiting to salivate at the conditioned stimulus of food. d. Max is classically conditioning his dog to react/salivate earlier to the conditioned stimulus of the ringing bell, rather than waiting to salivate at the unconditioned stimulus of food.

Max is operantly conditioning his dog to react/salivate earlier to the conditioned stimulus of the ringing bell, rather than waiting to salivate at the unconditioned stimulus of food.

How does the modern understanding of classical conditioning differ from Pavlov's original ideas? a. Modern conditioning believes that a CR occurs due to the expectation of the US rather than the presence of the CS b. Modern conditioning believes that conditioning happens faster with positive stimuli c. Modern conditioning doesn't believe that conditioning is due to pairing a US with a CS d. None of the above, they are the same

Modern conditioning believes that a CR occurs due to the expectation of the US rather than the presence of the CS

Cameron's 2-year-old daughter Lucy draws on the walls with crayons. Cameron hopes to stop Lucy by giving her a lollipop every time she draws on the walls to make her stop. Cameron's wife Molly hopes to stop Lucy from drawing on the walls by putting Lucy in a time out every time she acts out. These two types of parenting use reinforcement techniques. Cameron's method is ____ reinforcement, while Molly's method is ____ reinforcement. a. Positive, Negative b. Negative, Positive c. Positive, Positive d. Negative, Negative

Negative, Negative

Which of the following statements is false out of Pavlov's four basic principles? a. The unconditioned stimulus must come before the conditioned stimulus. b. The 2 stimuli must come close together in time. c. Neutral stimulus must be paired with the conditional stimulus multiple times. d. Best results occur when the conditioned stimulus is distinctive, not an everyday sound.

Neutral stimulus must be paired with the conditional stimulus multiple times.

A researcher is choosing which type of conditioning he wants to use for his study. He is trying to see how toddlers respond to certain stimuli. These stimuli include treats when the toddler behaves and time out when the toddler misbehaves. Which type of conditioning should the researcher be using? a. Operant Conditioning b. Classical Conditioning c. Observational d. None of the above

Observational

A mother spanks her child after he throws a temper tantrum in church. This is an example of... a. Positive Reinforcement b. Positive Punishment c. Negative Reinforcement d. Negative Punishment

Positive Punishment

If a driver who is being conditioned to drive no faster than 35 mpg has to pay $5 for everytime they exceed this speed limit, what type of operant conditioning is this? a. Negative Reinforcement b. Negative Punishment c. Positive Reinforcement d. Positive Punishment

Positive Punishment

Elephants at a zoo receive a treat every time they walk inside their barn when zookeepers open the doors. This is an example of: a. Positive reinforcement b. Positive punishment c. Negative reinforcement d. Negative punishment

Positive reinforcement

What is the best way, out of these answers, to improve memory while studying for a test? a. Re-reading notes from class b. Highlighting important words in a textbook c. Using peg words d. Listening to music while studying in the library

Re-reading notes from class

What is the different between recall and recognition? a. Recall is a better way to retrieve memory b. Recognition is an easier and better way to retrieve memory c. Recognition and recall are both easily as effective to retrieve memories d. Recall is a better way to indicate memory of complete concepts

Recall is a better way to indicate memory of complete concept

Mary's friend wants to buy Mary's favorite pair of sneakers, which are not being sold in stores anymore. Mary is being offered $70 for her favorite pair of sneakers. Mary decides not to sell her sneakers, even though the original price for the sneakers was $60. What is happening here? a. Representative heuristic b. Loss Aversion c. Overconfidence d. Confirmation Bias

Representative heuristic

What is the equation for the expected value theory? a. Probability X Utility b. Reward X Utility c. Probability X Reward d. None of the above

Reward X Utility

Who is Ivan Pavlov? a. A scientist that created a theory of how dopamine can be used to create motivation b. Russian physiologist studying digestive systems of dogs c. Russian physiologist studying digestive systems of rats d. Russian physiologist studying digestive systems of cats

Russian physiologist studying digestive systems of rats

Which of the following is NOT an example of positive reinforcement? a. Andy's coach gives him a high-five after scoring a goal. b. Sabrina's mom compliments her after she takes out the trash. c. Lucas has his cell phone taken away for playing games instead of doing his homework. d. Nathan is given $20 for making straight A's on his report card.

Sabrina's mom compliments her after she takes out the trash.

Our ability to filter out "unimportant" sensory inputs to focus on one stimulus is known as? a. Selective attention b. Maintenance rehearsal c. Declarative memory d. Semantic memory

Selective attention

General knowledge is stored in .... a. Semantic Memory b. Episodic Memory c. Non-declarative memory d. iconic memory

Semantic Memory

Harrison is quick to solve math problems in his head and manipulate information. Which part of his memory is most likely employed? a. Semantic Memory b. Iconic Memory c. Working Memory d. Declarative Memory

Semantic Memory

Andrew is a jeopardy enthusiast, and his life-long dream of competing on the show is becoming a reality. Which memory is Andrew utilizing most during jeopardy? a. Declarative memory b. Episodic memory c. Nondeclarative memory d. Semantic memory

Semantic memory

A person is better at being interviewed in-person rather than over video-chat. When learning how to participate in an interview, this person always practiced in-person. This is most consistent with the principle of: a. Serial position effect b. Elaborative rehearsal c. Encoding specificity d. Chunking

Serial position effect

My mom always tells me that if I chew mint gum while I study for a test, and chew mint gum while I'm taking the test, I will recall the information better. What memory idea is this an example of? a. Recognition b. Elaborative rehearsal c. Encoding specificity d. Serial position effect

Serial position effect

The first stage of memory and the point at which information enters the nervous system through sensory receptors is called... a. Short term memory b. Working Memory c. Sensory memory d. Declarative memory

Short term memory

Charlie has a final exam on Friday and he is trying to figure out how to best study for it. What are some good test-taking tips for him to use? a. Sleep b. Don't Cram c. Peg Words d. All of the above

Sleep Don't Cram Peg Words

A dog is classically conditioned to salivate when it hears a buzzer. It also begins to salivate when it hears other loud noises, such as an alarm clock and a phone vibration. This is an example of a. Stimulus generalization b. Stimulus discrimination c. Higher-order conditioning d. Spontaneous recovery

Stimulus generalization

A house cat runs over to its owner every time it hears the owner open a bag of treats. After this continues for a while, the cat also begins to run over to the owner when it hears the owner open a bag of cheese. This is an example of: a. Spontaneous recovery b. Extinction c. Vicarious conditioning d. Stimulus generalization

Stimulus generalization

While running errands you come across a crisp $10 bill. Picking it up you decide to treat yourself to some ice cream since you just got some more money. At the cash register you reach for the money when you realized you had a hole in your pocket and the bill slipped out. How does this make you feel? Why? a. Better than when I found the money because now I can spend my hard earned money on some well deserved ice cream. b. About equal to when I found the $10, just in a negative sense because I only lost $10 when I gained $10 earlier. c. Grumpy because I really wanted ice cream. d. Terrible because loss feels much worse than gain.

Terrible because loss feels much worse than gain.

Sam is trying to remember his list to go to Lowe's. To do this, he associates the materials he needs with certain parts of his house (i.e. paint with the door, a broom with the kitchen, wooden planks with the stairs, etc.) What memory tactic is he using? a. Peg words b. Distributed practice c. Method of loci d. Testing Yourself

Testing Yourself

Henry wants to do an experiment involving conditioned responses. He sets up an experiment where every time he hits a certain key on the piano, his little brother Adam will eat a cookie. After some time, Adam's mouth started to water whenever he heard the key on the piano, regardless if he was eating a cookie. In this experiment, ______ is the conditioned stimulus a. Adam's mouth watering to the piano key b. Adam's mouth watering to the cookie c. The Cookie d. The piano key

The Cookie

Which of the following is NOT one of Pavlov's basic principles? a. The conditioned stimulus must come before the unconditioned stimulus b. The conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus must come very close together in time c. The conditioned response must come before the unconditioned response d. A neutral stimulus must be paired with the unconditioned stimulus several times

The conditioned response must come before the unconditioned response

A Representativeness Heuristic is defined as? a. The proximity of the event resemblance to the category b. The availability of an event coming to mind c. The problem of framing d. Bias that confirms what people already believe

The proximity of the event resemblance to the category

Mikayla, who is now 23 years old, is trying to remember the kind of birthday cake she ate at her 8 year old birthday party, which was her favorite. What type of memory is this and where is it stored? a. This is an episodic memory and is stored in the long term memory. b. This is a semantic memory and is stored in the short term memory. c. This is a procedural memory and is stored in the long term memory. d. This is a procedural memory and is stored in the short term memory.

This is an episodic memory and is stored in the long term memory.

You want your mom to continue scratching your back. For scratching, she is reinforced with Oreos. Which reinforcement schedule would yield steady back-scratching over a period of time? a. Variable Interval b. Fixed Interval c. Fixed Ratio d. Variable Ratio

Variable Ratio

A reinforcer given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses a. Fixed-interval schedule b. Fixed-ratio schedule c. Variable-ratio schedule d. Partial reinforcement schedule

Variable-ratio schedule

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs, he would present a tone before food was presented, eventually causing the dog form a relationship between the tone and the food. However, when presented with just the tone and no food for a few weeks, the relationship between tone and food is weakened. What idea is this an example of? a. Spontaneous recovery b. Extinction c. Vicarious conditioning d. Reinforcement

Vicarious conditioning

You have a huge test tomorrow and pulled an all-nighter cramming for it. When taking your test, you get to a question and cannot remember the definition even though you remember learning it the night before. One explanation of why you can't remember the definition is: a. Your short-term memory ran out of room because of all the other information you learned. b. Because of your lack of sleep your brain did not complete the process of consolidation yet. c. You were chewing mint gum when studying and now you are not chewing gum so your body cannot remember the definition because it only associates it with the taste of mint. d. The information has not been in your brain long enough to go through the process of placing the information in long term storage so you cannot retrieve the information yet.

Your short-term memory ran out of room because of all the other information you learned.

When you were little your parents would punish you by taking away one toy every time you lied, making you cry. Overtime, you became used to this and associated the removal of the toy with the lie and therefore started crying every time you lied. However, as you got older your parents stopped taking away toys every time you lied. The association you had between the 2 things decreased and you stopped crying every time you lied. However, one day your parents suddenly took away one of your toys when you lied even though they had not done this in 10 years. You immediately started crying. The next day you told a lie you started crying. This is an example of... a. extinction then spontaneous recovery b. extinction then stimulus generation c. an unconditioned response then thinking your parents hate you d. classical conditioning then enforcement

classical conditioning then enforcement

You're having a conversation with your friend. He says something and you ask "What?". Before he can finish repeating what he said you realize what he said and stop him. This is an example of ... a. echoic memory b. encoding c. short term memory d. iconic memory

echoic memory

In a study where a child is given a cookie every third time they eat their vegetables, what kind of reinforcement schedule is used? a. fixed-interval b. fixed-ratio c. variable ratio d. variable interval

fixed-ratio

What is not a part of the memory pathway? a. long-term memory b. input c. forgetting d. sensory memory

forgetting

Reinforcement can be distinguished from punishment in that reinforcement ____________ a target behavior, whereas punishment __________ a target behavior. a. removes; establishes b. increases; decreases c. discourages; encourages d. inhibits; enhances

increases; decreases

Confirmation bias is... a. people selectively seek information that is consistent with prior beliefs b. people seek information that they are unaware of c. people seek information that they are more familiar with d. people seek information that they are being told to choose

people seek information that they are unaware of

Which of the following is not one of the three measures of retention? a. recall b. recognition c. relearning d. recompense

recompense

If the memorization of my new home address made it harder to remember my old home address this would be an example of ... a. retroactive interference b. encoding errorserial c. position effect d. proactive inerference

retroactive interference

Someone who is easily distracted by unimportant things in class (such as by their classmate chewing gum, the clock ticking, or by the sound of the ceiling fan) might have poor.... a. short term memory b. long term memory c. selective attention d. maintenance rehearsal

selective attention

You're trying to buy Guitar Hero from someone on Facebook Market. They say they'll sell it for $50, but you refuse to pay more than $25. Why is this? a. the endowment effect b. the seller is asking for more than what you are willing to pay c. the loss of money is far greater than the gain of Guitar Hero d. all of the above

the seller is asking for more than what you are willing to pay

In which situation are we most likely to use System 1 to make a decision? a. writing an essay on a take home test b. making a life changing decision about which college to attend c. answering a question under a time limit d. none of the above, they all describe using system 2

writing an essay on a take home test