Psy 201 Unit 1 & 2 - Greenville Tech
__________ is the process of reinforcement of complex behaviors by rewarding the small steps in the overall sequence of behaviors.
Chaining
The technique of studying several different concepts or mixing information from different chapters during the same study session is called?
Interleaving
Reticular formation
a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal; aka reticular activating system
Amygdala
distinct group of nuclei involved in fear detection, aggression, & reward; responsible for fight or flight
descriptive study
enables researchers to observe & describe behaviors without investigating the relationship between specific variables; Some descriptive studies have a narrow focus, such as observing how children react to a new environment or studying how people respond to confrontation. Other studies have a broader focus, such as observing the habits of animals in the wild. Descriptive studies may involve observing subjects (in either a natural habitat or a laboratory), using case studies, or conducting surveys
In classical conditioning, ____________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
extinction
When the CS is no longer paired with the UCS, the response will eventually be subject to ___________.
extinction
How can scientists view structures & their functions at the same time? Method...
fMRI
Sports psychologists
help athletes refine their focus on competition goals, increase motivation, and deal with anxiety and fear of failure
clinical social workers
help individuals deal with a variety of mental health & daily living problems
The approach suggesting our memory works like an administrative assistant that encodes, stores, and retrieves information is called the ____________.
information-processing approach
Endorphins
inhibitory - Primary function = blocks pain signals, produces feelings of pleasure, regulates immune system dysfunction - Possible outcomes of malfunction: low levels = depression / high levels = runners high (more likely due to anandamide)
Brain damage
injury to a particular part or parts of the brain, neuropsychologists determined what functions were disrupted or lost when a particular part of the brain was injured
Occipital lobes
located at the rearmost part of the skull & are the smallest of the 4 lobes in the human brain;
Pineal gland
located deep in the center of the brain & plays an important role in our sleep-wake cycle
Dr. Sardis provides his students with extra credit points every time they speak in class to encourage class participation. Dr. Sardis is using ________.
positive reinforcement
At its resting state, the outside of a neuron is more ____________ than the inside of the neuron.
positively charged
An action potential occurs when the inside of a cell becomes more _____________ charged & the ___________ charge moves down the axon.
positively; electrical
PET
positron emission tomography; a PET scan produces a 3D image of the functioning of the brain; a radioactive glucose is injected into the body &, as it decays, it releases a positron, which is packed up by the scanner
Your friend wants to hear all the details from your birthday party last year. Recalling the details of this memory is a __________ process.
reconstructive
Basal ganglia
set of interconnected structures next to the thalamus; the human basal ganglia are richly connected to the brainstem, thalamus, & cerebral cortex
Vesicles
small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell
How were the research methods flawed in Wakefield et al's. 1998 study that linked MMR to the development of autism?
small sample size; lack of control group; nonblind researchers
Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell every 15 minutes & doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. Whiskers salivates less & less & finally stops salivating at the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she finds Whiskers salivating to the sound of a ringing bell. Which of the following terms explains this response?
spontaneous recovery
If the dog stops salivating to the sound of the metronome bc it's repeatedly presented without food (extinction) but hears the metronome a week later, there will likely be ______________ of the initial CR.
spontaneous recovery: this effect is short lived & extinction will be rapid if the UCS is not presented again with (or before) the CS.
Brainstem
the "stem" or core of the brain that extends from the hindbrain through the midbrain to certain structures in the forebrain; connected to the spinal cord, the brainstem houses the structures that control basic survival functions, including the medulla & pons
Promising yourself some kind of reward for completing a task you are not excited about is an example of _____________.
the Premack principle
Synaptic plasticity
the ability of a synapse to change over time through use or disuse
stimulus discrimination
the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus & other stimuli sufficiently different from it
The ________________ is 1 of the largest endocrine glands & is located at the base of the neck.
thyroid gland; plays an important role in metabolism & controls how sensitive the body is to the effects of other hormones
debrief
to explain the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant
Sensory neurons carry information ________________ the central nervous system, and motor neurons carry information ______________ the central nervous system.
toward; away from
Postsynaptic neuron
transmits impulses away from the synapse
TBI
traumatic brain injury
Thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
survey
the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions
Genome
the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
Academic psychologists
usually divide their time between supervising and teaching students, completing administrative tasks, and carrying out psychological research
Being grounded or put in "time out" effectively removes pleasant stimuli (ex. attention from others) from the individual. This is called...
negative punishment
When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as __________
negative punishment
institutional review board
A committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology.
positive correlation
A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction.
Brett was up to bat and the pitcher threw a wild pitch hitting Brett in the back of the head. Luckily, Brett's batting helmet covered his neck protecting his ______________, which controls breathing and heartbeat.
medulla
The pineal gland secretes __________ to help with the sleep-wake cycle
melatonin
Research examining gender differences in the development and treatment of Parkinson's disease indicates that ________ are more likely to develop the disease and _________ are more likely to receive deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a treatment option for the condition.
men; men
Shania needed to remember to pick up seven items at the grocery store. She didn't want to write it down so she made up a story in her head imagining herself walking through her house and visualizing each item in a different room in the house. This is called the _______ technique.
method of Loci
You read online that people who make more money are also healthier. Your friend says, "I guess money can even buy good health now." You respond with...
"Just because those variables are correlated doesn't mean that 1 caused the other."
The results of the Human Genome Project concluded that the human genome has approximately _________________ genes.
20,000
Research with people who reported flashbulb memories from the September 11 terrorist attacks showed that most forgetting of the event occurred within _________.
1 year
What is the duration of short-term memory?
15-30 seconds
Echoic memory lasts for _______?
3-4 seconds
The cerebral cortex is divided into ___________ lobes with the ____________ lobe at the back of the head.
4 lobes; occipital
Testing a hypothesis is the _________ step in a scientific investigation.
4th
Limbic system
A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
variable
A factor that can change in an experiment
Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is used?
A fixed-ratio schedule
temporal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.
frontal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
parietal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.
Jaselyn has a pair of heterozygous genes for a "widow's peak" hairline. What kind of hairline will she inherit?
A widow's peak hairline
_____________ usually divide their time between supervising & teaching students, completing administrative tasks, & carrying out psychological research.
Academic psychologists
ACh
Acetylcholine - excitatory & inhibitory - Primary function: arousal, attention & memory, muscle contractions - Possible outcomes of malfunction: low levels = Alzheimer's disease
Andre will never forget where he was or what he was wearing when he heard the news about the mass shooting at an outdoor concert in Las Vegas. Which area of the brain would have significant involvement in the creating of Andre's memory for this event?
Amygdala
Recessive
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
Hindbrain
An area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord; evolutionarily the oldest part of the brain
substantia nigra
An area of the midbrain that is involved in motor control and contains a large concentration of dopamine-producing neurons
double-blind study
An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo
heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Julianna was in an accident that left her unable to form new long-term memories. What type of amnesia does Julianna have?
Anterograde
Phil wants to train his parrot to kick a ball into a soccer net. How should he begin?
Begin by reinforcing when the parrot goes near the ball
Dendrites
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
The ________ occurs when a previously NS (neutral response) leads to the response originally associated with the UCS.
CR - conditioned response
What is the precise location of a suspected brain tumor? Method...
CT
Keisha was brought to the ER with a bump on her head. The doctor ordered a test that consists of a series of x-rays from many different perspectives that will display a two-dimensional image of her brain. This test is called ___________.
CT scan
__________ would be the most appropriate method to investigate the development of a male baby raised as a female after a surgical error destroyed his penis.
Case study
Which 2 brain structures are involved in the formation & storage of implicit memories?
Cerebellum & basal ganglia
____________ psychologists interniew patients, give diagnostic tests, provide psychotherapy, & design & implement behavioral modification programs.
Clinical psychologists
___________ psychologists diagnose & treat people with specific mental & behavioral problems.
Clinical psychologists - the field of clinical psychology covers a wide variety of professions, ranging from mental health experts to family therapists.
The use of a neurostimulator to send electrical signals to electrodes implanted in the brain to help with physical and psychological disorders is called _______________.
DBS - deep brain stimulation
Genes
DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.
dominant
Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.
In what ways do brain waves change as a person falls asleep? Method...
EEG
Given what you know about Ebbinghaus's research on forgetting, what advice about studying would you give your friend?
Don't cram - engaging in distributed practice over a few days or weeks is more effective
DA
Dopamine - excitatory - Primary function = feelings of pleasure, learning & memory, movement - Possible outcomes of malfunction: low levels = Parkinson's disease; depression / High levels = Schizophrenia
Socrates & Plato believed that the mind did not cease to exist when the body died & that thoughts & ideas could exist separately from the body - a concept knows as _____________________.
Dualism
Samson is a client in a sleep lab and is going to have his brain wave activity measured while sleeping. He will have electrodes placed all over his skull so that the test can measure his brain activity. This type of test is called ______.
EEG - electroencephalogram
Trina typically reads her textbook while watching her favorite Netflix series. She later has difficulty remembering what she read & starts to wonder if she has memory problems. What is Trina experiencing?
Encoding failure
__________ states that context is encoded along with information & therefore memories are most easily retrieved when the context of the retrieval matches the context of the encoding.
Encoding specificity
How has research into the reconstructive nature of memories influenced the legal system?
Eyewitness identification procedures have been revised to decrease the likelihood of false memories.
Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate?
Fixed ratio
What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?
Focus on observable behavior
Which early movement of psychology investigated how our minds help us adapt to the world around us?
Functionalism
GABA
Gamma-aminobutyric acid - inhibitory - Primary function = sleep, inhibits movement - Possible outcomes of malfunction: low levels = insomnia, seizures, tremors, depression, anxiety
Danny has terrible migraines that interfere with his ability to complete his work. He just learned from his psychology class that the migraines could be caused by an overabundance of which neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
A psychology student had to use the steps of the scientific method for a class project. He 1st decided to study the effect of age on clothing choices. He then formulated a hypothesis that older people would prefer more conservative clothing than younger people. Where did he go wrong?
He did not conduct background research before developing his hypothesis
What areas of the brain are important for the encoding & retrieval of long-term memories?
Hippocampus & frontal lobes
Ricky has blue eyes. Both of his parents have brown eyes. How is this possible?
His parents both had recessive genes for blue eyes
You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms usch as "free will" & "self-actualization". Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?
Humanism
This technique to test the feasibility of false memory implantation asks research participants to vividly recall a childhood event that did not happen to them. What is this technique called?
Imagination inflation - participants are typically told to concentrate & think back to the details of the event
experimental group
In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
control group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
Mental processes
Include internal activities in the mind that are not directly observable
Behavior
Includes any action that can be directly observed
I/O psychology
Industrial & Organizational - area of psychology concerned with the application of psychological principles to the problems of human organizations, especially work organizations
What role does sleep play in memory formation?
It consolidates & strengthens the memory
What technique allows scientists to view changes in the magnetic characteristics of neurons as they fire? Method...
MEG
How can brain structures be examined without exposing a patient? Method...
MRI
A doctor wants detailed pictures of the structures in a patient's brain but doesn't want to expose the patient to any radiation. What would be the best method of assessment for the doctor to use?
MRI - magnetic resonance imaging
What type of neurons fire if a monkey observes another monkey engaging in an action?
Mirror neurons
What is it called when some people work to actively forget memories of trauma or abuse?
Motivated forgetting
When we learn something new, what happens at the neuron level?
Neurons communicate with each other through the release of neurotransmitters.
Maria has decided to learn to play the piano at the age of 55. She knows this will be good for her brain because as she learns something new her brain actually changes as a result of the experience. What is this process called?
Neuroplasticity
NE
Norepinephrine - excitatory - Primary function = alertness & arousal, mood - Possible outcomes of malfunction: low levels = depression, bipolar disorder / high levels = agitation
A research hypothesis proposes that consuming a low carbohydrate diet results in increased weight loss. 1 group of participants follows a low-carb diet for 3 weeks, whereas a 2nd group follows a high-carb diet containing the same number of calories for 3 weeks. The average number of pounds lost for each group is then is compared. What is the dependent variable?
Number of pounds lost
In addition to Parkinson's disease, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has also been approved for the treatment of _______________.
OCD
Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?
Observational learning
How do the brains of children & adults differ with regard to eneregy consumption? Method...
PET
This type of brain scan provides a functional assessment of the brain.
PET; positron emission tomography
Andre suffered brain damage from an accident at work. Since his accident, he seems to be unaware of his own body parts and at times unable to feel pain. Which lobe of his brain is likely to have incurred damage?
Parietal
CS example...
Pavlov established that the sound of a metronome was a NS that did not elicit salivation in the dogs. Then, he pair the 2 stimuli (NS & UCS) by 1st making a metronome tick (NS) & then presenting the food (UCS). After preceding the food repeatedly, the sound of the metronome began to cause the dogs to salivate - even in the absence of the food. In this case, the bell became a conditioned response (CR).
Kyla wants to make sure her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time Axel begs, Kyla says, "no" in a sharp, scolding voice & she never gives in. Kyla is using...
Positive punishment; this concept refers to the addition of something unpleasant or undesirable after the behavior in an attempt to decrease the behavior.
_______________ reinforcement occurs when something pleasant follows a behavior.
Positive reinforcement
Shandra is prompted to change her password on her work computer every 4 months. She tries to make new 1s that are similar to her old 1s. After returning from vacation for a week, she could only remember her old password. This is an example of which type of memory failure?
Proactive interference
____________ occurs in situations where a research participant's behavior is abnormal because the participant is being observed.
Reactivity
______________ occurs in situations where a research participant's behavior is different than normal because the participant is being observed.
Reactivity
5-HT
Serotonin - excitatory & inhibitory - Primary function = arousal & sleep, mood, appetite - Possible outcomes of malfunction: low levels = depression, anxiety (OCD) / high levels = Serotonin syndrome
Ashley is using the scientific method to test whether male children are more violent than female children. What will she most likely do 1st?
Research previous scientific studies about children, gender roles, & violence
Trent just moved & has to list all addresses on a job application. He has no problem remembering the new address, but when the application requests his old address he cannot remember it. Trent is experiencing which type of interference?
Retroactive interference
Caroline has dementia & can no longer remember the names of her grandchildren. She is experiencing which type of amnesia?
Retrograde
___________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.
Shaping
Terminal button
Small knobs at the end of axons that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters
If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, & customs influence behavior, you are interested in the _____________ perspective.
Sociocultural perspective
Which investigative method could best answer the question, "Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses or minuses?"
Survey method
applied psychology
The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems
Resting potential
The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
Ava has had her corpus callosum severed and is referred to as a "split brain patient." When her doctor presents an apple in her left visual field she claims she doesn't see anything. Why is this?
The left visual field is processed by the right side of the brain, which is not associated with language.
Synaptic cleft
The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.
acquisition phase
The period of time between presentation of a stimulus & receiving reinforcement.
Heritability
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.
Psychology
The scientific study of behavior & mental processes
Neuropsychology
The study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain.
Grady was adopted shortly after birth into a loving home. Neither of his adopted parents drank alcohol or did any drugs. Throughout his adolescence and into adulthood, Grady struggled with substance abuse. He eventually found out that his biological mother was an alcoholic for her entire life. What does this scenario suggest?
There is likely a strong genetic explanation for Grady's substance abuse.
Why was there an increased interest in the 1990s to explore if false memories could be created?
There was a notable increase in the number of recovered memories of childhood abuse
Evolutionary psychology might suggest that certain cognitive strategies & goals are built into the brain because _______________.
They help humans adapt to their natural environment
Ms. Wang gives a sticker for each book her 3rd grade students read. At the end of the year, any student with more than 10 stickers gets to attend a pizza party. What behavioral technique is Ms. Wang using?
Token economy
An unconditioned stimulus is something that naturally elicits a response - T/F
True
Many African American citizens are distrustful & wary of the medical establishment based on what study conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service between 1932 & 1972?
Tuskegee syphillis experiment
_____________________ established the 1st psychological laboratory in 1879.
Wilhelm Wundt
case study
a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
confounding variable
a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
Biological psychology
a field similar to neuroscience, but more narrowly focused on the scientific study of the biological basis of behavior & mental processes
negative correlation
as one variable increases, the other decreases
scatterplot
a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables
Agonist
a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
Action Potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
Reuptake
a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron
correlational coefficient
a number between -1 and +1 expressing the degree of relationship between 2 variables
Refractory period
a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
confederate
a person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated
Julie finds that the more she sleeps on the eve of an exam, the higher the score she gets on the exam. There is _______________ correlation between the amount Julie sleeps & her exam scores.
a positive correlation
higher-order conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in 1 conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a 2nd (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. ex, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone & begin responding to the light alone - AKA 2nd-order conditioning
fMRI
a procedure that uses MRI technology to get a picture of the brain in addition to measurement of brain activity
scientific method
a process for conducting an objective inquiry through data collection & analysis
biological prepardness
a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others
learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
Hypothalamus
a relatively small but critically important structure that links the nervous system to the endocrine system; considered the body's thermostat, regulates body temp, hunger, thirst, sex drive, fatigue, anger, & circadian cycles
A group of randomly selected participants for a study that matches the population on important characteristics such as age & sex is called ____________.
a representative sample
correlational studies
a research method that examines how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them or assign causation between them
random sampling
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
operational definition
a statement of the procedures used to define research variables
Neuron
a tiny, excitable cell that receives stimulation & transmits information to other neurons throughout the body
In order to get her 3rd grade students to memorize the poem written on the chalkboard, Ms. Thyberg gives the students stickers for each poem they can recite from memory. After earning 5 stickers, a student gets to pick a prize out of the goody box. Ms. Thyberg is using ____________ to modify the children's behaviors.
a token economy
critical thinking
a way of processing information in which we examine assumptions, evaluate evidence, look for hidden agendas, & assess conclusions
Which of the following is correct concerning random assignment? a.) In random assignment, each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each condition b.) The best formula for random assignment is birth dates c.) In random assignment, each participant is assigned alphabetically to each condition d.) Random assignment can only be determined after an experiment is over
a.) In random assignment, each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each condition
In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of a rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true? a.) The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus b.) The blinking of the eye serves as stimulus c.) The blinking of the eye serves as the conditioned stimulus d.) The puff of air serves as the conditioned stimulus
a.) The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus
Dr. Wiseman wants to know about the alcohol consumption patterns among college juniors in the United States. He should... a.) draw a representative sample among college juniors b.) require students' names on each survey to avoid the tendency to lie c.) give the survey to every college junior in the country d.) remember that sample size is the most critical factor in survey research
a.) draw a representative sample among college juniors
Which of the following professionals is not a mental health practitioner? a.) industrial organizational psychologist b.) psychiatric nurse c.) neuropsychologist d.) clincal psychologist
a.) industrial organizational psychologist
Independent variable is to dependent variable as ___________. a.) manipulate is to measure b.) experimental is to correlation c.) effect is to confound d.) measure is to manipulate
a.) manipulate is to measure
What is the brief electrical impulse that travels down the axon called?
action potential
Sympathetic nervous system
acts as an accelerator for the organs, while the parasympathetic nervous system acts as a brake
school psychologists
address students learning & behavioral problems
The ________________ are located at the top of each kidney & play an important role in the stress response.
adrenal glands
counseling psychologists
advise people on how to deal with problems of every day living, such as school or career-related stress
A drug like nicotine that produces a biological response in the brain is called a(n) _______________.
agonist
Glial cells
aka Glia - other type of cell in the CNS; there are about 10 glial cells for every neuron in the brain; support neurons
Experiments are more valuable than other research methods because they ______________.
allow a determination of cause-effect relationships
Antagonist
also binds to the receptors but, in this case, an antagonist blocks the effects of a particular chemical or neurotransmitter
What part of the brain allows us to detect danger even below the level of conscious awareness?
amygdala
Which brain structure plays an important role in processing emotions, especially strong emotions like fear?
amygdala
Which structure of the limbic system is considered the center of our emotions?
amygdala
motor cortex
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
Informed consent
an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
single-blind experiment
an experiment in which the participants are unaware of which participants received the treatment
Hyperthyroidism
an overactive thyroid that can produce symptoms of heart palpittions, sweating, diarrhea, increased appetite with weight loss, heat sensitivity, & bulging eyes
Hypothyroidism
an underactive thyroid that can produce symptoms of tiredness, weight gain, cold intolerance, & slowed heart rate
The application of operant-conditioning techniques called ________ has been used to help children with autism.
applied behavior analysis
The application of operant-conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior is called __________.
applied behavior analysis
somatosensory cortex
area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
Fill in the blanks to complete the correct order of the structures & processes associated with Atkinson & Shiffrin's 3-stage model of memory: sensory memory, ___________, ___________, elaborative rehearsal, __________.
attention; working memory; long-term memory - the 3-stage model of memory contains 3 structures & 2 processes
ANS
autonomic nervous system; responsible for the various involuntary functions of the internal organs of our bodies & consists of the sympathetic nervous system & parasympathetic nervous system
Research on mirror neurons shows that these neurons fire not only when an animal... a) is at rest b) either engages in a particular behavior or watches another animal engage in the behavior c) watches another animal engage in a particular behavior only d) engages in a particular behavior only
b) either engages in a particular behavior or watches another animal engage in the behavior
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between 2 variables? a.) .25 b.) -.75 c.) -.25 d.) .50
b.) -.75
Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her. According to observational learning theory, what must occur for Cheryl to be effective? a.) Her son must be able to complete other tasks while watching her b.) Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry c.) Cheryl must show her son how to do the laundry while she is making dinner d.) Her son must always model the behavior immediately
b.) Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry
Imagine a study that examines levels of aggression among people who play violent video games (VVGs) & people who do not. What is the primary limitation of this type of study? a.) There is no individual variable in the study b.) People were not randomly assigned to either play VVGs or not play VVGs, so differences between groups cannot necessarily be attributed to VVGs c.) There is no independent variable in the study d.) People who play VVGs are unlikely to consent to being research participants
b.) People were not randomly assigned to either play VVGs or not play VVGs, so differences between groups cannot necessarily be attributed to VVGs
___________ classical conditioning, operant conditioning requires the organism to voluntarily produce the _________. a.) unlike; consequence b.) unlike; response c.) like; response d.) like; stimulus
b.) Unlike; response
Which of the following events will most likely become a flashbulb memory? a.) Your 1st day of a new semester at college b.) Your wedding day c.) Getting a bad grade on an exam d.) Receiving a speeding ticket
b.) Your wedding day - flashbulb memories are usually extremely emotional events of a positive or negative manner
All of the following variables, except for ___________, would likely show a positive correlation. a.) height & weight b.) alcohol consumption & scores on a driving test c.) men's education level & their income d.) school grades & IQ scores
b.) alcohol consumption & scores on a driving test
Rats that have never received any reinforcement for finding the end of a maze are presented with food the next time they complete the maze. According to the theory of latent learning, the next time the rats enter the maze, their performance will be________________. a.) the same as when they were not reinforced b.) as fast as rats who have always received reinforcement c.) slower than when they were not reinforced d.) slower than rats who have always received reinforcement
b.) as fast as rats who have always received reinforcement
All of the following variables would likely be negatively correlated except... a.) the value of a car & the age of a car b.) calories consumed & weight gain c.) average income & the incidence of dental disease d.) hours spent watching TV & grade point average
b.) calories consumed & weight gain
Dad is watching a home improvement show about how to install a new sink. He really wants to do it & watches the show intently. He knows his wife will reward him when he is done. However, when he tests the new sink, water spurts everywhere. Taking the new sink apart, he finds that he has left out the crucial washers in the faucet assembly even though this was emphasized in the TV show. What part of Bandura's theory of the necessary components of observational learning is most likely the reason for this disaster? a.) motivation b.) memory c.) inadequate motor skills d.) imitation
b.) memory
Which structure in the limbic system is responsible for voluntary movement and coordination?
basal ganglia
Neurogenesis
birth of new neurons
Discrimination, generalization, & extinction can occur in ___________...
both operant & classical conditioning
Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell & degrade his mother, & he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the workof Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own relationships when he is older? a) Michael will probably have no relationships with women, as his father has taught him that relationships are not worth having b) Michael will always be very distant from his father, as he learned that his father does not care about anyone but himself c) Michael may treat women with discourtsey & disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father d) Michael will probably treat women very well, as he rebels against the behaviors he saw in his father
c) Michael may treat women with discourtsey & disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father
For observational learning to occur, each of the following must happen except... a) paying attention to what the model does b) remember what the model did c) being reinforced for imitating the model d) doing what the model did
c) being reinforced for imitating the model
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest relationship between 2 variables? a.) -.70 b.) -.10 c.) +.05 d.) +.50
c.) +.05
Which of the following is an example of critical thinking? a.) Researching facts about a topic b.) Accurately measuring & recording results c.) Considering alternative explanations for a study's results d.) Copying a previous eperiment
c.) Considering alterntive explanations for a study's results
Which of the following is a limitation of a case study? a.) Case studies provide information that would otherwise be difficult to obtain b.) It is difficult to obtain detailed information using a case study c.) It is difficult to generalize to other people or situations based on a case study d.) Case studies focus on too many people at 1 time
c.) It is difficult to generalize to other people or situations based on a case study
Golf skill is negatively correlated with golf scores. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true? a.) Being highly skilled at golf causes people to have low golf scores b.) The less skilled you are at golf, the lower your golf score. c.) The more skilled you are at golf, the lower your golf score. d.) The more skilled you are at golf, the higher your golf score.
c.) The more skilled you are at golf, the lower your golf score
Paul records data that indicate that the number of hot chocolates sold at the concession stand increases as temperature outside decreases (for example, more hot chocolates are purchased during late fall than late spring). Which of the following statements is the most accurate depiction of this finding? a.) There is a weak, positive correlation between the 2 variables b.) There is a strong, positive correlation between the 2 variables c.) There is a negative correlation between the 2 variables d.) There is no correlation between the 2 variables
c.) There is a negative correlation between the 2 variables
Which of the following is not an ethical principle for psychological research? a.) minimize harm to participants b.) obtain informed consent c.) avoid any deception d.) voluntary withdrawal from research
c.) avoid any deception
Numerous ethical concerns were raised in Wakefield's study linking MMR to autism. Which concerns was related to a conflict of interest? a.) he never received approval from the ethics review board at the hospital b.) he actively recruited participants into his study out of a pool of patients who already held a belief that the MMR vaccine caused autism c.) he was paid $780,000 by lawyers planning to sue makers of the MMR vaccine months before he conducted his study d.) he falsified much of the data in the study
c.) he was paid $780,000 by lawyers planning to sue makers of the MMR vaccine months before he conducted his study
The goal of false memory research is to demonstrate that ____________. a.) It is impossible to convince someone to remember something that never happened to them b.) Most people will report remembering something even if they don't, just to satisfy the researchers c.) Some people will report remembering an event that didn't happen to them just because the researcher suggested it did happen d.) people can be forced to remember inaccurate details when they are distressed
c.) some people will report remembering an event that didn't happen to them just because the researcher suggested it did happen
Research has attempted to identify individual differences or personality characteristics associated with people more likely to experience false memories. The most often reported characteristics are _________ & _________. a.) dissociative experiences; poor memory skills b.) poor memory skills; vivid imagination c.) vivid imagination; dissociative experiences d.) vivid imagination; habitual lying
c.) vivid imagination; dissociative experiences
Motor (efferent) neurons
carry information away from the CNS in order to operate muscles & glands
Sensory (afferent) neurons
carry information toward the CNS from the sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, & skin)
Most research studies conducted on the efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) have been conducted with a small number of participants. Researchers follow the participant's symptoms over time and note whether the symptoms are better or worse when using DBS. This type of research design is called a(n) _______________.
case study
Dr. Sardonicus wants to know whether or not the 1st 3 years of life are critical for acquiring language. She decides to study a child who was tragically deprived of human language by her parents. This type of research is called a(n)...
case study.
Excitatory neurons
cause other neurons to fire
Soma
cell body of a neuron
CNS
central nervous system; largest part of the nervous system & includes the brain & spinal cord
Which parts of the brain are necessary for procedural memories & habits related to movement?
cerebellum; basal ganglia
Latin for "brain bark"
cerebral cortex; the cortex itself is made up of a thin layer of cells called grey matter which covers the cerebrum & cerebellum like bark covers a tree
Hormones
chemical messengers secreted by the glands into the bloodstream & regulate the activity of cells or organs
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
An antagonist can be described as a:
chemical that blocks the effects of a substance or neurotransmitter
An action potential becomes a(n) ______________ event once the _______________ is/are released into the synapse.
chemical; neurotransmitter
To increase the capacity of short-term memory, you can combine small bits of information into larger meaningful units. What is this strategy called?
chunking
Reflexive learning is related to ___________, while learning related to voluntary behaviors is known as ____________.
classical conditioning; operant conditioning
Scientists like Tolman and Köhler conducted important studies to help determine the role of _________ in learning.
cognition
The ___________ perspective is a psychological approach that emphasizes the mental processes in perception, language, memory, and problem solving.
cognitive
Working memory is said to be used for more complex _______ tasks, while short term memory functions as primarily a __________ facility.
cognitive; storage
CT scan
computed tomography - involves a machine that takes a series of x-rays from many different perspectives
Atkinson and Shiffrin used the example of a __________ to help describe memory in their 1968 theory.
computer
Manny is a 15-year-old boy who has been begging his parents to let him try out for his high school football team. Manny's parents are concerned about the risk of a ________ if he plays football.
concussion
In Watson & Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy, it was accompained by a loud noise which eventually led Albert to cry when presented with the rat. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon seeing the rat was a(n) ___________ response.
conditioned
An action potential occurs when: the inside of the cell becomes ____________ and reaches its threshold, which causes a(n) ______________ reaction.
depolarized; electrical
Sal's dog loves to go on a walk & starts spinning in circles & wagging his tail in excitement when his lead is clipped onto his collar. Eventually Sal begins to notice that his dog starts to act excited when he puts on his tennis shoes before a walk. His dog's behavior of spinning & wagging when Sal puts on his tennis shoes is a ___________.
conditioned response
In the past, thunder has made you flinch because the loud noises scares you. Lightning always comes before the thunder & after time, you begin to flinch as soon as the lightning strikes. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as a(n) ___________.
conditioned stimulus
John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert & then made a loud noise behind Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. Eventually, the white rat alone made Albert cry. The white rat served as the __________ stimulus in this study.
conditioned stimulus
The neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a(n) ______________ in classical conditioning
conditioned stimulus
After you have identified a problem you want to study, the next step in the scientific method is to _____________.
conduct background research
Presynaptic neuron
conducts impulses toward the synapse
Isabella is planning on studying the influence of intelligence on the ability to recall events from the 1960s. If Isabella does not account for variables such as age, which could influence one's ability to recall these events, age could be considered a(n) ________________ variable.
confounding variable
The parallel distributed processing model of memory has been likened to which game?
connect-the-dots
executive function
conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems
If you study for your exam in a noisy, crowded restaurant that smells like fried foods, the best place for you to take the exam is a noisy, crowded restaurant that smells like fried food. This phenomenon is referred to as _________.
context dependent memory
You put a dollar in a soda machine & are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?
continuous reinforcement
What is the name for the band of axons that connects the right hemisphere of the brain to the left hemisphere?
corpus callosum
Myelin sheath
covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses
A way of processing information in which we examine assumptions, evaluate evidence, look for hidden agendas, & assess conclusions is called ___________.
critical thinking
Which of the following is not an example of applied psychology? a.) An I/O psychologist performs individual assessments to determine whether candidates are suitable for a position. b.) A personality psychologist assists a prosecutor with the jury selection process for a trial. c.) A clinical psychologist teaches a patient to use breathing exercises to calm his anxiety. d.) A health psychologist researches a potential link between depression & brain tumors.
d.) A health psychologist researches a potential link between depression & brain tumors
A large automobile company says the cars the company makes are the safest in the world. You have driven 1 of these vehicles for a week & have not had any accidents or problems. Therefore, you believe the company's claim about safety. This error in critical thinking is related to which of the following steps? a.) Consider any alternative explanations for the results b.) Evaluate the quality of the evidence for the claim c.) Failing to do follow-up research d.) Avoid using emotions or personal experiences when evaluating the claim
d.) Avoid using emotions or personal experiences when evaluating the claim
Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog & returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true? a.) Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog b.) Bill's wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog c.) Bill will never bathe the dog again d.) Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog
d.) Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog
Which of the following is true of research on insight? a.) Researchers have proven that all creatures, even 1-celled organisms such as the amoeba, are capable of insight learning b.) Researchers have found that apes are capable of insight only after being taught this by humans c.) Researchers have found that only human beings are capable of insight learning d.) Researchers have found support for the existence of both humans & animal insight learning
d.) Researchers have found support for the existence of both human & animal insight learning
Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be... a.) deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants b.) based on the principals of observational learning c.) based on Skinner's analysis of positive reinforcement d.) based on classical conditioning
d.) based on classical conditioning
Correlations do not show... a.) the degree to which 2 variables are related b.) the direction of a relationship between 2 variables c.) the strength of a relationship between 2 variables d.) casual relationships
d.) casual relationships
Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people. a.) praise b.) money c.) attention d.) food
d.) food
Clayton incurred a spinal cord injury, & the doctors wanted to enroll him in a clinical trial that used stem cells in the treatment. Stem cells are special because they can _______________. a.) divide more quickly than other cells b.) act like other cells in the body c.) live only in the spinal cord d.) turn into other specialized cells in the body
d.) turn into other specialized cells in the body
DBS
deep brain stimulation; involves the use of a small medical device, called a neurostimulator. Some people have referred to this equipment as a "brain pacemaker." The stimulator, which is surgically placed in the patient's chest, sends electrical signals through electrodes precisely implanted into the patient's brain.
Enrique is practicing new study strategies. His professor told him that he needs to make sure he is effectively encoding information. Which strategy or strategies should Enrique use?
deep processing, effortful processing, & elaborative rehearsal
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
Interdependent stages
depending on each other
A ______________ enables researchers to observe & describe behaviours without investigating the relationship between specific variables.
descriptive study
alleles
different versions of a gene
Muhammad Ali had trouble controlling his motor movements in the last decades of his life. He had tremors in his muscles, which made it difficult for him to walk and talk. He was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, which means he had low levels of which neurotransmitter?
dopamine
In a laboratory, children are given either a beverage with sugar or 1 without sugar. The experimenter measures the level of hyperactivity in the children following consumption of the beverage. The experimental group in this scenario consists of children who _________________.
drink the beverage with sugar
Henna is having difficulty with her psychology class. She visited with her professor and she told her to try to understand and remember the meaning of a concept by connecting that concept to a personal story. What is this strategy called?
elaborative rehearsal
EEG
electroencephalogram - a noninvasive technique that measures activity of the brain; the patient may wear a cap covered with electrodes or have electrodes placed directly on their scalp
The _______________ system is a secondary & slower communication system in the body that involves hormones, which control most major bodily functions
endocrine system
The study of how the external environment can influence and change gene functions is called ____________.
epigenetics
The memory of a student's first semester of college, when they were stressed and anxious, is considered what type of long-term memory?
episodic memory
Isaac asked his therapist to implant memories that he loves to exercise & prefers vegetables over potato chips. This issue of whether therapists should use psychological techniques to mislead their clients is inherently a(n) __________1.
ethical
Glutamate
excitatory - Primary function = learning & memory, synaptic plasticity - Possible outcomes of malfunction: high levels = migraines, seizures, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease
Chen has felt depressed for the last six months and is on an antidepressant. He still struggles with depressed mood and difficulty with his memory. His psychologist suggested getting more ______ because that may increase the volume of the _______ in his brain.
exercise; hippocampus
placebo effect
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.
A researcher wants to know whether eating chocolate makes people nervous. Some participants are given 2 bars of chocolate to eat, & some are given no chocolate at all, & then all of the participants are tested for nervousness an hour later. In this experiment, the participants who eat the chocolate are in the __________ group, while the people who did not eat any chocolate are in the ____________ group.
experimental, control
Lucy has been studying for her psychology exam & thinks she knows all the facts & concepts. Her conscious memory of the facts is what type of memory?
explicit
Reinforcement given for a response emitted after each hour & a half (e.g., 10 am, 11:30 am, 1 pm) is most likely a __________ schedule
fixed-interval
Aashna remembers exactly where she was, what she was wearing, & who she was with when she first heard the news of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Aashna has a ___________.
flashbulb memory
You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. 1 day when you arrive at the park, you get a call from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, & she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated & twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of _________. a.) insight b.) spontaneous recovery c.) formation of a cognitive map d.) unconscious trial-&-error imagery
formation of a cognitive map
Sophie has entered her first spelling bee. In addition to studying from a long list of words, she spends time planning how to psyche out her competitors on the big day. Which lobe of her brain would she primarily be using during these activities?
frontal lobe
In the case of the creation of a short-term memory, there is a _________ strengthening between neurons.
functional
Genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
The complete set of instructions for our physical and psychological characteristics is called our _______________.
genome
A person's genetic makeup is referred to as ___________, whereas the observable traits that are expressed from genes is referred to as ___________.
genotype; phenotype
Short-term memory or working memory has been localized in the _________ & the _________ of the brain.
hippocampus; frontal lobe
Semantic & episodic memories are formed in the _______ & then sent to the other areas of the brain for ________.
hippocampus; storage
Brad is a 45-year-old man who was in a car accident and injured his lower spine area. As a result of the damage, he has lost feeling and movement in what parts of his body?
hips & legs
Chemical substances in the body that regulate bodily activities such as growth, metabolism, & sexual reproduction are called ____________.
hormones
Which structure is considered part of the endocrine system and the nervous system?
hypothalamus
"Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a ____________.
hypothesis
Javier has been complaining of being fatigued, cold, & depressed lately. His doctor decides to run some tests on his endocrine system. What condition might the doctor test for given his symptoms?
hypothyroidism
The 1st step in any scientific investigation is ___________.
identifying the question
When Johann drives his car to school, he does not have to think about every step in the process of driving, yet he does have memories of the steps to take. This type of memory is called __________.
implicit
John has been working on a math problem late at night without success, & he falls asleep. Upon awakening, he suddenly realizes how to answer the problem. This scenario best illustrates ____________ learning.
insight
You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated ________.
insight learning
The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called _________________, which involved "looking inward" & reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences.
introspection
Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ___________.
latent learning
What is it called when learning has taken place but has not yet been demonstrated?
latent learning
___________ has been defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
learning
Classical conditioning
learning that occurs by associating 2 events that are repeatedly paired so that you eventually respond to a neutral stimulus in the way you responded to the naturally occurring stimulus; i.e. hearing a specific ringtone when your mom calls, then hearing that ringtone without your mother calling & thinking of her
For most people, language is processed in which hemisphere of the brain?
left
thalamus
located just above the brainstem, has several critically important functions; acts as a translator, receiving sensory information directly from the sense organs & processing that information into a form that the cerebral cortex can understand
Axon
long, thin fiber responsible for carrying information down to the end of the neuron
Eric Kandel worked with marine slugs to understand how memory works at the synaptic level in humans. The strengthening of the connections between neurons resulting in the development of memories is called ____________.
long-term potentiation
The strengthening of neural connections, which is considered the biological basis of memory, is called __________.
long-term potentiation (LTP)
The famous patient knows as H.M. developed anterograde amnesia after having his temporal lobes removed. This led to him no longer being able to create __________ memories, but his __________ memory remained functional.
long-term; working
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging - scanner can be "open" or "closed"; the machine itself is basically a large magnet that "excites" & aligns hydrogen atoms in the area of interest in the body
MEG
magnetoencephalography - measures faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity rather than the electrical activity per se.
Cerebellum
means "little brain"; in many ways resembles a smaller version of the cerebral cortex; contains 2 distinct hemispheres; located in the hindbrain behind the pons & medulla
Hippocampus
means "seahorse" in Greek, named for its curved shape when viewed in cross-section; essential for creating & consolidating information to make new memories
A _________ neuron fires not only when an animal engages in a particular action, but also if an animal observes another animal (or human) engaging in the same action.
mirror neuron
Neuroscience
multidisciplinary field devoted to the study of the nervous system & the brain
When Jamal thinks about the 1st time he played hockey, he remembers the smell of the ice, the sound of his stick hitting the puck, & how much he loved the game In retrieving this memory, Jamal is accessing _________ in his brain.
multiple connections
Which part of the neuron improves the speed of the neural impulse?
myelin sheath
Dr. Littman-Smith is conducting research in Kenya into the ways that mothers & their toddlers interact throughout the day. Given the purpose of her study, she most likely is engaged in ___________.
naturalistic observation
When you watch dogs play in the park, or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of...
naturalistic observation
A neuron at rest maintains a _____________ charge due to the presence of a high number of ______________ charged ions inside the neuron.
negative; negatively - Negatively charged ions inside the neuron's membrane are what give rise to a negative resting potential
At its resting state, the inside of a neuron is more ______________ than the outside.
negatively charged
Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is ________.
negatively reinforced; he is rewarded by his anxiety going down.
Neurons live in lare communities calles ____________ & cluster in tight groupings called ___________.
networks; nerves
According to the connectionist model of memory, memory is viewed as a set of interconnected _______ in the brain.
neural networks
Presynaptic neuron
neuron that sends the signal
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the adrenal glands and are both _____________ when used in the nervous system and _________ when used in the endocrine system.
neurotransmitters; hormones
Pavlov decided to test whether or not he could condition his dogs to salivate to a previously ___________________ (a stimulus that doesn't elicit a reflexive / desired response by pairing the neutral stimulus with an UCS to lead to a CR (conditioned response).
neutral stimulus
After watching her father slide through pictures on his smartphone using his index finger, Laura, a 5-year-old, learns to use her finger to slide the screen on his smartphone. Laura acquired this behavior through ____________.
observational learning
Sam conducted a naturalistic observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the interactions of parents & children at a restaurant. He believes many parents spoil their children in today's society. He observed many parents allowing children to get away with bad behavior such as being rude to the wait staff. When Sam described his work to his teacher, she suggested he find out more about the ______________.
observer effect
naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate & control the situation
contralateral
on the opposite side of the body
The _____________ is located behind the stomach & is part of both the endocrine system & the digestive system.
pancreas
Sayla has had to monitor her blood sugar levels since she was a child to make sure she doesn't get sick. Although she would like to be able to eat sweets, she understands she can't because her ______ does not produce enough _________.
pancreas; insulin
When someone says the words "ice cream," most people will have numerous images pop into their head. Those images may be common like a picture of an ice cream cone as well as more specific like their favorite flavor. This is an example of which model of memory?
parallel distributed processing approach
The only lobes of the brain that touch all other lobes are the __________ lobes.
parietal
prefrontal cortex
part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language
Midbrain
part of the brain between the hindbrain & the forebrain; serves as a relay station for visual & auditory information & is the center of the auditory & visual reflexes
blind observers
people who do not know what the research question is (to reduce observer bias)
PNS
peripheral nervous system; resides outside of the CNS, carries info from the CNS to various organs & parts of the body
interviews
person-to-person conversations for the purpose of gathering information by means of questions posed to respondents
The endocrine system consists of many glands that release hormones for different functions. Which gland is considered the master gland that communicates with all the other glands?
pituitary gland
The _____________ is often referred to as the master gland
pituitary gland; sits in the brain & directly communicates with & influences (through its own hormones) all other glands in the body
Researchers designed an experiment that tested the impact of drinking alcohol on test taking abilities. They gave 1 group a drink with vodka & the other group a drink with tonic water. Neither group knew which drink they received. 1 interesting result of the experiment was that several members of the group who received the drink with the tonic water acted as if they were impaired. This result is called the ______________.
placebo effect
occipital lobes
portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields
Phineas Gage became a famous case study demonstrating how damage to the ________________ can lead to significant personality changes.
prefrontal cortex
The neuron that secretes neurotransmitters into the synapse is called the _________, and the neuron that receives the signal is called the ________.
presynaptic neuron; postsynaptic neuron
Inhibitory neurons
prevent other neurons from firing
Lars went to the grocery store but accidentally left his list at home. He remembered coffee & chocolate because those were the 1st things on the list. This phenomenon is called the ________ effect.
primacy
all-or-none law
principle that the action potential in a neuron does not vary in strength; the neuron either fires at full strength or it does not fire at all
Howard has not ridden a bike in 10 years. He first learned to ride a bike when he was 5 years old and enjoyed riding throughout his childhood. He recently bought a new bike and had no problem riding it around the block. The type of memory that allows him to recall this skill is called?
procedural memory
Professor Thomas approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious processes within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that she accepts ______________ approaches.
psychodynamic approach
Reflexes
rapid & automatic neuromuscular actions generated in response to a specific stimulus
When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a(n) ________ schedule.
ratio
Joaquin went to McDonald's to observe people eating in fast-food restaurants. He brought a camera crew & bright lights, & they all wore yellow jump suits. Joaquin said he wanted to do a naturalistic observation but he may have had some problems because of _____________.
reactivity
limbic system
reciprocal connections with bot the brainstem & the neocortex; a series of structures responsible for a number of survival-related behaviors; ciritcal for emotion, motivation, memory, & some forms of emotional & social learning
When you touch a hot stove & immediately withdraw your hand, it is called a ___________ & is the result of interneurons within the ___________.
reflex; spinal cord
Pons
represented by a larger "swelling" above the medulla; the word pons means "bridge"
Behavioral geneticists use twin and adoption studies to examine the role of genetics. In general, adopted individuals have traits that _______________________.
resemble their biological parents
Leann was telling her friend about a movie with her favorite actor. She wanted her friend to guess his name so she gave her friend the 1st initial to his 1st & last name. Leeann provided a __________ for her friend.
retrieval cue
Rayna considers herself to be a creative person. She creates sculptures out of recycled materials and loves to paint. She also seems to be skilled at reading people's emotional expressions. Which hemisphere of Rayna's brain would be the most active in these situations?
right hemisphere
Interneurons
send information between sensory neurons & motor neurons; gets its name from the fact that the cell's dendrites & axon are contained entirely within a single structure - the cell in internal to the structure
According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, the structure of memory can be divided into three distinct types. What are these three aspects of memory?
sensory memory, working memory, & long-term memory
Iconic memory is a type of _______ memory and handles our _______ senses.
sensory; visual
Botulism
serious & possible fatal disease that arises from improperly preserved food
According to the connectionist model of memory, memory is viewed as a __________.
set of instruction neurons send to each other that create a pattern of activity among neurons
Gary trains his hamster to roll a marble. 1st, he reinforces the hamster when it walks towards the marble, the he reinforces when it touches the marble with its nose. Finally, the hamster learns to roll the marble & is reinforced for it. This example illustrates...
shaping
The cell body that contains the nucleus, which includes DNA and other structures that support the neuron, is called the ___________.
soma
As Makelah does squats and lunges to warm her body up to play basketball, she realizes she is using which part of her peripheral nervous system?
somatic nervous system
SNS
somatic nervous system; picks up stimuli from the outside world, coordinates our movements, & performs other tasks we control consciously
Reticular information
sometimes called the reticular activating system; includes a collection of neurons that play an important rold in consciousness & arousal such as selective attention, habituation to repetitive stimuli, & sleep
Generally speaking, the human brain has 3 major characteristics...
sophistication - even the most high-tech computers can't match the human brain in complexity of thought & behavior integration - the brain's structures are constantly competing & cooperating adaptability - the human brain is always working & constantly changing
Every week, Jade spends her allowances on 1/2 lb of sour lemon gummy candies, even though they always make her mough water. 1 day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering & overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the ____________.
sour lemon gummy candy
Spencer believes he learned about the famous "Stanford Prison Experiment" from his psychology class. His professor tells him they haven't covered that topic yet so he must have heard about it from someone else. Spencer experienced a ____________.
source monitoring error
In Pavlov's studies, he was able to condition dogs to salivate in response to specific tones while not salivating to other similar tones. This is called _____________.
stimulus discrimination
After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, & a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not _________ had occurred.
stimulus generalization
A reinforcer is a consequence that __________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that __________ a behavior.
strenghtens; weakens
When a new concept or behavior is learned, repeated, & practiced, there is a _______ change in the neurons, which often involves the growth on new receptors.
structural
The 3-stage model of memory emphasized both the _________ & the _________ associated with memory.
structure; processes
Neuropsychologists
study the relationship between the brain & behavior
Jana conducts a study in which she calls participants & asks them questions about their opinions. She is conducting a _________________.
survey
self-report questionnaires
surveys or tests used to observe personality traits; items have limited number of response options
A study with London taxi cab drivers found that the hippocampus of their brains had greater volume, which was presumed to mean more neural connections, as a result of learning and driving new routes around the city. This finding demonstrates the concept of _________________.
synaptic plasticity
Tomas has been playing the piano since age 5. Throughout his adolescence, he also taught himself to play guitar, bass, & the drums. Due to his practice with musical instruments, Thomas's brain would show improved _____________.
synaptic plasticity
In the process of neurotransmission, the action potential causes neurotransmitters to be released from the _____________ into the ______________.
synaptic vesicles; synapse
1 Winter, a woman decided to drink coffee you warm up. She added sugar & creamer, & drank a cup between classes each day. 1 day, hours after returning home from class, she came down with a nasty stomach virus. All she had to eat or drink that day was coffee. As a result, she developed a _______________ to coffee
taste aversion - a classically conditioned dislike & avoidance of a certain food following illness.
We hear with our ears, but which lobe of our brain is used to understand language?
temporal lobe
observer bias
tendency of observers to see what they expect to see
The structures that extend out from the axon and release chemicals into the space between neurons are called ___________.
terminal buttons
Neuroplasticity
the ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma
Medulla
the area where the spinal cord & brain meet; anatomically, it is represented by a "swelling" at the top of the spinal column
The administration of Midwest State University wants to know if the arrangement of chairs affects student participation in classrooms. They arrange the chairs in 2 ways (theater style & circular) & then measure participation. In this study, ________________ is the independent variable, & ________________ is the dependant variable.
the arrangement of chairs is the independent variable, & student participation is the dependant variable
_____________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied.
the double-blind study
Twin sisters Leah and Lily know they have the genetics for heart disease. Both sisters like to exercise, but Lily also has a high-stress job and only sleeps four hours a night. Leah is a yoga instructor and eats a mostly vegetarian diet. The field of epigenetics would suggest.
the environment has the ability to change gene expression, so both women can change their risk of developing heart disease.
Neurogenesis
the formation of new neurons
Gonads
the glands involved in sexual development & include the ovaries in females & the testes in males
Synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
corpus callosum
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
You decide to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You give the dog a biscuit, & then a second later you sound the metronome. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because...
the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit
Selma witnessed a robbery at a convenience store. She watched various news reports about the robbery prior to being interviewed by police. When she was interviewed, she remembered some inaccurate details. Selma has experienced _____________.
the misinformation effect
ethics
the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions
Epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
Social psychology
the study of group behavior and the influence of social factors on the individual
abnormal psychology
the study of mental disorders and other abnormal thoughts and behaviors
Personality psychology
the study of patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior that make a person unique
Behavioral genetics
the study of the effects of heredity on behavior
developmental psychology
the study of the social and mental development of human beings
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it; "i knew it all along"
false consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
stimulus generalization
the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response - ex. Little Albert showed fear to a rabbit, a fur coat, a dog, & even a Santa Clause beard
Dependant variable
the variable that relies on the independant variable
A study shows that the correlation between shoe size & intelligence is .05. This means that _____________.
there is no relationship between shoe size & intelligence score
representative
this kind of sample accurately reproduces the characteristics of the population a researcher is studying
psychiatric nurses
typically assess mental health needs or treat people with mental disorders within a medical setting; Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) also prescribe medications
Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands starts releasing saliva to help with chewing & digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n)...
unconditioned response
UCR
unconditioned response: the naturally occurring, or reflexive response, to an unconditioned stimulus ex. UCS = smell or taste of food - UCR = salvation
UCS
unconditioned stimulus: stimuli that elicit a natural or reflexive response - the responses are unconditioned bc they are naturally occurring without prior experience ex. UCS = puff of air - UCR = blinking
Sensory memory is primarily a(n) ___________ process.
unconscious
Stem cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
The brain processes & codes information in 3 different ways, which include ________, ________, & __________.
visual, auditory, & semantic
The variables of stress & depression are positively correlated. This means _____________.
we cannot determine causality with a correlation
Anika has just asked her son to pick up his toys. Even though he heard her, he responds with "What did you say?" He is experiencing the echoic memory delay, which means we __________ information quicker than we can __________ it.
we hear information quicker than we can process it.
null results
when the results don't show any relationship between variable A & variable B
Cultural factors have been shown to play a role in determining who receives deep brain stimulation (DBS). Which group is the most likely to receive DBS as treatment for Parkinson's disease?
white males
