PSY100 Unit Exam 2

Professor Ellison has a doctorate degree in psychology. This is a great accomplishment, as only _____ percent of Americans earn doctorate degrees.

1

Benjamin Whorf's linguistic determination hypothesis states that:

a person's language shapes his or her thinking

Which of the following has research demonstrated is NOT a possible biological cause of autism spectrum disorder?

childhood MMR vaccinations

One of the criteria for a diagnosis of intellectual disability is difficulty with _____ skills, which include language, literacy, and concepts of money, time, and numbers.

conceptual

A person's ability to _____ one language while using another language is known as the bilingual advantage.

inhibit

The orderly sequence of biological growth refers to:

maturation

At about 15 months of age, most children are in the _____ stage of speech development.

one-word

The period of sexual maturation is called:

puberty

_____ refers to the tendency for any given person to be less likely to give aid if other people are present.

the bystander effects

Those who can predict emotions are good at _____ emotions.

understanding

When under the influence of alcohol individuals are less likely to:

use condoms

A _____ test measures what it is supposed to measure.

valid

Rachel graduated with honors from Harvard. Before college, she scored in the top 2 percent on the SAT. One could argue that this is evidence that the SAT is:

valid

A professor hands out an exam that is supposed to cover Intelligence and Its Assessment. The students are shocked to see that the exam covers Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence instead. The exam clearly lacks:

validity

Compared with men, women have _____ the risk for developing an eating disorder.

10 times

Twenty-five-year-old Jonah is wondering whether his rate of sperm cell production is within normal range. For a man his age, his doctor will likely tell him that the average rate of production is about _____ per second.

1000

At age 16, Matthew's intelligence score is 110. He can expect his intelligence score to be around _____ when he is 32 years old.

110

If 8-year-old Edie responds to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency of an average 10-year-old child, she would record an intelligence quotient (IQ) of:

125

Rebecca and John took their daughter to Disney World. When they asked her two years later if she remembered going, she answered No. Their daughter was probably _____ at the time of the trip to Disney World?

2 years old

Raul has begun using two-word sentences such as "Mommy food" when he talks to his parents. He is about how old?

24 months

The period of adolescence is lengthening in industrialized cultures such as Europe, the United States, and Australia. Adolescents are taking more time to finish their education and establish careers. The average age for a first marriage in the United States is now _____ for men and 27 for women.

29

Despite popular misconceptions, approximately what percentage of people in the United States and Europe are exclusively homosexual?

3 to 4 percent of men and 2 percent of women

From ages _____ to _____, the brain's neural network is sprouting MOST rapidly in the _____ lobes, which leads to greater self-control. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

3;6;frontal

Intelligence tests given to children _____ years of age begin to predict adolescent and adult scores.

4

Upon what assumption did Binet and Simon base their concept of mental age?

A "dull" child should perform as well as a younger child on the tests, and a bright child should perform as well as an older child.

Zechariah is biracial. His mother is Caucasian and his father is African-American. Other people will likely categorize him as:

African-American

Dr. Garcia believes that everyone passes through the same stages of development in the same order. Which of the following statements is he MOST likely to DISAGREE with?

Development is a result of experience and learning.

The concept of social intelligence was first proposed in 1920 by:

Edward Thorndike

_____ proposed the concept of social intelligence in 1920.

Edward Thorndike

Since 1998, Viagra has been a highly successful treatment for:

Erectile disorder

The idea that securely attached children approach life with a sense of basic trust was proposed by:

Erik Erikson

This famous experiment by _____ involved raising monkeys with two artificial mothers.

Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow

Marcia and Joseph are both 22 years old and have decided to go to a singles bar. Who is more likely to accept an offer for a casual one-night sexual encounter?

Joseph

Research participants are presented with the following scenario: "Imagine seeing a runaway trolley headed for five people. All will certainly be killed unless you push a large stranger onto the tracks, where he will die as his body stops the trolley. Will you push him?" How are people likely to answer this question?

Most will say 'no'

What is the MOST plausible explanation for why women are more likely to have cosmetic surgery?

They are aware that physical attractiveness influences first impressions

In which of the following parts of the brain would a lesion MOST likely result in a disruption of language comprehension and expression?

Wernicke's area

Carol Dweck describes the belief that intelligence is changeable and improves with practice and training as:

a growth mind-set

Marcus is showing his 2½-year-old brother a book with various colored vehicles. Marcus' brother points to a red truck and says "car." Marcus then points to the red truck and says "no, red truck." His brother then says "red truck." According to Lev Vygotsky, Marcus is providing _____ to help his brother think at a higher level.

a scaffold

Unlike many of his friends, 17-year-old Vance has not had sexual intercourse. Which of the following factors might correlate with his lack of sexual activity?

above-average intelligence

Caitlyn is 16 years old. She is in the midst of puberty. Caitlyn is in what stage of development?

adolescence

For research purposes, you need to focus on a small sample of individuals who are most likely to develop an alcohol use disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Given what is known about gender differences, you should focus on a sample made up of a group of _____.

adult males

Lucy is 80 years old and communicates using a landline and by sending letters in the mail. Her daughter, Sarah, has tried to introduce Lucy to the Internet, but Lucy absolutely refuses. She won't even use a cell phone. Lucy's reluctance to try these new technologies may be explained by:

age-related cognitive differences

The wear and tear of telomeres is accelerated by all of the following EXCEPT:

alcohol consumption

Seventeen-year-old Vanessa just found out she is pregnant. Which of the following likely contributed to her unplanned pregnancy?

alcohol use

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem is a(n):

algorithm

The garage where Quinn works has specific step-by-step procedures, or _____, for repairing car engines.

algorithms

_____ is the unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

altruism

Charleen displays male and female psychological characteristics. This is known as:

androgyny

Researchers have found that girls who mature early may be more vulnerable to _____.

anxiety

Because of an automobile accident, Juventina suffered damage to her cerebral cortex in Broca's area. Juventina is MOST likely to experience:

aphasia

A high school counselor gave Bud a test designed to predict whether he could learn to become a successful architect. Bud most likely took a(n) _____ test.

aptitude

During her adolescent years, Michelle used drugs and was extremely active sexually. When she became pregnant at the age of 21, she quit using drugs and has not used since. After she had the baby, Michelle went to college and earned a degree in nursing. Now Michelle is employed full-time as a nurse and spends the majority of her time with her daughter. What happened with Michelle demonstrates that developmental patterns:

are flexible.

Ehud was at the park with his father and excitedly pointed to the squirrel and exclaimed, "Kitty, kitty." His father pointed out that this was a squirrel, not a kitty. Tommy's initial understanding BEST illustrates the process of _____.

assimilation

When a child interprets a new experience in terms of an existing schema, this is known as _____.

assimilation

The _____ areas of the cerebral cortex are the last brain areas to develop.

association

The _____ areas of the cerebral cortex develop later than the primary cortical areas.

association

When do you have most of the brain cells you will ever have?

at birth

"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes; you will do so because I said so!" This statement is MOST representative of a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritarian

Michael demands total obedience from his children. There is no discussion and no arguing, and he has zero tolerance for anyone breaking the rules he has decreed. Michael has a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritatian

Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of another person's state of mind are MOST characteristic of:

autism spectrum disorder

Jim is the son of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Jim was placed in a foster home where he was abused. He was never adopted. It is MOST likely that Jim will:

become an abusive parent with aggressive tendencies.

Some people still believe in ghosts despite the fact that the scientific evidence has proven otherwise. They are exhibiting _____.

belief perseverance

Attitudes are feelings that are often based on:

beliefs

The research finding that score differences between so-called racial groups persist on verbal items implies that intelligence tests are not _____ because of items based on cultural experiences.

biased

Jocelyn was adopted when she was an infant. Her adoptive parents' intelligence test scores are in the average range. Her biological parents, on the other hand, have test scores well above average. At age 30, Jocelyn's intelligence test score is likely to be most similar to her _____ parents' test scores.

biological

An architect would probably score highest on what portion of the WAIS?

block design

Biology can influence gender in which of the following ways?

both genetically and physiologically

Mary and Bill are in a romantic relationship and met each other through an online dating service. Their relationship is likely to be:

both long lasting and satisfying

Samantha and Ashley are friends who met online. Their friendship is likely to be:

both long lasting and satisfying

Female _____ are to secondary sex characteristics as male testes are to primary sex characteristics.

breasts

Even though Christy had other plans, a friend convinced her to go to the movies with her. That was the night Christy met her husband, John. They have now been married for 18 years. This is an example of which of the following?

chance event

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issue of stability and _____.

change

Rumi is about to graduate with a B.A. in psychology and is planning to attend graduate school. Her primary interests are in memory storage, problem solving, and communication. She is MOST interested in _____.

cognition

Before Rhonda left for college, she told her friend, Denise, that she thought sororities were filled with snobs and that she would never consider joining one. However, during Rhonda's first week on campus, a sorority member invited her to a social function and encouraged her to pledge. After Rhonda attended the party, she told Denise, "Sororities do a lot of good things for the community. They're really service organizations." Rhonda's change in attitude to match her behavior reflects:

cognitive dissonance

Compared with women, men are more likely to:

commit suicide

Clay and Madge have been married for over 50 years. They are MOST likely experiencing:

companionate love

Muzafer Sherif's experiment showed that how the two groups of campers perceived each other was influenced by:

competitive and cooperative activities

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is known as a(n):

concept

Dr. Prynne is designing a new intelligence test. One of the questions asks test-takers to think of all the items that belong to the mental grouping, or _____, for table—for example, surgical table, dining table, and work table.

concepts

_____ allow us to quickly categorize new objects and events with little cognitive effort.

concepts

Being able to tell time is a _____ skill.

conceptual

Children are able to think logically about events, grasp certain analogies, and perform arithmetical operations during Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Because he mistakenly believes that older workers are not as motivated to work hard as younger workers are, a factory foreman is especially vigilant for signs of laziness among his senior employees. When he sees a younger employee slacking off, he usually assumes that he is taking a well-deserved break. His supervision strategy BEST illustrates:

confirmation bias

A _____ is a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

conflict

As Marleen got out of her car in the parking lot of her local grocery store, a homeless woman approached her and asked for money. Marleen refused and went inside the store to do her shopping. Marleen assumes that the woman is homeless because she refuses to get a job. Marleen is MOST likely politically:

conservative

Blanca thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. Her belief is most directly relevant to the issue of _____ and stages.

continuity

Thirteen-year-old David repeatedly tells his mother not to drive too fast and to make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

conventional

A doctor at the local hospital has always told new parents to make sure that their babies sleep on their backs and not their stomachs because this will reduce the risk of a smothering crib death. How might following this good advice impact their baby's development?

crawling will be delayed

A _____ is a time early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.

critical period

Some people lose self-awareness and self-restraint during a large sporting event or mob action. This is known as:

deindividuation

Which of the following traits are associated with future academic, vocational, and social success?

delayed gratification

In her business meetings, Leslie is very vocal with her opinions and even slightly intimidating to her colleagues. This behavior is somewhat unusual because women tend to be more _____ than men.

democratic

Seven-year-old Peter's parents use harsh physical punishment and verbal intimidation to control his behavior. Based on research cited in the text, if his parents continue this type of discipline, Peter is more likely to:

demonstrate delinquent behavior in the future

John was always in trouble during his late adolescent years and his early 20s. He was arrested several times for underage drinking, disorderly conduct, and possession of marijuana. John is now in his 40s and is a successful attorney. He has not been in trouble since he was 23 years old. John's behavior demonstrates the view that;

developmental patterns can change.

While driving to work, Moniba's car started smoking and broke down on a road with a lot of traffic. Her cell phone's battery died so she could not call for help. She was unsuccessful in getting someone to stop to help for more than two hours until a police officer offered assistance. Moniba's difficulty in getting someone to help is an example of:

diffusion of responsibility

An unjustifiable behavior toward a group and its members is called _____.

discrimination

Convergent thinking is to a single correct answer as _____ is to multiple answers.

divergent thinking

Jason is a 25-year-old homosexual man who wonders why he is homosexual and his two younger brothers are not. Which of the following might be a partial explanation

during the second trimester, he was exposed to hormone levels typically experienced by female fetuses.

Kevin is a tall and popular 16-year-old. He is also starting to use alcohol. It is likely that Kevin matured at a(n) _____ age.

early

Three-year old Parminder is talking to her grandmother on the phone. She says, "Look what I got today." Parminder is displaying _____.

egocentrism

When her mother asked to see the picture she just drew, Shelly held it up to her own eyes. Shelly is demonstrating:

egocentrism

Having been married for over 50 years, Joan and Anthony believe that they can recognize each other's feelings and predict when the other is likely to be happy or sad. In other words, they are displaying evidence of _____intelligence.

emotional

People who score high on _____ intelligence tests are likely to experience high-quality interactions with friends.

emotional

_____ intelligence refers to the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use feelings.

emotional

_____ conditions can override genetic influences on cognitive development, especially among children raised in poverty. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

environmental

Lily and Dwayne have been married for 20 years. When asked, Lily indicated that what she most appreciated about their marriage was that they both freely give and receive affection and that they share decision making and household responsibilities. Lily's description is an example of:

equity

Malcolm is unable to have an erection and has gone his doctor to discuss the problem. Malcolm's doctor referred to this problem as:

erectile disorder

Sasha's genital areas have become engorged with blood and her vagina expands and secretes lubricant, as her breast and nipples enlarge from her partner's caresses. She is in the _____ stage.

excitement

Critics of ape language suggest that researchers are seeing what they want to see, that is, they are:

exhibiting perceptual set

_____ intelligence is the ability to ponder large questions about life, death, and existence.

existential

Compared with younger people, older people are more likely to self-report that they:

experience fewer problems in their relationships.

People who score very high on emotional intelligence scales are likely to:

experience high quality interactions with friends

Considering a person's physical features, the _____ is the best predictor of physical attractiveness.

face

Which of the following is a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test?

factor analysis

When Scott's friend makes a crude remark about Muslim women, Scott asks her why she feels that way. Her response is that the 9/11 terrorist attacks could happen again at any time. Scott's colleague is experiencing:

fearful emotions regarding Muslims

Though she has had sexual intercourse, 30-year-old Mai has never had an orgasm. Her physician has told her she has:

female orgasmic disorder

A major impediment to problem solving is the inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective, called:

fixation

According to Piaget, when adolescents are able to reason abstractly, they have achieved the _____ operational stage of cognitive development.

formal

During Piaget's _____ operational stage of cognitive development abstract logic and the potential for mature moral reasoning are formed.

formal

According to Piaget, when adolescents are able to reason abstractly, they have reached the _____ stage of cognitive development.

formal operations

Most adults are more likely to choose a birth control method that is said to have a 95 percent success rate than one that is said to have a 5 percent failure rate. This best illustrates the impact of _____.

framing

"Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their:

frontal lobes are not fully developed

Shortly after learning she did not make it onto her high school's cheerleading squad, Brayden vandalized their locker room and destroyed several of the cheerleaders' uniforms. Her behavior is BEST explained in terms of the _____ principle.

frustration-aggression

The use of sex-selective abortions in Asian countries is an example of:

gender prejudice

Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.

generativity vs. stagnation

As people age, _____ factors seem to become more apparent on intelligence scores.

genetic

Reggie is in his mid-fifties. Reggie can expect that he will experience a:

gradual decrease in testosterone.

Delaying _____ is associated with future academic, vocational, and social success.

gratification

Brain scans reveal that identical twins have very similar _____ and _____ matter volume.

grey; white

Which of the following is the MOST likely explanation for the emergence of student radicalism in the 1960s?

group polarization

Maturation is the orderly sequence of biological _____, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

growth

_____ is an infant's decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus with repeated stimulation.

habituation

Fewer than _____of all _____ survive beyond the first two weeks after fertilization.

half; zygotes

Annie is the daughter of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of Annie and put her up for adoption when she was 4 weeks old. Annie was moved from one foster family to another. She was never adopted. It is MOST likely that Annie will:

have anxiety and lower intelligence

Richard is a 17-year-old adolescent who has been seeing his girlfriend for six months; they have decided to have sex. Which of the following is NOT a factor in Richard's decision to have sex?

having many friends

Sammie is celebrating his first birthday today, and he frequently says things like "da-da," "kitty," and "fish." Noam Chomsky would say that Sammie is able to do this effortlessly because:

he has a predisposition for learning language

Three-month-old Jake is no longer interested in a puppet head. What has happened?

he has become habituated.

At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has to buckle down in school. What explains Celia's behavior?

her frontal lobes are developing

A problem-solving strategy that is usually fast but also is error-prone is known as a(n) _____.

heuristic

Carrie is vacationing in an unfamiliar city. She isn't quite sure where her hotel is but she knows it's near the beach. Carrie also realizes that the streets generally go from north to south, while avenues generally go east to west. She uses this information to quickly find her hotel. This is an example of using a(n) _____.

heuristic

Sinjon is fluent in both English and French because his parents spoke both languages to him when he was a very young child. As a result, Sinjon has an amazing capacity to inhibit his attention to irrelevant information. Linguists would suggest that his ability to focus may be caused by a bilingual advantage resulting from:

his increased word power

The part of the brain MOST notably different between gay and heterosexual men is the:

hypothalamus

Petra is considered a "fashionista" at school. At home, she is a tomboy. Petra is trying to find her _____.

identity

Jeremy is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by the pairing of shirts and pants, the earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erikson, Jeremy is in the stage of development called:

identity vs. role confusion

According to Robert Sternberg, which of the following provides the ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections?

imaginative thinking skills

A short story tells about a baby bird that hatches while its mother is away. The hatchling leaves the nest in search of its mother. The baby bird follows the first thing it sees. Which of the following attachment concepts is an aspect of this story?

imprinting

Geniene was invited to a black-tie dinner. She has never been served a 10-course meal before and is unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. She gets through the night by watching and copying the selections of others who appear to know what they are doing. Geniene is displaying:

informational social influence

Kathleen is a Republican and Edmund is a Democrat. Both believe that the members of their political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. This belief BEST illustrates _____.

ingroup bias

Joanna resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter. She frequently ignores her daughter's cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of _____ attachment.

insecure

_____ refers to a condition of limited mental ability, which is indicated by an intelligence test score at or below _____, as well as difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living.

intellectual disability; 70

According to Erik Erikson, one positive outcome of the struggle for identity is a comfortable sense of who one is and a developing capacity for _____ with others.

intimacy

Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love.

intimacy vs. isolation

According to Erik Erikson, one positive outcome of the struggle for identity is a comfortable sense of who one is and a developing capacity for:

intimacy with others

Instead of taking the time to rationally think about every situation we face on a daily basis, we often resort to:

intuition

When making each day's hundreds of judgments and decisions, people often rely on _____.

intuition

Zelda was adopted when she was an infant. Her adoptive parents' intelligence test scores are in the average range. Her biological parents, on the other hand, have test scores that are well above average. When Zelda is 30, what can be predicted about her performance on an intelligence test?

it will be more similar to her biological parent's test scores

Slave owners perceived slaves as innately lazy, ignorant, and irresponsible—traits that justified their enslavement. This is an example of the _____ phenomenon.

just-world

Aphasia is usually caused by damage to the _____ hemisphere of the brain.

left

As a result of a car accident, Naomi lost the ability to express herself linguistically. This form of aphasia was caused by damage to her _____ lobe.

left frontal

Akira was born to a Japanese-speaking mother and an English-speaking father and is fluent in both languages. When she took a personality test in Japanese, she showed a different sense of self than when she took the same test in English. According to Benjamin Whorf, this difference is caused by:

linguistic determinism

The Brazilian Piraha language has words for the numbers "1" and "2." Any numbers greater than "2" are referred to as "many." Shown seven nuts in a row, people who speak this language find it difficult to lay out the same number from their own pile. This suggests that their words influence the way they think and is evidence for:

linguistic determinism

A researcher who administers a personality test to the same children every three years is conducting a(n) _____ study.

longitudinal

Dr. Faircloth is conducting a study of military veterans from the Vietnam and Gulf Wars. He plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to see if those with PTSD have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory. This is a _____ study.

longitudinal

Dr. Greco is conducting a study of military veterans from the Vietnam and Gulf Wars. He plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to see if those with anxiety disorders have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory. This is a(n) _____ study.

longitudinal

Studies that restudy and retest the same people over a long period are called _____ studies.

longitudinal

Several studies have indicated that the generic pronoun he tends to trigger images of:

males only for both children and adults

_____ is important in the trajectory of growth and _____ is important in one's adaptability.

maturation; experience

In a study on aggression, a group of university students were given an experimental task intended to be frustrating. Then, the participants were given a task that forced them to administer (fake) electric shocks to another participant. Given what is known about gender differences and aggression, it is not surprising that _____ administered more painful electric shocks.

men

The finding that men are usually more likely than women to initiate sexual activity applies to:

men in nearly all cultures

Adrianne is elated because she hasn't gotten her period in over a year and doesn't have to worry about an unintended pregnancy. Adrianne is probably experiencing _____.

menopause

Giles tends to study the same way for every course. So far, he has been successful. This is an example of:

mental set

The ages of 40 to 65 are known as _____ adulthood.

middle

Which of the following is a social-cultural influence on aggressive behavior?

minimal father involvement in the lives of children

In English, most _____ are combinations of two or more phonemes.

morphemes

Jeffrey Dahmer experienced sexual attraction to corpses. This is known as:

necrophilia

Sharon is just beginning to use words—for example, "da-da," "kitty," and "ma-ma." This is not unusual because children's first words are usually:

nouns

According to the fraternal birth-order effect, men who have _____ are more likely than others to be homosexual.

older brothers

Monique and Sean, who are both in their mid twenties, have been dating for about six months now. Compared with their parents, Monique and Sean were more likely to have met:

online

Two-thirds of same-sex couples have met:

online

The tendency to be more confident than correct is known as:

overconfidence

Sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, and urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or nonconsenting persons is known as:

paraphilia

Stacey experiences sexual arousal toward prepubescent children. She is experiencing:

pedophilia

In the relationship between thinking and language, which is TRUE?

people sometimes think in images rather than in words.

Which of the following is the MOST complete list of the factors included in the concept of emotional intelligence?

perception, management, and use of emotions

The power of the individual is referred to as:

personal control

According to the psychologist _____, when adolescents are able to reason abstractly, they have achieved the formal operational stage of cognitive development.

piaget

Jeannette is in her mid-seventies and is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry MOST about:

pneumonia

Pete is in his mid-seventies and is in remarkably good health. If he were to worry about getting sick, he should probably worry most about _____.

pneumonia

Amath has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer because he wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate as he is. Amath has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.

postconventional

Judd believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

postconventional

Being able to take care of one's daily habits, such as diet and personal hygiene, is a _____ skill.

practical

Raul went to see his doctor because he reaches orgasm too quickly. Raul was diagnosed with:

premature ejaculation

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to reaching puberty at an earlier age?

premature sexual activity

To turn on cold water in the bathroom, in which direction should you turn the faucet handle? To answer this question, a person would probably think not in words but with _____ memory.

procedural

Chris is quicker to agree that apples are a fruit than that tomatoes are a fruit. This is because apples more closely resemble his _____ of fruit.

prototype

People more quickly recognize a dog as a mammal than they recognize a whale as a mammal because a dog more closely resembles their _____ of a mammal.

prototype

Sunil had difficulty recognizing that bullfighting was a sport because it did not resemble his _____ of a sport.

prototype

The MOST powerful indicator of whether people will become friends seems to be:

proximity

The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction.

proximity

Howard Gardner proposed that intelligence is:

reflected in any of several specific abilities

Dr. Katz, who is conducting a multi-site trial of a new drug for treating depression, needs to create a scale that will consistently provide objective data on a weekly basis. The scores should change only in response to the positive effects of the drug. She needs a scale with good:

reliability

When retested on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), a person's second score generally matches his or her first score quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of _____.

reliability

Chris took the WAIS when he was 23, and retook it when he turned 40. His overall score was the same both times. This information can be used to argue that the WAIS is:

reliable

Puberty is the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of _____.

reproducing

Overlapping brain _____ regions help explain why sexual satisfaction may be greater in those with close relationships.

reward

A gender _____ is a set of expected behaviors for males and females.

role

DeWayne is a police officer. When he is off the job, he is an easygoing, fun-loving person who enjoys life. When he is on the job, he is a very stern, serious, and no-nonsense police officer. DeWayne's professional behavior is an example of a:

role

Although he is unable to speak coherently and has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, 18-year-old Dustin can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Dustin illustrates a condition known as _____ syndrome.

savant

Every time 2-year-old Neva goes near the stove, her mother stops her and says, "No, hot!" Neva's mother is providing her with a _____ to help her internalize.

scaffold

The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study of older adults (30 to 75 years of age) regarding memory and response time in relation to timed tasks. They are bringing in all age groups at once to compare the differences. This is a(n) cross-_____ study.

sectional

Mark is 13 months old. When he is with his mother, he feels free to explore his environment and plays comfortably. When his mother leaves, he cries but is comforted when she returns. Mark is displaying which of the following forms of attachment?

secure attachment

_____ is the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

self-disclosure

Compared with the children of authoritative parents, children of authoritarian parents tend to have less social skill and _____.

self-esteem

A _____ is a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

self-fulfilling prophecy

As a teenager, Maria was told that she should not waste her time and money applying to colleges. Now, as an adult, she works as a waitress at a restaurant. This is an example of a(n):

self-fulfilling prophecy

According to Piaget, children in the sensorimotor stage acquire a:

sense of object permanence

Aggressive behavior in males has been linked with low levels of _____ and high levels of testosterone.

serotonin

Jerry is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. Jerry is more likely to experiment with _____.

sex

Teresa is a Black woman scheduled to take a math aptitude test. To ensure her best performance and reduce the chance of stereotype threat, which of the following situations would be recommended for her?

she should have a Black woman administer the test.

Charlie's friend yells at him for being five minutes late for lunch. Rather than believe his friend is a rude jerk, he decides that she may be having difficulties with her partner. Therefore, he makes a _____ about her behavior.

situational attribution

Dr. Perez is conducting research about how people form impressions of others and how they interpret each other's behavior in a variety of situations. Dr. Perez is probably a(n) _____ psychologist.

social

Dr. Perez is studying prejudice and discrimination. What type of psychologist is she MOST likely to be?

social

The culturally preferred timing of events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the _____ clock.

social

_____ intelligence is the know-how involved in interpersonal situations and managing oneself successfully.

social

Rolanda is 33 years old. She has a full-time career and is not married. Rolanda's mother keeps asking when she will get married and have children, insisting that Rolanda should be a wife and mother by now. Rolanda's mother's remarks reflect the _____ of her generation.

social clock

Piaget is to the physical environment as Vygotsky is to the _____.

social environment

Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky was particularly interested in how the _____ affects a child's cognitive development.

social environment

According to _____ theory, social relationships involve an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

social exchange

Nia decides that her free time over the weekend is not as important as the good feelings and joy of giving back to the community. So, she decides to volunteer at the local food bank. This illustrates _____ theory.

social exchange

_____ is the tendency to perform better on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

social facilitation

Blythe walks into a Chinese restaurant and becomes aware that she is the only American in the room. Blythe is very aware of her nationality. Her _____ has formed around her uniqueness.

social identity

Patrick walks into the gas station to prepay for his gas. It seems like everyone pauses and looks at him. He is now aware that he is the only Muslim male in the store. He is aware of his _____.

social identity

Compared with younger people, older people are more likely to self-report fewer problems in their_____.

social relationships

Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are known as _____.

social scripts

Marty enjoys watching violent action movies and television shows on most evenings, as well as listening to music with violent lyrics. According to social psychologists, these viewing preferences are providing Marty with_____; that is, they are teaching him how to act in new situations.

social scripts

Intelligence can be defined as a mental quality that consists of the ability to learn from experience, _____, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

solve problems

Gabriel, who is 25, recently signed up for a website that reunites people with their former grade-school classmates. He is curious to see if he will recognize his former friends. Research on stability and change would predict that:

some things about his friends will be the same while other aspects will be quite different.

Menarche is to a girl's sexual development as _____ is to a boy's sexual development.

spermarche

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are MOST directly relevant to the issue of:

stability and change.

Bart was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Bart's parents admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents the:

stability side of the stability and change developmental issue.

Eli thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of continuity and _____.

stages

_____ refer to shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

superordinate goals

In the English language, adjectives are typically placed before nouns (for example, "green car"). This illustrates an English language rule of:

syntax

Frank has agreed to babysit for a family that has a 6-year-old boy and an 8-year-old girl. According to research, Frank can anticipate that the girl will spend more time _____ to Frank while the boy will spend more time in physical play.

talking

In researching play style differences between boys and girls, you notice that the girls spend more time _____ while the boys spend more time participating in rough-and-tumble play.

talking

At about 24 months of age, most children are beginning the two-word stage of speech development, which is characterized as _____.

telegraphic speech

Lauryn has suffered from epilepsy all her life. She takes Trileptal to control her seizures. Recently she found out she is pregnant with her first child. She read that her medication is a Category C medication, meaning the benefits may outweigh the risks. However, no adequate studies have been performed on the medication for pregnant women. She should ask her doctor if Trileptal is a(n) _____.

teratogen

Female breasts are to secondary sex characteristics as male _____ are to primary sex characteristics.

testes

Aggressive behavior in males has been linked with high levels of _____..

testosterone

Karen, a 34-year-old woman, underwent a full hysterectomy (which includes removal of the ovaries). Her sex drive has diminished since this surgical procedure was performed. The change in her sex drive is due to a reduction in _____.

testosterone

Fifteen-year-old George is experiencing an increase in the hormone _____, which causes his sexual arousal to _____.

testosterone; increase

Practical skills include all of the following EXCEPT:

the ability to follow rules

A few days before flying to San Francisco, Jim watched a documentary about the 1906 earthquake that devastated the city. Even though the chance of getting caught in an earthquake while in San Francisco was relatively minor, Jim decided to cancel his trip. This BEST illustrates:

the availability heuristic

Carl's identical twin sons are participating in a research study that includes MRI scans. The MRI findings will MOST likely indicate that:

the brain areas associated with verbal intelligence are very similar

While walking along the ocean shoreline, Mr. Hughes heard a swimmer cry for help. However, he continued walking because he thought that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction BEST illustrates:

the bystander effect

In his study of children with high intelligence test scores, Lewis Terman found that:

the children were healthy, well-adjusted, and did well academically.

As Bella is driving to campus one day, another car cuts her off and speeds ahead. Immediately, she yells out "Crazy driver!" It does not occur to her that the person may be rushing to get to the hospital. Her judgment BEST illustrates:

the fundamental attribution error

At a local coffee shop, the waitress yells at Eulalia when she sits at a table that has not been cleared. Eulalia is convinced that the waitress should find another line of work, one in which her angry personality traits will not interfere with her job. However, Eulalia disregards the possibility that the restaurant is short of help that day. Eulalia has just fallen prey to:

the fundamental attribution error

The jury deliberated on the rape case for more than eight hours. Some of the jurors commented that the rape victim had a history of frequenting various bars and had been dressed provocatively. These jurors said that by looking like that, she had been "asking" to be assaulted. Their opinion is BEST explained in terms of:

the just-world phenomenon

After a construction accident, Arun lost the ability to comprehend and express language because of damage sustained in:

the left temporal lobe

People tend to prefer the letters of the alphabet that are in their own names. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

the mere exposure effect

Repeated exposure to novel stimuli causes people to have more positive feelings for those stimuli. This is known as:

the mere exposure effect

After Mrs. Chanski and her children had helped themselves to free samples of the cookies promoted in the grocery store, she felt obligated to buy some even though they seemed unreasonably expensive. Her reaction BEST illustrates the significance of:

the reciprocity norm

Which of the following is the BEST summary of the research findings about the impact of stereotype threat?

the scores of test-takers who are made aware of negative stereotypes against their gender and/or racial group will not be as high as those who do not feel threatened.

Why do people respond to normative social influence?

they have a need to belong

Some athletes use mental practice to try to improve performance. For example, imagine that a group of people threw 24 darts at a target. Next, half the group mentally practiced throwing 24 darts. Finally, the entire group threw 24 more darts. What were the results of this study?

those who had rehearsed mentally showed improvement

Robert Sternberg suggests that there are _____ intelligences; his theory is known as the _____ theory.

three; triarchic

For a(n) _____ person, gender identity differs from the behaviors or traits considered typical for that person's assigned birth sex.

transgender

There are _____ morphemes in the word dogs.

two

University grades are used to access the predictive _____ of the SAT.

validity

_____ is the extent to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure.

validity

Men from _____ judge women as more attractive if they have a youthful, fertile appearance.

various cultures

Bonnie moved from her home state so that she could attend graduate school in her desired field of study. She did not know anyone in her new city and quickly spent all the money she had saved. Things cost much more than she had expected. She received little support from her family, but she got a part-time job and continued her studies until she earned her degree. Bonnie has a(n) _____ personality.

venturesome

Identical twins Skyler and Sloane live with their biological parents. When she was 9 years old, Skyler scored 100 on an intelligence test. Sloane took the same test. What would one predict Sloane's score to be?

very close to 100

With age people lose recall memory and processing speed but they gain _____.

vocabulary and knowledge

A lesion in _____ area of the brain would most likely result in a disruption of language comprehension and expression.

wernicke's

Jennifer suffered a traumatic brain injury after she ran into a tree while downhill skiing. During her recovery, the doctors noticed that she has a difficult time understanding what others are saying to her. Jennifer probably damaged:

wernicke's area

The conclusion of many researchers regarding the stability and change developmental issue is that:

while some characteristics are stable, both stability and change are part of development.

The correct order of prenatal development is:

zygote, embryo, fetus