quiz's for test 2

Faulty eyewitness testimony has been implicated in at least ______ of DNA exoneration cases.

75%

The "law of effect" states:

Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated

__________ are systematic and predictable mistakes that influence judgment and decision making.

Biases

The questions on Binet's original intelligence test were developed by

Binet, who applied "reasonable standards" for each question selection

"________ ground" refers to the information that is shared by people who engage in conversation. It allows for communication between speaker and listener to make coherent sense to both parties.

Common

In which of these scenarios has extinction occurred?

Connor has quit smoking and no longer feels excited when he sees a cigarette.

_________ is a process that occurs after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces.

Consolidation

A man named Ronald Cotton was imprisoned after being identified as the person who committed a rape. After more than 10 years, he was exonerated of the crime and released. What led to this reversal of his conviction?

DNA evidence

Who of the following completed Nobel Prize-winning research on how people think and make decisions

Daniel Kahneman

__________ rules refer to culturally sanctioned regulations about what emotions are appropriate to show in a given situation.

Display

Today in class, your professor handed back your tests and to your excitement, you earned a perfect score! Unfortunately, your best friend, who is also in the class, failed the exam. If you are from ______, you are more likely to also feel a degree of worry over your best friend's failed test.

East Asia

Effects that increase behaviors are called reinforcers; effects that decrease behaviors are called ______ .

Effects that increase behaviors are called reinforcers; effects that decrease behaviors are called punishers.

Feelings" is a general term used to describe a wide range of states that include emotions, moods, and traits. These states are similar in the fact that they involve changes in subjective experience, physiological responding, and behavior in response to a meaningful event. What are the differences between these states of emotions, moods, and traits?

Emotions typically occur on the order of seconds, whereas moods may last for days, and traits are tendencies to respond a certain way across various situations.

Ilene is at the grocery store when she sees a gentleman she is very attracted to. As Ilene approaches him and starts talking, she is leaning in, pushing out her breasts slightly, and making a great deal of eye contact. A store clerk notices this and believes that Ilene is sexually interested in the gentleman. What has the store clerk noticed that he came to this conclusion?

He observed Ilene's lordosis behavior

What is one way to help you increase the likelihood that you demonstrate self-control when it comes to goal oriented behaviors?

Identify potential self-control conflicts (i.e., temptations)

In Ivan Pavlov's original experiment, the ______ served as an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally elicited a response from the dogs.

In Ivan Pavlov's original experiment, the food served as an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally elicited a response from the dogs

Howard Gardner proposed that:

Intelligence is comprised of multiple intelligences - a model that claims there are eight different types of intelligence that are independent of each other.

Which of the following statements accurately presents a major difference between operant and Pavlovian conditioning?

Operant addresses voluntary behaviors while Pavlovian addresses reflexive responses.

According to Lofts' research on eyewitness testimony which of the following would you most likely expect to happen when a person witnesses a car accident?

People will often offer biased reports of the event because they are susceptible to misinformation and other recall problems.

Studies of emotional responding tend to focus on three facets of emotional response. Which of the following includes one example of each of those three facets?

Physiological: how fast one's heart beats; Experiential: whether one reports feeling happy; Behavioral emotion display: whether one is smiling

The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable is known as what?

Reinforcer devaluation effect

In today's society, people are often very busy-- especially executives-- causing them to trust certain ways of thinking over others. However, this can lead to many biases and make poor decisions. Which of the following is the best way to reduce bias and improve decisions?

Stop trusting System 1 and instead engage System 2 more.

Which of the following individuals are most commonly connected with the principles of operant (or instrumental) conditioning?

Thorndike and Skinner

For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce

a drive

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

a glass of water

Psychologists best define motivation as:

a need or desire that directs and energizes human behavior

Psychologists best define drive states as

affective experiences that motivate organisms to fulfill survival or reproductive goals

Intelligence is

an individual's cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information

Fear conditioning can play a role in creating __________ in humans.

anxiety disorders

At which stage does memory failure typically occur?

any stage

Which is the correct order of the four parts of learning theorized by Bandura?

attention, retention, initiation, motivation

Episodic memory is the memory system that holds what kind of information?

autobiographical knowledge

While humans try to make rational and logical decisions, we are prevented from doing so by our cognitive limitations that limit the quality and quantity of information available to us. This limitation is called:

bounded rationality

Which groups would memory researchers likely say would be the most susceptible to misinformation?

children and older adults

In Bandura's famous experiment children observed either an aggressive or a non-aggressive model in a room of toys and a Bobo Doll. When allowed to play with Bobo, researchers observed that children who observed the aggressive model were more aggressive in their own interactions. Research concluded that:

children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable

Sidney Crosby, a famous hockey player, is paid $10 million to wear Reebok ice-skates. Reebok hopes this will increase sales of their skates due to:

classical conditioning

Named after the Russian physiologist who first identified its basic principles, Pavlovian conditioning is also called:

classical conditioning.

Andre grew up in New Orleans and was present when Hurricane Katrina occurred. His family, his community, and Andre share a ________ memory of this event.

collective

When one has the sense that a desired goal is both valuable and attainable, ________ may be the result

commitment

In Pavlovian conditioning, a fundamental premise is that the only thing that a conditioned stimulus can cause is a(n):

conditioned response.

Some researcher say that ____________________ is really a set of skills including stress management and the ability to perceive moods.

emotional Intelligence

During the lecture Wayne is busy texting on his cell phone, while kind of half paying attention to what the professor is saying. A few minutes after making a point the professor gives an pop quiz on the material. Wayne can't retrieve the information the prof gave in the lecture and does poorly on the test. A likely factor in Wayne's not being able to retrieve the information is:

encoding failure

It is critical to use good interviewing techniques with eyewitnesses after an event because good interviewing techniques can:

enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness

When Carla was discussing the party with one of her friends, she was trying to remember a conversation she'd had. Carla was trying to access her:

episodic memory

Howie hates his job at Fikshunal Co. He works long hours, is underappreciated, and has a rude boss. The only reason he continues to work at Fikshunal is because he needs the money and benefits he receives. This is an example of ________.

extrinsic motivation

According to research evidence, __________ is the most persuasive form of evidence presented in court.

eyewitness testimony

A(n) _________ memory is a memory of an event that never actually occurred. It is implanted by experimental manipulation or other means.

false

Marcela can clearly remember the moment she learned about the events of Sept. 11, 2001. She vividly recalls when her teacher walked in and turned on the news - the face of the firefighter she saw is permanently etched in her brain. She remembers who was sitting next to her and what she was wearing. This scenario describes what phenomenon?

flashbulb memory

Which of the following refers to the cognitive representation of a desired state?

goal

When a goal-directed action becomes automated and routine it is called a:

habit

Cognitive strategies that simplify decision-making by using mental short cuts are called __________. They are sometimes referred to as "rules of thumb."

heuristics

According to cultural psychologists Markus and Kitayama (1991), the dominant model of the self in North American contexts is a(n) __________ one. In such a model being a person means being distinct from others and behaving similarly across situations

independent

In order to get a coworker to start contributing to a group project, you express feelings of annoyance, anger, and dislike. You hope that by expressing such emotions, your coworker will change their behavior. Using your emotions to impact the behavior of your worker is an example of:

independent self

Leonard is a psychotherapist and is very good at his job partly because he has a strong sense of empathy for others. Which type of intelligence from Gardner's multiple intelligences theory does this most clearly indicate?

interpersonal

Professor Karthum uses bonus points for excellent attendance. He knows that behaviors that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated. This is the basic premise of the:

law of effect

According to the social brain hypothesis, the human brain has evolved over many generations so that people can

maintain larger ingroups.

Activities or resources that contribute to the attainment of a specific goal are called ________.

means

In order to achieve a goal, a certain level of psychological driving force is need to enable action. What is this psychological driving force called?

motivation

Psychological tests are often used to measure characteristics (e.g., IQ) across people of different ages, who live in different places, and so on. In order that people can be properly ordered on the dimension of measurement (e.g., compare their IQs), it's important that these tests are:

normed

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in:

observational learning

The tendency to inflate your own sense of competence or to be more certain than you should be is called __________.

overconfidence

Autobiographical memory forms the core of an individual's:

personal identity

Mary Claire was witness to a robbery. The police would like her to identify the robber. Instead of bringing suspects in and having Mary Claire look at them through a one-way mirror, the police have her flip through a selection of photographs of faces, also known as a ___________.

photo spread

Richard, an institutionalized schizophrenic patient has poor personal hygiene. He is given a token each time he completes a personal hygiene behavior (e.g., brush their teeth in the morning). At the end of the week Richard can exchange these tokens for his favorite snack. The token acts as a:

positive reinforcement

Humans are much more likely to associate snakes with danger than flowers and danger. This is due to our evolutionary tendency called __________.

preparedness

Perception plays a large role in successful self-regulation. When individuals perceive the discrepancy between their current state and their desired end state, they are calculating their ______________. In comparison, ______________ involves the perception of the value and attainability of a goal.

progress; commitment

When Chloe was trying to learn about the stages of memory, she used a personal example to help her transform the information as it was given into something that made sense to her. This process is known as what?

recoding

Effects that increase behaviors are __________; effects that decrease them are ____________.

reinforcers; punishers

The testing effect refers to:

repeated self-testing as a way to enhance retention of information

Even though you already ate a huge dinner, you can't say no to a nice big bowl of ice cream. The ice-cream has a high:

reward value

When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to:

say the same things and do what they observed the adults did

Emotions exist in __________ while feelings and moods occur in __________.

seconds; days

Bazerman and Moore outlined ______ steps that you should take in order to make a rational decision.

six

Gossip travels fast but emotive gossip travels even faster through social networks. In fact, researchers have estimated that everyone in society is connected with one another by ____ degrees of separation.

six

The ___________hypothesis suggests that humans have developed larger brains in order to better maintain large in-groups.

social brain

Social Learning Theory requires ___________ in order for learning to take place.

social models

What does information travel and spread through when people exchange their gossip?

social networks

Ronaldo's dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey's owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey's association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning?

spontaneous recovery

A possible problem in the use of psychological tests (e.g., IQ tests) is that many different psychologists from different backgrounds and with different theoretical orientations and backgrounds may give the test. Every psychologist then might deliver the test differently. In order to overcome this problem, it is ideal if psychological tests are:

standardized

When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and got very sick. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her feel sick. This example demonstrates:

taste aversion

When Leanne was classically conditioned, she was in a room that had a waterfall painted on one wall. Now, when she goes hiking and sees an actual waterfall, she produces a conditioned response. This change in environment that can cause renewal effects is also known as what?

the change in context

Homeostasis refers to:

the tendency to return to a balanced or stable internal state

When you feel that you know the name of a famous actor-you can even imagine her face and think of movies she has starred in-but you cannot quite remember her name this is an example of the _____________ effect.

tip-of-the-tongue

In a "Skinner box" experiments with rats the rats can learn:

to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

Which type of intelligence related skill would be found in Stratum I?

verbal comprehension

Jessy was speeding on his motorcycle when he saw another person pulled over by the police. This made Jessy slow down because he was reminded through watching another person what the punishment of his behavior would be. What is this specific process of observational learning called?

vicarious reinforcement

Levi met a cute girl on the street. The girl gave Levi her number and Levi is trying to remember the digits until he can write it down when he finds a paper and pencil. Levi is using what type of memory to remember the girl's phone number?

working memory