Quiz 5: P101
When Rich shared an early draft of the 1968 chapter with his colleague, Gordon Bower, what was Gordon's reaction?
"This is Lousy!"
Which of the following terms is sometimes used to describe the "operations" of memory?
"Working Memory"
Foer says that we remember when we are able to take a piece of information and experience, and ...
... figure out why it's meaningful, significant, and colorful, and transform it in light of all the other things floating around in our minds.
Joshua Foer found the process of training his memory to be "fun" - because he didn't think about it as training his memory, instead, what you're doing is...
... trying to get better at creating "utterly ludicrous, raunchy, hilarious, and unforgettable images."
Typically, when someone experiences amnesia, they cannot...
...recall recent events.
Researchers at University College London brought a bunch of memory champions into the lab, had them perform memory tasks, and compared their brains to control subjects doing the same tasks. They found...
...that the champions were more likely to be using a part of their brain that's involved in spatial memory and navigation.
In a classic memory study by Peterson and Peterson (1959), participants were given consonant strings to remember—such as DBX and HLM—and then were instructed to count backward from 100 by 3. After a variable amount of time (delay), the participants were asked to recall the consonant strings. Which statement accurately describes the results of the experiment?
A 20-second delay decreased accuracy by over 80 percent.
What's in the kitchen?
A golden brick road
If I gave you a drug that would prevent LTP from occurring in your brain, which of the following conditions would you have?
Anterograde amnesia
Traumatic memories, such as the memory of being abused during childhood...
Are usually remembered
Why does collaborative inhibition occur?
Because the retrieval strategies used by some group members might disrupt other members.
Jason and Jaclyn say that they love each other now more than they've ever loved each other before, even though they've always been head-over-heels for each other.
Change Bias
Tennis and ping pong are roughly similar sports, but swinging a tennis racquet is very different from swinging a ping pong paddle. Because of this, Adam believes that playing ping pong can impair a tennis player's performance, interfering with the procedural memory of a tennis swing. Adam decides to conduct an experiment. He recruits 20 high school varsity tennis players, and randomly assigns 10 of them to play ping pong games with each another (the ping pong group), while the remaining 10 tennis players will just hang out and talk about tennis (the control group). He then randomly pairs members of the ping pong group with members of the control group, and asks each pair to play a competitive tennis match. Adam finds that, in 6 of these 10 pairs, the player from the control group beat the player from the ping pong group. In the other four pairs, he believes that the member from the control group just wasn't a very good tennis player. Adam concludes that playing ping pong interferes with tennis performance.
Confirmation Bias
Rick used to love eating meat, but when he went to college, he started dating Melissa, who was a vegetarian, and eventually Rick became a vegetarian too. Nowadays, if someone asks him what he thinks of bacon, he'll say that he never really liked it
Consistency Bias
Brenda thinks that people form stronger memories of negative emotional events than positive emotional events. To examine this, Brenda conducts a study. She interviews 100 people, and asks each to describe all of their most memorable life experiences. Brenda finds that, on average, 65% of the memories are negative, and 35% are positive. Brenda concludes that negative emotional experiences cause stronger memories.
Correlation is not Causation
College students typically recall more good grades than bad grades when they look back at their high school experiences
Egocentric Bias
As people get old, they commonly experience age-related memory impairment (AMI), which is a general decrease in the ability to both encode and retrieve memories. One of the best ways to prevent AMI is to stay active, and to include physical activity as part of your daily routine. Dustin collaborates with a regional hospital, where they have recently launched a free public gym for anyone 50 years or older. To attract additional support for this program, Dustin sends a survey to the gym's most frequent visitors and asks, "Considering that regular exercise is the best way to prevent age-related cognitive decline, how important is this gym to you?" Because 95% of respondents replied that the gym was "Extremely important," Dustin concludes that the gym is a critical aspect of fostering community mental health for aging members of the public.
Experimenter Bias
Which of the following is most likely to occur with blocking?
Forgetting the name of your roommate's girlfriend's roommate.
______ memory is a fast-decaying store of visual information, and ______ memory is a fast-decaying store of auditory information.
Iconic; echoic
Memories of an event are usually forgotten...
Immediately after the event
Jerry is asked to think of a word that rhymes with "motor." Jimmy is asked to think about how a motor works. The next day, both men are asked, "Hey, what was the word that you heard yesterday that rhymes with 'voter'?" _____ will be more likely to recall "motor" because _____.
Jerry; the encoding context matched the retrieval context.
After his medial temporal lobes were removed, HM could not create new memories in this system.
Long-term memory
If it is repeatedly rehearsed, information might be transferred into this memory system.
Long-term memory
The primacy effect is due to information stored in this memory system.
Long-term memory
Which of the following is NOT a reason that transience occurs?
Memories decay over time.
Which of the following is not an implicit memory?
Memory for the first time that you hit a home run.
A psychologist is questioning Hunter about his childhood memories. Hunter is telling the psychologist the story of his favorite Christmas present, a trip to Disneyland. His memories of the present and the trip itself are very clear; however, Hunter believes that the present came from his Uncle Charley, when in fact it was from his Aunt Beth.-
Misattribution
Patricia is concerned that the overwhelming amount of studying, homework, and tests during high school is interfering with students' abilities to form episodic memories of their life experiences. To examine this, Patricia recruits 12 highly-gifted high school seniors who are taking 5 AP classes, and shortly before the AP exams, she asks them to recall what they ate for dinner the previous night. Patricia finds that only 8.3% of the students can remember last night's dinner, but when asked the same question after the AP tests, 50% of the students could remember what they ate the previous night. Patricia concludes that all forms of studying, homework, and tests will interfere with the formation of episodic memories in grade school students.
Overgeneralization
All participants in a memory experiment studied brief stories. Then half the participants were asked to study the stories again ("study/study" condition), and the other half were given a test to try retrieving what they'd initially learned about the stories ("study/test" condition). Then all participants were given a final recall test either 5 minutes, 2 days, or 1 week later. Which of the following is true?
Participants in the study/test condition performed better than the study/study condition when the final test was conducted after 2 days, or 1 week.
Survival scenarios that do involve ________ produced superior subsequent memory compared with survival scenarios that did not.
Planning
You're having dinner at a restaurant with a bunch of your friends, and you decide that you want to impress them by remembering exactly what each of them ordered. Which of the following would describe an organizational encoding strategy?
Putting everyone's orders into categories, like: hot drinks, cold drinks, hot foods, salads, etc.
A brain-training company hires Timothy to investigate whether its latest game improves working memory among its players. Timothy decides to embed a standard measure of working memory, the n-back task, inside the game for a random sample of players, and then he tracks these players' performance on the n-back task for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, nearly all players showed an overall improvement in their scores on the n-back task. Timothy concludes that the brain-training game improved its players' working memory performance.
Random Chance
The hippocampus is necessary for episodic memory but may not play as strong a role in acquiring new _____ memories.
Semantic
In his TED talk, Joshua Foer described how he uses "elaborative encoding" to remember large amounts of information, enhancing the information with "all the other things floating around in our minds." Which type of encoding is he describing?
Semantic encoding
Even though it's pitch-black, you can temporarily see everything in your bedroom for a fraction of a second after a lightning flash from the storm outside because of this memory system.
Sensory memory
This system only maintains information for about 1/3rd of a second.
Sensory memory
You're not really paying attention to your mom, but when she says, "You're not paying attention to me!" you can still repeat the last few words she said because they're in this memory system.
Sensory memory
Chunking allows individuals to maintain more information in this memory system.
Short-term (working memory)
Memories in this system might last 20-30 seconds.
Short-term (working memory)
The recency effect is due to information stored in this memory system.
Short-term (working memory)
Unless you actively rehearse it, information in this memory system will be lost.
Short-term (working memory)
Based on Eric Kandel's observations with Aplysia, which of the following will result in stronger synaptic connections between neurons?
Stimulating the neurons over and over.
Courtney is called to the witness stand to testify as an eyewitness against a man accused of first-degree murder. The lawyer interrogating her asks a series of questions about the alleged murderer. The lawyer throws in a question, asking Courtney to describe the tattoo on the left shoulder of the accused man. This question is false—there is no tattoo. The lawyer is using the question to try to discredit Courtney, who says that the tattoo was small and hard to see in detail.-
Suggestibility
Three weeks ago, Sandra came home to find an armed robber in the house. When she walked in the door, the man pushed past her and fled the premises. Sandra's sister, Amy, was unloading groceries from the car and said she thought the man had wavy black hair. When Sandra goes in to view a lineup, the man who robbed her is in the lineup. However, Sandra picks a similar man who has wavy black hair instead of the robber's light brown hair.-
Suggestibility
Josh, a 40-year-old, damaged his hippocampus last year, and he's suffering from anterograde amnesia. Which of the following will Josh experience?
The inability to tell you what he ate for dinner last night.
Which of the following best describes the values on the vertical axis (the y-axis) of Ebbinhaus's forgetting curve?
The percent reduction in time needed to relearn the items
Long term potentiation (LTP) is a process whereby connections between neurons are made stronger; it's a form of memory encoding at the neural level. Andrea is studying LTP in rats, and is using magnesium injections to "block" LTP, preventing the formation of new memories. After magnesium is injected into the hippocampus, Andrea finds that her rats are unable to learn how to navigate through a complex maze, but rats who receive a placebo injection (that doesn't interfere with LTP) can learn to navigate the maze just fine. Andrea concludes that memory for spatial navigation depends on long-term potentiation in the hippocampus.
There is nothing wrong with this conclusion.
When people are given a drug that interferes with the release of stress hormones, how will it affect their performance on a memory test?
There will be no difference in performance between the emotional and neutral content.
Akira Haraguchi and Lu Chao are memory champions, having set records for reciting long sequences of the number pi from memory. According to the article, how do they do that?
They use mnemonic devices and thousands of hours of practice.
Memory of how to play the guitar.
To Implicit
You're trying to remember word pairs that consist of a category name, and an example from that category (e.g., METAL - iron, TREE - birch, METAL - silver, TREE - elm). You practice retrieving the some of the pairs repetitively, but not all of them. Then you take a final recall test. Because of retrieval-induced forgetting, which of the following items will you be *worst* at remembering during the final test?
Unpracticed-related items (the words that are not practiced, but are in the same category as words that were practiced).
The Greek poet Simonides was able to remember the victims of a collapsed building (where he'd just given a speech) by relying on:
Visual imagery encoding
How did Sperling "cue" participants to report letters in a particular row?
With a tone.
The Baker/baker paradox goes like this:
You're more likely to remember the word "baker" if you think about someone who bakes, rather than if you think about the proper name "Baker."
Which statement about priming is true?
Your memory might be currently primed by events that took place years earlier.
A frazzled mother trying to pacify her fussy toddler while paying her bill at the supermarket suddenly realizes that she has forgotten to get the most important item on her list. Forgetting to purchase the item is an example of:
absentmindedness.
The _____ is highly involved in the formation of flashbulb memories.
amygdala
When Sperling quickly flashed three rows of letters, experimental participants:
appeared to have a momentary (about 1 second) visual memory of all the letters in the display
In a typical collaborative memory experiment, participants first encode a list of words _____ and then some time later attempt to recall those words _____.
by themselves; with others OR by themselves
Faced with a tough decision regarding whether or not to end a long-term relationship, Naomi relies on her _____ memory to imagine the different outcomes associated with staying with or leaving her partner.
episodic
Rachel's fifteenth birthday is on Friday. Her mother and father ask her to choose between Olive Garden and Red Lobster for her birthday dinner. Rachel remembers that she more recently ate at the Red Lobster. Because of this, Rachel decides that she would like to go to Olive Garden for her birthday dinner. What type of memory did Rachel utilize in making her decision?
episodic
While stopping at the store to pick up some snacks, you run into George, an old friend you haven't seen in a while. You and George talk, catching up on things. Then George says, "I remember the time we went to the World Series game." He continues to tell you about the game. What type of memory is George using to tell the story of the game?
explicit
Annie, Cierra, and Deidre memorize facts about historical figures in psychology as part of an introductory psychology course. On the day of the exam, the professor informs the three students that they can either take the exam individually or submit one exam from the group. Based on research on collaborative memory, the students should:
first work individually but then compile results and submit the exam as a group submission.
In a retrieval-induced forgetting paradigm, the _____ actively works to suppress answers that compete with the target response.
frontal lobe
Krissy's _____ becomes active when she tries to recall what she received for Christmas when she was 10 years old. Successful remembering of this information, however, requires the activity of the _____.
frontal lobe; hippocampus
Auditory sensory memories _______ than visual sensory memories.
last longer
Information in _______ contributes to the _________.
long-term memory; primacy effect.
Chunking is used to _____ information.
meaningfully encode
In the dot-clearing experiment, participants are better at identifying words that they'd seen previously than __________.
new words that hadn't been shown
Scuba divers who memorized a list of words on a boat subsequently remember more of those words when tested:
on the boat.
Jacob cannot remember anything that occurred in the minutes leading up to the bicycle accident that knocked him briefly unconscious. He's experiencing a mild form of ________.
retrograde amnesia
The BEST example of the use of a retrieval cue is:
sitting in your usual desk in your usual classroom when taking an exam.
You're about to take a history test about trench warfare during WWI. Every time you studied for the test you became very sad. Because of _______, you'll perform best if you take the test when you're in a ______ mood.
state-dependent memory ; sad
When one neuron sends an action potential to another neuron, the connection between them becomes ________.
stronger
Transfer-appropriate processing suggests that retrieval is best when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situation match each other. So, if you encode some piece of information based on what it looks like, successful retrieval will probably involve activity in _______.
the occipital lobe
It may seem like sometimes retrieval can help improve memories, but other times it may impair memories. But in both situations, the memories for _______ will become ______.
the specific items that are practiced ; stronger
Memory of events that occurred in the novel you just finished reading.
to Explicit
Memory of your first kiss.
to Explicit
Memory of your mother's middle name.
to Explicit
Memory that you can consciously recall.
to Explicit
Memory of how to play "Für Elise" on the piano.
to Implicit
Memory of how to use chopsticks.
to Implicit
Memory that is retrieved without awareness of its recollection.
to Implicit
In a study of memory persistence, researchers found that memory for __________ pictures are usually more accurate than for _____ pictures.
unpleasant or pleasant; neutral
Working memory includes subsystems that store and manipulate:
visual images and verbal information.
