Rad Positioning 1 Final Exam Review
The distal end of the metatarsal adjacent to the phalanges is referred to as the __________ end.
Head
What angulation of the central ray is required for an AP/AP axial projection of the knee if the measurement from the ASIS to the tabletop is 18cm ?
5° caudad
The optimum kV for a PA projection of the wrist is:
60 kVp
What is the optimum kVp used for knee radiography?
60 kVp
What optimum kV should be used for "forearm" or "elbow" radiography?
60 kVp
How many tarsal bones are there?
7 tarsals
What is the optimum kV for a "humerus" study?
70 kVp
What is the optimum kVp used for radiography of the proximal femur?
70 kVp
What optimum kVp should be used for the AP projection of the shoulder with the arm in external rotation?
70 kVp
What optimum kVp should be used for the PA oblique projection/Scapular Y position of the shoulder?
70 kVp
What optimum kVp should be used for the Transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder?
70 kVp
What is the optimum kV to be selected for an AP projection of the abdomen?
85 kVp
What type of image receptor is used for the inferosuperior axial projection/Lawrence Method?
CR Image Receptor with Grid
What is the method name for the PA Axial projection done to demonstrate the intercondylar fossa?
Camp-Coventry
What are the routine views for a "forearm" study?
AP projection lateromedial projection
What is the central ray exit point for the plantodorsal axial projection of the heel?
Distal to the base of fibula
The AP projection of the thumb is done with the palmar surface of the thumb in contact with the IR.
False
The PA projection of the hand requires the posterior surface of the hand to be in contact with the IR.
False
The lateral position of the hand routinely requires the radial aspect of the forearm to be in contact with the IR.
False
When positioning the patient for the Scapular Y position of the shoulder, what guidelines can be used to determine accurate patient positioning?
coracoid process & acromion angle parallel to IR
Which bones form the knee joint? a. femur b. patella c. tibia d. fibula e. talus
a & c
When positioning the patient for the Grashey Method of the shoulder, what guidelines should be used to determine accurate patient positioning?
coracoid process & acromion angle perpendicular to IR
The Transthoracic lateral projection requires what adjustment in the central ray if the affected should is not well depressed?
angle CR 10° cephalad
When performing a portable AP projection of the chest, if the body plane indicated in the above question is not parallel to the IR, what compensatory measure should be used?
angle CR caudad
The upper pointed portion of the fibular head is referred to as the _____.
apex
The bony frame of the skeleton that includes the extremities is referred to as the:
appendicular skeleton
For the AP projection of the scapula, the arm is abducted 90 degrees from the trunk to best demonstrate which specific part of the scapula?
axillary border
With what aspect of the ulna does the trochlea region of the humerus articulate?
coronoid process
Which aspect of the elbow joint is best demonstrated on the medial oblique of the elbow?
coronoid process & trochlear region
When referring to growing bone, the long shaft of the bone is called:
diaphysis
Radiographically, flat bones demonstrate which type of internal bony pattern?
diploë pattern
On which phase of respiration is the AP projection of the abdomen obtained?
exhalation
Does the olecranon process articulate with the olecranon fossa when the elbow is in EXTENSION or FLEXION?
extension
What BODY MOVEMENT TERM describes the straightening of a joint?
extension
To verify that the leg is in the true lateral position when obtaining a lateral view of the foot, ankle or heel, the radiographer must adjust the patient so that which anatomical structure(s) of the knee is(are) aligned perpendicular to the table surface?
femoral epicondyles
During image evaluation of the AP/AP axial projection of the knee, what criteria would be used to determine that the correct angulation was utilized?
fibular apex should be ½" distal to tibial plateau
What BODY MOVEMENT TERM describes the bending of a joint?
flexion
What is the name of the slight indentation on the femoral head which allows for attachment of the capitis femoris ligament?
fovea capitis
The dorsal decubitus position requires the patient to rest on which surface?
back surface
What is the name of the deep depression on the PROXIMAL HUMERUS that is situated between the greater and lesser tubercles?
bicipital groove
What is the name of the fluid‑filled sac at joint sites that acts to reduce friction between bony anatomy and tendons, ligaments or muscles?
bursae
What two terms are used to designate the "LOWER END" or "FOOT END" of the body?
caudad inferior
What two terms are used to designate the "UPPER END" or "HEAD END" of the body?
cephalad superior
The central ray should be directed to which anatomical part for the Scapular Y position of the shoulder?
glenohumeral joint
What anatomical part is best demonstrated by the Grashey Method?
glenohumeral joint
With what part of the scapula does the PROXIMAL HUMERUS articulate?
glenoid fossa
With which part of the scapula does the humeral head articulate?
glenoid fossa
Referring to the PROXIMAL HUMERUS, what anatomical part should be seen in profile on the A.P. projection image of the humerus?
greater tubercle
Indicate the hand positioning for the oblique position of the thumb.
hand pronated
An alternate name for the tibial spine is:
intercondylar eminences
When performing the mortise view of the ankle, the leg & foot should be medially rotated so that which plane is parallel to the IR?
intermalleolar plane
The ridge on the posterior surface of the femur between the greater and lesser trochanter is the:
intertrochanteric crest
Which aspect of the knee joint is well demonstrated on the medial oblique position of the knee?
lateral aspect of joint
What distal part must be included when performing an AP projection of the lower leg?
lateral malleolus
How is the hand positioned for a lateral projection of the elbow?
lateral with thumb up
During image evaluation of the AP projection of the proximal femur, what criteria would be used to determine that the femur was inverted correctly?
lesser trochanter is barely visible
Referring to the PROXIMAL HUMERUS, what anatomical part should be seen in profile on the lateral projection image of the humerus?
lesser tubercle
The tough band of tissue that connects one bone to another bone is a ______.
ligament
During image evaluation of the lateral projection of the knee, what criteria would be used to determine that the correct angulation was utilized?
lower borders of medial & lateral condyles are superimposed
Which part is located more PROXIMALLY -- the toes or the lower leg?
lower leg
What term would mean: TOWARD THE INNER ASPECT OF THE BODY?
medial
Which aspect of the forearm should be adjacent to the IR for the lateral position of the fourth finger?
medial aspect
Which oblique of the elbow demonstrates the proximal shafts of the radius and ulna superimposed?
medial oblique
Which projection should be obtained to best demonstrate the foot in the lateral position (the routine projection used at EMMC)?
mediolateral projection
What are the bones of the palm of the hand called?
metacarpals
Which body plane should be aligned parallel to the IR for the PA projection of the chest?
mid-coronal (axillary) plane
What proximal part must be included when performing an AP projection of the lower leg?
mid-patella
Which body plane should be placed parallel to the IR for a lateral projection of the chest?
mid-sagittal plane
Specifically, what POSITION and PROJECTION is being obtained in the following situation? A patient is lying on his left side on a stretcher or x-ray table. The IR (image receptor) is situated toward the back of the patient, perpendicular to the table surface. The x‑ray beam, which is directed horizontally, enters the front of the patient and exits the back of the patient.
Left lateral decubitus
What are 2 alternate names for the Settegast Method of the patella?
Sunrise Tangential
A lateral projection of the hand routinely requires an increase of 5 kV (as compared to the PA projection) to correctly penetrate the bony anatomy.
True
Another name for a joint is an articulation.
True
If correct penetration is used for a hand radiographic image, the bony trabeculae pattern will be demonstrated.
True
The hilum refers to:
the middle aspect of lung for bronchial entrance
The carina refers to:
the tracheal bifurcation
For the PA axial projection of the intercondylar fossa, the CR is adjusted to be perpendicular to what anatomical part?
tibia
During image evaluation of the AP/AP axial projection of the knee, what criteria would be used to determine that the patient was in the true frontal position with nolateral/medial rotation?
tibia should superimpose 1/3 - ½ of fibular head
Which joint is located more DISTALLY ‑‑ the shoulder joint or wrist joint?
wrist joint
Specifically, where is the CR directed for the AP projection of the ankle?
½" distal to mid-point of intermalleolar plane
To what point is the CR directed for the AP/AP Axial projection of the knee?
½" distal to patellar apex
A deep depression on the border of a bone is called ______.
notch
An opening in the bone for the transmission of blood vessels is called ______.
notch
What proximal and distal anatomy must be included for views of the forearm when the pain is at the mid-point of the radius?
olecranon process & proximal carpals
When positioning the patient for the AP projection of the shoulder with the arm in external rotation, how should the plane between the humeral epicondyles be alignedwith the IR?
parallel
What relationship should the plane between the humeral epicondyles have with the IR for the A.P. projection of the humerus?
parallel to IR
The CR should pass through what joint when doing the Settegast Method of the patella?
patellofemoral joint
When adjusting the patient for the lateral position of the elbow, how is the plane between the humeral epicondyles adjusted to the IR?
perpendicular to IR
What are the individual bones of the digits/fingers called?
phalanges
Which description relates to the MID‑AXILLARY PLANE?
plane dividing the body into equal front and back halves
Which description relates to the MID-SAGITTAL PLANE?
plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves
Which description relates to the MID-TRANSVERSE PLANE?
plane dividing the body into equal upper and lower halves
The BOTTOM SURFACE OF THE FOOT is also known as the:
plantar surface
When performing the PA axial projection of the intercondylar fossa, the central ray should be directed to what entrance point?
popliteal fossa
Why must the central ray be angled for the lateral projection of the knee joint?
project medial condyle onto lateral condyle
According to Merrill's text, in what position is the hand placed for the medial oblique of the elbow?
pronated
What term is used to describe the part of an extremity that is CLOSEST TO THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT?
proximal
To what joint is the central ray directed for radiographic imaging of the finger?
proximal interphalangeal joint
The medial oblique position of the knee opens which articulation (other than the knee joint)?
proximal tibiofibular joint
What breathing method is preferred for the Transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder?
quiet breathing
How many lobes make up each of the lungs?
right - 3; left - 2
The hemi-diaphragm of which lung is positioned higher toward the anterior aspect of the patient, and lower toward the posterior aspect of the patient?
right lung
When the abdomen is divided into the four-quadrant system, the liver would predominantly be located in which quadrant?
right upper quadrant
The ulnar deviation position of the wrist best demonstrates which carpal bone?
scaphoid
What breathing method should be utilized during radiography of the humerus?
suspended breathing
What breathing method is used for all routine shoulder views?
suspended on exhalation
What anatomical structure should be included on the bottom of the radiographic image for an AP projection of the abdomen?
symphysis pubis
Which articulation should be demonstrated on the plantodorsal axial projection of the heel?
talocalcaneal joint
When performing the mortise view of the ankle, the foot is adjusted @ 90 degrees to the lower leg to open up which articulation?
talotibial plane
What is the PROJECTION TERM used when the CR (central ray) skims the surface of the body part?
tangential projection
What angulation of the central ray is required for an AP/AP axial projection of the knee if the measurement from the ASIS to the tabletop is 24cm?
0°
Which bones of the foot are located proximal to the metatarsals?
1 - 3 cuneiforms
To what point is the central ray directed for the AP projection of the shoulder?
1" distal to coracoid process
To what point is the central ray directed for the lateral projection of the knee?
1" distal to femoral epicondyles
The PA oblique projection of the hand with the ulnar aspect resting on the IR best demonstrates which metacarpals?
1st & 2nd metacarpals
What degree of knee flexion is recommended for the lateral projection of the knee when there is a question of effusion?
10 - 15°
What is the optimum kV to be selected for the PA projection of the chest (with grid)?
100 - 150 kVp
What phosphor cassette size is typically used for "forearm"?
14" x 17"
The Settegast Method requires that the CR be directed at what angle to the plane of the lower leg?
15 - 20°
What is the centering point for an AP projection of the scapula?
2" distal to coracoid process
What degree of knee flexion is recommended for the routine lateral projection of the knee?
20 - 30°
How many bones are there in the adult human body?
206
If 75 mAs is typically used for an AP projection of the scapula, which technical factors should be selected if the patient is cooperative and you request that the patient use the quiet breathing technique?
25 mA @ 3 seconds
The medial oblique position of the foot demonstrates which metatarsal(s) free of superimposition?
3 - 5 metatarsals
For the oblique position of the toes, the plane of the foot is adjusted how many degrees from the plane of the IR?
30°
The inferosuperior axial projection/Lawrence Method of the shoulder requires the central ray be directed how many degrees in the medial direction?
30°
To which specific anatomical point is the central ray directed for the PA projection of the hand?
3rd metacarpophalangeal joint
To what joint is the CR directed for the AP axial projection of "toes" (to include entire toe area)?
3rd metatarsophalangeal joint
For the PA axial projection of the intercondylar fossa, the lower leg should form what angle with the plane of the IR?
40 - 50°
If 60 mAs is typically used for an AP projection of the scapula, which technical factors should be selected if the patient is uncooperative and/or refuses to maintain a stationary position?
400 mA @ 3/20 second
What degree and direction of central ray angulation is required for the plantodorsal axial projection of the heel?
40° cephalad
How much is the arm rotated for the oblique positions of the elbow?
45 degrees
For the AP oblique projection/Grashey Method of the shoulder, approximately what degree of body rotation is required?
45°
What angle does the wrist form with the plane of the IR for the oblique position of the wrist?
45°
What degree of rotation is required for the oblique positions of the knee joint?
45°
What is the CR angulation routinely required for the lateral projection of the knee?
5 - 7° cephalad
The optimum kV for a PA projection of the hand is:
55 kVp
What is the name of the fracture type in which a piece of the bone is pulled away from the main bone by the contraction of a muscle?
Avulsion Fracture
What is the PROJECTION TERM used when the central ray is angled toward either the foot end or head end of the patient?
Axial Projection
To what point is the CR directed for the AP axial projection of the "foot"?
Base of 3rd metatarsal
What is the central ray entrance point for the plantodorsal axial projection of the heel?
Base of 3rd metatarsal
What is the name of fracture type in which the bone is fragmented into many smaller segments?
Comminuted Fracture
What is the name of the fracture type that occurs in children when one side of the bone remains intact while the opposite side of the bone buckles/breaks?
Greenstick Fracture
What PROJECTION TERM would apply to this situation? A patient is lying down on his right side on top of the x-ray table; the IR is placed on the x-ray table with the outside of the lower leg adjacent to the IR; the x-ray beam enters the inside of the patient's leg.
Mediolateral projection
Indicate the routine view(s) for a "hand" series when the clinical data indicates "bone age study".
PA projection
When adjusting the patient for the lateral position of the lower leg, what guideline is used to align the lower leg correctly?
Plane between epicondyles perpendicular to IR
Movement of a part (usually an extremity) AWAY FROM THE CENTER OF THE BODY is called:
abduction
Turning/twisting the foot at the ankle joint in the OUTWARD DIRECTION is called:
abduction
What is the name of the protuberance on the posterior aspect of the medial femoral condyle?
adductor tubercle
Within what specific lung anatomy does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur?
alveolae
Referring to the PROXIMAL HUMERUS, what is the name of the diagonal area immediately distal to the humeral head?
anatomical neck
What is meant by SID?
source to image receptor distance
When evaluating accurate positioning of the patient on the Transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder, the proximal humerus should be seen through the thorax between which 2 structures?
sternum & thoracic spine
The majority of the population "fits" into which two body habitus categories?
sthenic & hyposthenic
A patient positioned in the DORSAL RECUMBENT POSITION would be:
supine
Why should the shoulders be rotated forward for the PA projection of the chest?
to move the scapulae laterally away from the lung fields
The AP oblique projection of the wrist done with the arm resting on the ulnar surface best demonstrates which specific carpal bones?
triangular, pisiform & hamate
Referring to the DISTAL HUMERUS, what is the name of the smooth, curved area located on the lower aspect of the medial humeral condyle that articulates with the coronoid process?
trochlea
What is another term used to describe the FRONT SURFACE OF THE BODY?
ventral surface
The PALM OF THE HAND is also known as the:
ventral surface anterior surface
What is another name for the medial border of the scapula?
vertebral border
What vertical distance should be measured to the IR in order to maintain 40" SID when angling for the axial projection of the heel?
vertical measurement - 30"
