PSYC 104: Chapter Six - Memory

Memories are ____1____, not ______2____, and ____3_____ is the process by which we transform what we _____4_____, _____5_____, or _______6______ into an ____7_____ memory.

1. Constructed 2. Recorded 3. Encoding 4. Perceive 5. Think 6. Feel 7. Enduring

The three key functions of memory

1. Encoding 2. Storage 3. Retrieval

Working memory

active maintenance of information in short-term storage

Short-term memory is limited by _____1______ it can hold information and is also limited in ________2_______ information it can hold

1. How long 2. How much

There are three major kinds of memory storage: _____1______, _____2_____, and _____3______. As these names suggest, the three kinds of storage are distinguished primarily by the ______ __4__ _______ over which a memory is _____5______.

1. Sensory 2. Short-Term 3. Long-Term 4. Amount of time 5. Retained

Chunking

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory.

Patients with damage to the _____ are especially susceptible to memory misattribution

Frontal Lobe

Which of the following researchers determined the capacity of short-term memory? Richard Shiffrin Erik Erikson George Miller Richard Atkinson

George Miller

short-term memory

Holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

Collaborative memory

How people remember in groups

Memories that cannot be consciously recalled yet affect a person's behavior are referred to as _____ memories.

Implicit

Remembering how to ride a bicycle, even though it has been years since the person last rode one, is a subtype of _____ memory called procedural memory.

Implicit

What type of memory is not consciously accessible to us?

Implicit memory

Anterograde amnesia refers to the:

Inability to transfer new information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

The first few years of life that are inaccessible to memory are referred to as:

Infantile amnesia

The effectiveness of retrieval cues supports the idea that:

Information in memory may be available but not easily accessible.

One of the best ways to retrieve information from _______ your head is to encounter information _________ your head that is somehow connected to it

Inside, outside

In the text, the story of Franco Magnini and his paintings of his village was used to illustrate how long memories can last in _____ memory.

long-term memory

Samantha is taking a psychology course and wants to do well. Every day she reviews her notes from class and reads the textbook. When it is time to take the first exam Samantha has no problem retrieving the information and earns an A on the exam. Samantha has stored the information in:

Long-term memory

What is the third stage of the Stage Model of Memory?

Long-term memory

What must be used to maintain information in the short-term memory?

Maintenance rehearsal

Researchers have found that short-term memory lasts about 20 seconds, unless the information is _____ in some way. forgotten recalled rehearsed attended to

Rehearsed

Prospective memory

Remembering to do things in the future

Suan just asked Monica for her phone number but did not write it down. what can he do to remember the information long enough to grab a pen and paper?

Repeat the number over and over again

Although 5-year-old Casey had never been to North Dakota, he was easily able to remember this state name because he used which of the following techniques:

Repeated the name while visualizing its location on the map displayed in his room.

An "oldie" playing on the radio reminds Donald of events that occurred when the song was current. For Donald, the song is acting as a(n):

Retrieval cue

As Cora watches television, she sees a commercial for a local used car dealer and then remembers that she needs to get gas for her car. Seeing the car commercial has served as a _____ for Cora.

Retrieval cue

The information outside your head is called a ______ ________

Retrieval cue

Edgar is able to remember what he did yesterday after dinner. Edgar engaged in encoding, storing, and _____ the information.

Retrieving

Omar experienced a dissociative fugue state. He suddenly snapped out of it in front of a pet supplies display in a Boise, Idaho discount store; he had no memory whatsoever of his previous life in Greensboro, North Carolina. Omar's amnesia is best described as:

Retrograde amnesia

Who developed the stage model of memory?

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

Priming makes memory more efficient by:

Saving processing time

Rosemary learns a new fact about Wilhelm Wundt, her favorite psychologist. To remember it, she relates the new fact to information she already knows. Rosemary is using _____ encoding.

Semantic

Survival encoding draws on elements of what?

Semantic, visual imagery, and organizational encoding

Before information can be transferred to long-term memory, it must first be a part of:

Sensory and short-term memory

Because we have more than one sense, we have more than one kind of __________ ___________

Sensory memory

In the Stage Model of Memory, how does information first enter the memory system? sensory memory short-term memory long-term memory working memory

Sensory memory

What are the three different stages of the memory process?

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and working memory

Which of the following best describes the Stage Model of Memory?

Sensory memory; short-term memory; long-term memory

Episodic memory

The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

Now that Liz and her husband are getting a divorce, she remembers their marriage as tumultuous and unhappy. A year ago, however, she told her friends that she was extremely happy. Liz's current memory of her marriage BEST reflects:

The constructive nature of memory

Bias

The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

Procedural memory and priming do not rely on what?

The hippocampus

Where is long-term memory stored?

The hippocampus/hippocampal region

What distinguishes the memory system of the brain to the memory system of a computer?

The human capacity for emotion - this suggests that memories linked to emotions are far more likely to be recalled than memories that are not linked to emotions

Transfer-appropriate processing

The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match

Anterograde amnesia

The inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store

Persistence

The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

What part of the brain is semantic encoding associated with?

The lower left part of the frontal lobe and the inner part of the left temporal lobe. Generally the more activity in these areas of the brain, the more likely an individual is to recall the information

What part of the brain is visual imagery encoding associated with?

The occipital lobe

What are the three different components of the working memory?

The phonological loop, the visual-spatial sketchpad, and the central executive

Consolidation

The process by which memories become stable in the brain

Encoding

The process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

State-dependent retrieval

The process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

Maintenance rehearsal can be used to keep information in

The short-term memory

Suggestibility

The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

John is taking a bus to school. He sits in the third row behind the driver and places his book bag under his feet. He then looks out the window as the bus travels its route. The bus stops and picks up additional passengers. A woman in a blue shirt with a baby sits in the seat next to John. When the bus arrives at school John takes his bag and exits the bus. Later that day he sees a woman in a blue shirt and thinks that she resembles the woman on the bus. Why did John remember the color of the woman's shirt?

The woman sat next to John

Serial position effect

tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Primacy effect

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

Recency effect

tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

Memory

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

Procedural memory

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things

Sensory memory

A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

Long-term memory

a type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years

The two subsystems included within the working memory that store and manipulate information and the working components of the two subsystems

1. The visuo-spatial sketchpad for visual images 2. The phonological loop for verbal information The episodic buffer integrates visual and verbal information from these two subsystems The central executive coordinates the subsystems along with the episodic buffer

What are the seven sins of memory?

1. Transience 2. Absentmindedness 3. Blocking 4. Memory Misattribution 5. Suggestibility 6. Bias 7. Persistence

How much information can we hold in short-term memory? 7 +/- 2 3 +/- 2 10 +/- 2 8 +/- 2

7 +/- 2

Unlike déjà vu experiences, déjà vecu experiences involve a feeling that one has experienced something before and have:

A detailed memory for this experience that actually did not occur.

Blocking

A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

Echoic memory

A fast-decaying store of auditory information

Iconic memory

A fast-decaying store of visual information

Absentmindedness

A lapse in attention that results in memory failure

Semantic memory

A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Retrieval-induced forgetting

A process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

Encoding specificity Principle

A retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded

Oliver returns home after a round of golf and he sees his trash cans blowing down the street due to the wind. He runs to catch his trash cans. Now he cannot remember what he did with his sunglasses. His forgetfulness is MOST likely caused by: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Absentmindedness

How is access to information stored in the long-term memory obtained?

Access to information in the long-term memory occurs through conscious and unconscious processes known as implicit and explicit memory

Where does memory come in to play in Darwin's principle of natural selection in terms of passed down traits?

According to Darwin's principle features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are far more likely to be passed down to subsequent generations. Memory is one of the traits in this category. It is suggested that memory works especially well when it pertains to something essential for survival

Priming

An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

Retrograde amnesia

An inability to retrieve information from one's past

Rhonda can't remember anything about the first several minutes immediately following a car crash in which she was injured. Rhonda is experiencing _____ amnesia.

Anterograde amnesia

What happens when the hippocampal region of the brain suffers damage?

Anterograde amnesia is commonly the consequence to damage to this region of the brain

Memory misattribution

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

In 2010, Jane told her friend Alicia that she thought that tattoos were ridiculous and that no one should ever get one under any circumstance. In 2013, Jane tells Alicia that she just got a tattoo. Alicia is quite surprised because she remembers that, just 3 years ago, Jane was absolutely opposed to tattoos. Jane insists that she was only opposed to tattoos on particular areas of the body. Jane's inaccurate memory of the past BEST reflects a memory "sin" known as:

Bias

Many people believe that their love relationships have grown stronger over the years. However, actual data collected over the years indicates that their feelings have remained relatively stable. This inaccuracy is an example of the memory "sin" of:

Bias

The tendency to reconstruct one's memory of the past to fit the present reflects a memory problem known as:

Bias

Flashbulb memories

Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

What part of the brain is organizational encoding associated with?

During organizational encoding, the upper left frontal lobe is active

Lin tells her roommate about her break-up with her boyfriend, but she does not seem to be listening. Lin accuses her of not paying attention, so her roommate repeats back the last three words of her story. This does not excuse her because Lin knows that she may be relying on her _____ memory.

Echoic

Juanita is preparing to go grocery shopping and is making a list. however, when she gets to the store she realizes that she has forgotten the list. which of the following best describes the list of items Juanita is likely to remember?

Eggs, milk, cheese

During a PET scan, Sarah is learning a list of insects using organizational encoding. One would expect that the upper part of her left _____ lobe is the most active.

Frontal

Zandra's teacher tells her that she cannot forget something if she never "got it" in the first place. MOST likely, Zandra's teacher is referring to a failure in:

Encoding

Morris thinks about what he ate for breakfast this morning. In order, which key steps must his brain perform to remember this event?

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

Because she drank too much alcohol, Deanna barely remembers her 21st birthday. That is, her _____ memory of that evening is sketchy.

Episodic

Karalina can remember that the capital of Finland is Helsinki, but she cannot remember when she learned this information. This means that Karalina has semantic memory for this information but does not have _____ memory for when she learned it.

Episodic

Which type of memory does the text compare with "mental time travel"?

Episodic memory

Retrieval cue

External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

Repeated suggestibility may actually produce _____ in some people

False memories

Echoic memory usually decays in ....

Five seconds or less

Most people are able to remember how many items?

Five to seven

The persistence of intrusive memories, such as _____ memories, is often a result of highly emotional experiences. This leads to vivid and long-lasting memories

Flashbulb

Transience

Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

Elsa was involved in a bicycle accident 3 years ago. She recently saw a man that she remembered being in the accident, but when she approached him, the man had no idea what Elsa was talking about. It turned out that the man was working at a drug store Elsa had visited right before the bicycle crash and was in no way involved in the accident. Elsa's confusion was the result of:

Memory misattribution

James was involved in a car accident 3 years ago. He recently saw a man he remembered being in the accident, but when he approached him, the man had no idea what James was talking about. It turned out that the man was working at a coffee shop which James had visited that day and was in no way involved in the car accident. James's confusion was the result of:

Memory misattribution

The spaces between neurons are important to long-term memory because they allow:

Neurons to communicate; each instance of communication strengthens the connections between the neurons, which strengthens memories.

Iconic memories usually decays in ....

One second or less

Information in sensory memory lasts for _____ seconds.

One to Five Seconds

Visual imagery encoding could relate to _____ encoding if a person also categorized the information according to how the items related to one another.

Organizational

Implicit memory

Past experiences influence later behavior and performance, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

Because of _____, Giovanni will be faster to respond to the word bat than to the word guitar if he just saw a picture of a bat.

Priming

Storage

Process of maintaining info. in memory over time

Source memory

Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

Considering what is known about memory, most telephone numbers are seven digits long because: seven digits is the capacity of long-term memory. seven digits is the capacity of short-term memory. seven digits is the capacity of sensory storage. seven digits is the capacity of telephone companies.

Seven digits is the capacity of short-term memory

Samantha is taking a psychology course and wants to do well. every day she reviews her notes from class and reads the textbook. when it is time to take the first exam Samantha has no problem retrieving the information and earns an A on the exam. how did Samantha answer the questions on the test correctly?

She transferred information from her long-term memory to her short-term memory

Maintenance rehearsal can be used to keep information in the ....

Short-term memory

Where does memory go in the second stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory?

Short-term memory

Proactive interference

Situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later

Retroactive interference

Situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier

Brianna knows that Michael was the first person to tell her about Larry's accident but she cannot remember if she told both Cyndi and Ty about Larry. Brianna is showing good:

Source memory

One of the most popular models of how memory works is the ...

Stage model of memory

If Zyanya drinks a lot of coffee while studying for an exam, the concept of _____ learning indicates that she would do best on the exam if she drinks a lot of coffee right before it.

State-dependent retrieval

Just before an episode of a popular television show, a fake crime was committed in which a man with brown hair, dressed in blue jeans and a green long-sleeved shirt, stole a woman's handbag. The "crime" was staged right next to the talkative line of bystanders, including a few people planted by the producers. When questioned by "police" almost immediately after the event, witnesses were asked if he was wearing a hat. After talking about the "robbery" among themselves, many "witnesses" said that the man was wearing a hat and gave differing descriptions of the culprit. Which memory flaw BEST explains this fault?

Suggestibility

Repeated _____ may actually produce false memories in some people

Suggestibility

_____ refers to the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

Suggestibility

Much of what we know about the neurological basis of long-term memory comes from studies of

The Aplysia sea slug

Explicit memory

The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences

What part of the human brain causes us to succumb to persistence

The amygdala

Sensory to long-term memory diagram

This diagram depicts how sensory information can move to the long-term memory

Diane was having lunch with her mother, and they were talking about a popular movie. They could not remember the name of the actor who starred in the movie, but Diane's mother said she thought it started with "'T," and she felt like she almost "had it." Diane's mother was experiencing the _____ phenomenon. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button

Tip-of-the-toungue

_____ describes how human memories lose detail over time, and people reconstruct memories based on general experience

Transcience

What are the seven sins of memory?

Transience, absentmindedness, blocking, memory misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence

How long is information in the short-term memory likely to last?

Twenty seconds

Why is visual imagery encoding effective?

Visual imagery encoding does some of the same things that semantic encoding does, because when you create a mental picture you are essentially relating the incoming information to information already stored in your memory

How do we make memories?

We make memories by combining information we already have in our brains with new information that comes through our senses

The working memory is required for recognition of?

Words, sounds, and symbols

Short-term memory is also called

Working memory

Reconsolidation

memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again

The three types of encoding processes

semantic encoding, visual imagery encoding, and organizational encoding

Consolidation is the process by which .....

short-term memory can be encoded to form long-term memories

Retrieval

the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

Organizational encoding

the process of categorizing info according to the relationships among a series of items

Rehearsal

the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

Semantic encoding

the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in our memory

Visual imagery encoding

the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

Collaborative inhibition

the same number of individuals working together recall fewer items than they would on their own