random q exam 2

18 ) Define bronchopulmonary segment . A ) A bronchopulmonary segment is a region of the lung supplied by a main or primary bronchus . B ) A bronchopulmonary segment is a region of the lung supplied by a segmental bronchus . C ) A bronchopulmonary segment is a region of the lung supplied by a lobar or secondary bronchus . D ) A bronchopulmonary segment is a region of the lung supplied by terminal bronchioles . E ) A bronchopulmonary segment is a region of the lung supplied by respiratory bronchioles .

B ) A bronchopulmonary segment is a region of the lung supplied by a segmental bronchus .

94 ) A child falls off her bike and skins her knee . Which form of immunity will be activated immediately ? A ) Cell - mediated immunity B ) Innate immunity C ) Adaptive immunity D ) Antibody - mediated immunity

B ) Innate immunity

32 ) Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false ? A ) It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs . B ) It causes RBCs to swell . C ) It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma . D ) It is driven by a rise in PCO2 E ) It depends on the chloride - bicarbonate countertransport mechanism .

B ) It causes RBCs to swell .

16 ) The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the A ) pharyngeal septum . B ) soft palate . C ) hard palate . D ) cribriform plate . E ) internal nares .

B ) soft palate .

48 ) Which of the following would be greater ? A ) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2 B ) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6

B ) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6

73 ) Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the A ) right lymphatic duct . B ) thoracic duct . C ) dural sinus . D ) cisterna chyli . E ) hepatic portal vein .

B ) thoracic duct .

84 ) T is to _______ as B is to _______ A ) top ; bottom B ) thymus - dependent ; bone marrow - derived C ) non - thymus - dependent ; bottom D ) thyroid ; bowel E ) None of the answers is correct .

B ) thymus - dependent ; bone marrow - derived

50 ) The largest shield - shaped cartilage of the larynx is the cartilage . A ) cuneiform B ) thyroid C ) arytenoid D ) epiglottal E ) cricoid

B ) thyroid

13 ) What function do the C - shaped tracheal cartilages allow ? A ) Allow gas diffusion to occur around the cartilage surfaces and the tissues of the mediastinum . B ) Allow the trachea to collapse on itself when no inhalation or exhalation is occurring to reduce space in the mediastinum C ) Allow room for blood pulses to expand the common carotid artery without interfering with air flow . D ) Allow room for the trachea to expand if you inhale a large volume of air . E ) Allow room for the esophagus to expand during swallowing .

E ) Allow room for the esophagus to expand during swallowing .

74 ) Immunoglobulins , formed of five subunits , which are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are A ) IgA . B ) IgD . C ) IgE . D ) IgG . E ) IgM .

E ) IgM .

40 ) Describe the lung borders and landmarks .

The curving anterior and inferior borders follow the contours of the rib cage. The apex of each lung extends superiorly to the first rib and the base of each lung rests on the superior surface of the diaphragm.

63 ) ________________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions . A ) Tidal volume B ) Inspiratory reserve volume C ) Expiratory reserve volume D ) Residual volume E ) Inspiratory capacity

A ) Tidal volume

51 ) A hemoglobin molecule contains ____________ globular protein subunits . A ) 2 alpha and 2 beta B ) 1 alpha and 1 beta C ) 4 beta D ) 4 alpha E ) 2 alpha and 3 beta

A ) 2 alpha and 2 beta

49 ) Each 100 mL of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly of oxygen . A ) 20 mL B ) 30 mL C ) 10 mL D ) 75 mL E ) 50 mL

A ) 20 mL

91 ) When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein , it can activate a( n ) ___________ cell . A ) CD4 T B ) plasma C ) cytotoxic T D ) NK E ) suppressor T

A ) CD4 T

69 ) Define compliance and resistance . A ) Compliance is the ease with which the lungs expand and recoil . Resistance is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs . B ) Compliance is the ability of the lungs to expand . Resistance is the ability of the lungs to recoil . C ) Compliance is the ease with which the breathing muscles and rib cage expand and recoil . Resistance is the limitation of expansion placed on the lungs by the size of the rib cage . D ) Compliance is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs . Resistance is the ease with which the lungs expand and recoil . E ) Compliance is the limitation of expansion placed on the lungs by the size of the rib cage . Resistance is the ease with which the breathing muscles and rib cage expand and recoil .

A ) Compliance is the ease with which the lungs expand and recoil . Resistance is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs .

61 ) Define Dalton's law . A ) Dalton's law states that in a mixture of gases , the individual gases exert a pressure proportional to their abundance in the mixture . B ) Dalton's law states that at a given temperature , the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas , which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli , and between capillaries and interstitial fluid . C ) Dalton's law states that at a given temperature , the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is inversely proportional to the partial pressure of that gas , which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli , and between capillaries and interstitial fluid . D ) Dalton's law states that at a constant temperature , the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its volume E ) Dalton's law states that at a constant temperature , the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume .

A ) Dalton's law states that in a mixture of gases , the individual gases exert a pressure proportional to their abundance in the mixture .

21 ) What is the significance of Henry's law to the process of respiration ? A ) Henry's law states that at a given temperature , the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas , which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli , and between capillaries and interstitial fluid . B ) Henry's law states that at a constant temperature , the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume . C ) Henry's law states that in a mixture of gases , the individual gases exert a pressure proportional to their abundance in the mixture . D ) Henry's law states that at a constant temperature , the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its volume E ) Henry's law states that at a given temperature , the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is inversely proportional to the partial pressure of that gas , which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli , and between capillaries and interstitial fluid .

A ) Henry's law states that at a given temperature , the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas , which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli , and between capillaries and interstitial fluid .

82 ) Explain lymphedema A ) Lymphedema is the accumulation of interstitial fluids that results from blocked lymphatic drainage . B ) Lymphedema is the accumulation of lymphocytes in lymphatic vessels during an active infection . C ) Lymphedema is the activation of the lymphatic system during an active infection . D ) Lymphedema is the invasion of red blood cells into leaky lymphatic vessels . E ) Lymphedema is the dilation of lymphatic vessels that occurs in response to inflammation .

A ) Lymphedema is the accumulation of interstitial fluids that results from blocked lymphatic drainage

85 ) If you observed a higher - than - normal number of plasma cells in a sample of lymph , would you expect antibody levels in the blood to be higher or lower than normal ? A ) Plasma cells produce antibodies so you would expect antibody levels would be higher than normal . B ) Plasma cells do not produce antibodies so you would expect antibody levels would be higher than normal . C ) Plasma cells do not produce antibodies so you would expect antibody levels would be lower than normal . D ) Plasma cells produce antibodies so you would expect antibody levels would be lower than normal .

A ) Plasma cells produce antibodies so you would expect antibody levels would be higher than normal .

55 ) Identify three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases ( COPDs ) A ) asthma , chronic bronchitis , emphysema B ) asthma , lung cancer , chronic bronchitis C ) chronic bronchitis , lung cancer , pneumonia D ) chronic bronchitis , lung cancer , emphysema E ) asthma , pneumonia , chronic bronchitis

A ) asthma , chronic bronchitis , emphysema

76 ) What types of immunity are stimulated by antigen presentation ? A ) cell - mediated immunity and antibody - mediated immunity B ) antibody - mediated immunity C ) artificially acquired passive immunity D ) naturally acquired passive immunity E ) cell - mediated immunity

A ) cell - mediated immunity and antibody - mediated immunity

64 ) The apneustic centers promote quiet inhalation by stimulating the A ) dorsal respiratory group ( DRG ) B ) ventral respiratory group ( VRG ) . C ) pre - Bötzinger complex . D ) pneumotaxic centers . E ) None of the answers is correct . The apneustic centers cannot promote inhalation .

A ) dorsal respiratory group ( DRG ) .

20 ) The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal , quiet respiratory cycle is termed A ) expiratory reserve volume . B ) total lung capacity . C ) residual volume . D ) inspiratory reserve volume . E ) tidal volume .

A ) expiratory reserve volume .

72 ) The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called A ) fissures . B ) grooves . C ) sutures . D ) segments . E ) notches .

A ) fissures .

23 ) After a quiet expiration , the amount of air in your lungs is called the A ) functional residual capacity . B ) expiratory reserve volume . C ) residual volume . D ) inspiratory capacity . E ) tidal volume .

A ) functional residual capacity .

97 ) Which chemicals do mast cells and basophils release when stimulated in an allergic reaction ? A ) histamines , leukotrienes , and other chemicals that cause inflammation B ) IgE antibodies C ) interferons D ) complement proteins E ) heparin

A ) histamines , leukotrienes , and other chemicals that cause inflammation

57 ) Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because A ) it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air . B ) it dries out the mouth . C ) there is less resistance to flow . D ) bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity . E ) it combines olfaction with respiration .

A ) it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air .

29 ) Air traveling from the tertiary bronchi must pass through the ___________ to reach the pulmonary lobule . A ) terminal bronchioles B ) alveoli C ) secondary bronchi D ) trachea E ) primary bronchi

A ) terminal bronchioles

6 ) Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur ? A ) alveoli B ) bronchioles C ) segmental bronchi D ) trachea E ) lobar bronchi

A) alveoli

38 ) The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except A ) helping warm the air . B ) providing gas exchange . C ) keeping out debris . D ) helping filter the air . E ) keeping out pathogens .

B ) providing gas exchange .

31 ) Which of the following is false about the pharynx ? A ) The laryngopharynx ends at esophagus opening . B ) It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems . C ) The nasopharynx is superior . D ) Solids , liquids , and gases pass through . E ) The oropharynx connects to oral cavity .

B ) It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems .

10 ) Distinguish between phonation and articulation. A ) Phonation is central nervous system control over the production of sound . Articulation is the movement of the vocal folds to produce sound . B ) Phonation is the movement of the vocal folds to produce sound ; articulation is the modification of sound by the tongue , teeth , and lips . C ) Phonation is the response of the auditory association area to the hearing of sound . Articulation is the movement of the vocal folds to produce sound . D ) Articulation is the movement of the vocal folds to produce sound phonation is the modification of sound by the tongue , teeth , and lips . E ) Articulation is the central nervous system control over the production sound . Phonation is the movement of the vocal folds to produce sound .

B ) Phonation is the movement of the vocal folds to produce sound ; articulation is the modification of sound by the tongue, teeth, and lips

24 ) Distinguish between the conducting portion and respiratory portion of the respiratory tract . A ) The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx and larynx . The respiratory portion includes the trachea , bronchi , larger bronchioles , respiratory bronchioles and alveoli . B ) The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx , larynx . trachea , bronchi , and larger bronchioles . The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli . C ) The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and pharynx . The respiratory portion includes the larynx , trachea , bronchi , larger bronchioles , respiratory bronchioles , and alveoli . D ) The conducting portion of the respiratory tract includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli . The respiratory portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx , larynx , trachea , bronchi , and larger bronchioles . E ) The conducting portion includes the trachea , bronchi , larger bronchioles , respiratory bronchioles and alveoli . The respiratory portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx and larynx .

B ) The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx , larynx . trachea , bronchi , and larger bronchioles . The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli .

42 ) Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues . A ) The atmospheric pressure gradient drives oxygen into tissues and carbon dioxide moves passively out . B ) The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood . C ) The respiratory muscles generate force that drives oxygen into tissue and carbon dioxide moves passively out . D ) The osmotic pressure gradient of dissolved proteins push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood . E ) Air hydrostatic pressures push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood .

B ) The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood .

14 ) The pneumotaxic center A ) both is in the pons and excites the apneustic center . B ) both is in the pons and inhibits the apneustic center . C ) is in the pons . D ) inhibits the apneustic center E ) excites the apneustic center .

B ) both is in the pons and inhibits the apneustic center .

39 ) Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous for all of the following reasons except A ) air is warmed on inhalation . B ) decreased breath volumes on inhalation . C ) air is humidified on inhalation . D ) heat loss is reduced on exhalation . E ) water loss is reduced on exhalation .

B ) decreased breath volumes on inhalation .

53 ) The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the A ) cribriform plate . B ) hard palate . C ) pharyngeal septum . D ) internal nares . E ) soft palate .

B ) hard palate .

99 ) The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their A ) antigen specificity . B ) heavy - chain constant segments . C ) both light - chain variable segments and heavy - chain constant segments . D ) light - chain variable segments . E ) asymmetry .

B ) heavy - chain constant segments .

100 ) The human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , which causes the disease known as AIDS , selectively infects ____________ cells . A ) B B ) helper T C ) plasma D ) suppressor T E ) cytotoxic T

B ) helper T

19 ) In quiet breathing , A ) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions . B ) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive . C ) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions . D ) inspiration and expiration are both passive . E ) None of the answers is correct .

B ) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive .

12 ) Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ____________ muscle ( s ) . A ) external intercostal B ) internal intercostal C ) diaphragm D ) scalene E ) serratus anterior

B ) internal intercostal

59 ) The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is A ) breathing . B ) internal respiration . C ) external respiration . D ) pulmonary ventilation . E ) cellular respiration .

B ) internal respiration .

11 ) Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the A ) extrinsic ligaments . B ) movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of voluntary muscles . C ) movement of the arytenoid cartilages . D ) contraction of laryngeal muscles . E ) None of the answers is correct .

B ) movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of voluntary muscles .

33 ) The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the A ) cribriform plate . B ) nasal septum . C ) soft palate . D ) internal nares . E ) hard palate .

B ) nasal septum .

43 ) Starting at the ___________ the epithelium changes to stratified squamous epithelium . A ) trachea B ) oropharynx C ) nasopharynx D ) larynx E ) nasal cavity

B ) oropharynx

44 ) Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system ? A ) bronchi B ) oropharynx C ) alveoli D ) bronchioles E ) larynx

B ) oropharynx

52 ) How would blockage of the trachea affect blood pH ?

Blockage of the trachea would interfere with the body's ability to take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. Because most carbon dioxide is transported in blood as bicarbonate ions formed from the dissociation of carbonic acid, an inability to eliminate carbon dioxide would result in a buildup of excess hydrogen ions, which would decrease blood pH

67 ) Identify the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream . A ) Bound to hemoglobin , bound to the surface of the RBCs , or as hydrogen ions in the plasma . B ) Dissolved in plasma , bound to the surface of the RBCs , or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma . C ) Dissolved in plasma , bound to hemoglobin , or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma . D ) Bound to hemoglobin , bound to other transport proteins , or bound to the surface of the RBCs . E ) Dissolved in plasma , as hydrogen ions in the plasma , or bound to hemoglobin .

C ) Dissolved in plasma , bound to hemoglobin , or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma .

88 ) Identify the three major types of T cells activated by class I MHC proteins A ) NK T cells , cytotoxic T cells , and helper T cells B ) helper T cells , regulatory T cells , and memory T cells C ) cytotoxic T cells , memory T cells , and regulatory T cells D ) memory T cells , regulatory T cells , and plasma T cells E ) plasma T cells , memory T cells , and cytotoxic T cells

C ) cytotoxic T cells , memory T cells , and regulatory T cells

36 ) Identify the primary inspiratory muscles . A ) diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles B ) diaphragm and the rectus abdominis muscles C ) diaphragm and external intercostal muscles D ) scalenes and serratus anterior E ) internal and external intercostal muscles

C ) diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

15 ) The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost , leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles , is called A ) bronchitis B ) asthma . C ) emphysema . D ) tuberculosis . E ) pneumonia .

C ) emphysema .

89 ) Destruction of antigens or cell lysis can be caused by all of the following except A ) complement system . B ) antibody actions . C ) helper T cells . D ) macrophages . E ) cytotoxic T cells .

C ) helper T cells .

71 ) What pressure will be present in the space labeled " 5 " ? A ) alveolar pressure B ) atmospheric pressure C ) intrapulmonary pressure D ) subalveolar pressure E ) subatmospheric pressure

C ) intrapulmonary pressure

75 ) The white pulp of the spleen is populated by A ) trabeculae . B ) veins . C ) lymphocytes . D ) arteries . E ) fibrous connective tissue .

C ) lymphocytes .

34 ) Pulmonary ventilation refers to the A ) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells . B ) utilization of oxygen . C ) movement of air into and out of the lungs . D ) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space . E ) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood .

C ) movement of air into and out of the lungs .

47 ) Identify the structure labeled " 7. A ) internal nares B ) glottis C ) oropharynx D ) esophagus E ) laryngopharynx

C ) oropharynx

95 ) The role of antigen - presenting cells in immunity is to do all of the following except A ) activate T cells . B ) display antigen fragments . C ) phagocytosis . D ) process antigens . E ) activate B cells .

C ) phagocytosis .

28 ) Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange ? A ) urinary B ) digestive C ) respiratory D ) All of the answers are correct . E ) None of the answers is correct .

C ) respiratory

45 ) During a choking episode , most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the _____________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle . A ) left primary B ) right secondary C ) right primary D ) left secondary E ) None of the answers are more likely .

C ) right primary

79 ) The lobules of the thymus are divided by partitions called A ) sutures . B ) fissures . C ) septa . D ) hilum . E ) trabeculae .

C ) septa .

3 ) Dalton's law states that A ) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume . B ) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure . C ) in a mixture of gases such as air , the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture . D ) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional . E ) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional .

C) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture

5 ) The right lung has _______ the left lung has _______ A ) two lobes ; three lobes B ) two lobes ; two lobes C ) three lobes ; two lobes D ) three lobes ; three lobes E ) None of the answers is correct .

C) three lobes ; two lobes

70 ) Compare chronic bronchitis with emphysema .

Chronic bronchitis is a long term inflammation of the mocous membrane in the bronchial tubes; emphysema is a condition in which the aveolar aurfaces of the lungs are destroyed and alveoli merge, which reduces respiratorysurface area and oxygen absorption, causing breathlessness

62 ) Why can cystic fibrosis become lethal ?

Cystic fibrosis causes productiin of dense mucus that restricts respiratory passages and accumulates in the lungs. Harmful bacteria infection of the lungs may also develop, leading to death.

93 ) T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of A ) APCs . B ) immunoglobulins . C ) antibodies . D ) B cells . E ) plasma cells .

D ) B cells .

98 ) Describe hypersensitivities . A ) Hypersensitivities are the excessive immune reaction of antibodies to a virus - infected cell . B ) Hypersensitivities are normal immune responses to an allergen , which is an antigen that triggers an allergic reaction . C ) Hypersensitivities are inadequate immune responses due to problems with embryonic development of lymphoid organs and tissues , a viral infection , or treatment with or exposure to immunosuppressive agents . D ) Hypersensitivities are excessive immune responses to an allergen , which is an antigen that triggers an allergic reaction E ) Hypersensitivities is a condition that results from the production of antibodies directed against normal antigens in the body .

D ) Hypersensitivities are excessive immune responses to an allergen , which is an antigen that triggers an allergic reaction .

35 ) Describe the location of the lungs within the thoracic cavity . A ) The left and right lungs are surrounded by a pericardial cavity . B ) The left lung is surrounded by a left pleural cavity and the right lung is surrounded by a right pericardial cavity . C ) The left lung is surrounded by a left pericardial cavity and the right lung is surrounded by a right pleural cavity . D ) The left lung and right lung are surrounded by the left and right pleural cavities , respectively . E ) The lungs are anterior to the sternum in the mediastinum .

D ) The left lung and right lung are surrounded by the left and right pleural cavities , respectively .

54 ) Why is the vascularization of the nasal cavity important ? A ) The rich collection of blood vessels drains excess interstitial fluid into the surrounding nasal passageways as a way to increase mucus production . B ) The rich collection of blood vessels allows the incoming air to be filtered of large particles before it leaves the nasal cavity . C ) The rich collection of blood vessels allows blood temperature to equalize with external temperatures . D ) The rich collection of blood vessels allows the incoming air to be warmed and humidified before it leaves the nasal cavity . E ) The rich collection of blood vessels allows the white blood cells to attract and destroy pathogens in incoming air before it leaves the nasal cavity .

D ) The rich collection of blood vessels allows the incoming air to be warmed and humidified before it leaves the nasal cavity .

41 ) A period in which breathing has stopped , followed by a forceful expulsion of air , is termed A ) respiratory distress . B ) hypoxia . C ) anoxia . D ) apnea . E ) apneustic breathing .

D ) apnea .

27 ) The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage and help with opening and closing the glottis to produce sound are the ________ cartilages . A ) thyroid B ) corniculate C ) tracheal D ) arytenoid E ) cuneiform

D ) arytenoid

86 ) Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except A ) basement membranes . B ) epithelium . C ) secretions . D ) complement . E ) body hair .

D ) complement .

83 ) Identify the structure labeled " 1. " A ) trabecula B ) venule C ) afferent lymphatic D ) efferent lymphatic E ) lymphatic nodule

D ) efferent lymphatic

65 ) The laryngeal cartilage composed of elastic cartilage that prevents entry of solids or liquids into the larynx when swallowing is the A ) corniculate cartilage . B ) cricoid cartilage . C ) thyroid cartilage . D ) epiglottis . E ) arytenoid cartilage .

D ) epiglottis .

78 ) Identify the region labeled " 5. " A ) medullary sinus B ) deep cortex C ) subscapular space D ) germinal center E ) trabeculae

D ) germinal center

81 ) When large numbers of antibodies encounter their antigenic targets , they interact to form a three - dimensional structure known as a ( n ) A ) major histocompatibility complex . B ) antigen - presenting cell . C ) antigenic determinant site . D ) immune complex . E ) antigen - antibody complex .

D ) immune complex .

90 ) The merging of _____________ forms the right lymphatic duct . A ) superior and inferior lymphatic ducts B ) two great vessels C ) the thoracic and mediastinal ducts D ) the right jugular , right subclavian , and right bronchomediastinal trunks E ) the left jugular , right subclavian , and right bronchomediastinal trunks

D ) the right jugular , right subclavian , and right bronchomediastinal trunks

9 ) When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract , A ) the lungs shrink . B ) expiration occurs . C ) the volume of the lungs decreases D ) the volume of the thorax increases . E ) the volume of the thorax decreases .

D ) the volume of the thorax increases

17 ) The vocal ligaments are found in the A ) aryepiglottic folds . B ) vestibular folds . C ) cricoid cartilage . D ) vocal folds . E ) rima glottidis .

D ) vocal folds .

2 ) How do abnormal antigens attached to class I MHC proteins initiate an immune response ? A ) Abnormal antigens are displayed on the surface of the cell's plasma membrane and recognition by NK cells initiates the initial immune response . B ) Abnormal antigens are displayed on the surface of the cell's plasma membrane and recognition by regulatory T cells initiates the initial immune response . C ) Abnormal antigens are displayed on the surface of the cell's plasma membrane and recognition by plasma cells initiates the initial immune response . D ) Abnormal antigens are displayed on the surface of the cell's plasma membrane and recognition by CD8 T cells initiates the initial immune response . E ) Abnormal antigens are displayed on the surface of the cell's plasma membrane and recognition by CD4 T cells initiates the initial immune response .

D) Abnormal antigens are displayed on the surface of the cell's plasma membrane and recognition by CD8 T cells initiates the initial immune response

7 ) Which ventilates alveoli more effectively : slow , deep breaths or rapid , shallow breaths ? Explain why A ) Rapid , shallow breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space . B ) Rapid , shallow breaths because a larger amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space . C ) Slow , deep breaths because a larger amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space . D ) Slow , deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space .

D) Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space

4 ) Alveolar ventilation ( VA ) refers to the A ) movement of air into and out of the lungs . B ) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli . C ) utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism . D ) amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute . E ) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood .

D) amount of air reaching the alveolar cells to support metabolism

1 ) The two vertebral arteries fuse to form a large artery , the A ) external carotid artery B ) common carotid artery C ) circle of Willis . D ) basilar artery . E ) internal carotid artery .

D) basilar artery

26 ) Define respiratory defense system . A ) The respiratory defense system is the collection of lymph nodes throughout the lungs that filter the air as it is inhaled . B ) The respiratory defense system is the lymph fluid that lines the internal respiratory passageways to prevent invasion by pathogens . C ) The respiratory defense system is the resident macrophages that live in the respiratory passageways . D ) The respiratory defense system is the collection of T cells and B cells that reside in the respiratory passageways . E ) The respiratory defense system is a series of filtration mechanisms that prevent airway contamination .

E ) The respiratory defense system is a series of filtration mechanisms that prevent airway contamination .

30 ) The most superior portion of the lung is termed the A ) oblique fissure . B ) base . C ) hilum . D ) cardiac notch . E ) apex .

E ) apex .

60 ) The " C " in COPD stands for A ) critical . B ) congestive . C ) cumulative . D ) compliant . E ) chronic .

E ) chronic .

92 ) The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the A ) azygos . B ) lymph node . C ) hilum . D ) bronchomediastinal trunk . E ) cisterna chyli .

E ) cisterna chyli .

22 ) Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa ? A ) cool outgoing air B ) trap particulate matter C ) dehumidify the outgoing air D ) humidify the incoming air E ) dehumidify the incoming air

E ) dehumidify the incoming air

58 ) Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the A ) PCO2 of the blood . B ) solubility of oxygen in plasma . C ) PO2 of the alveoli . D ) thickness of the respiratory membrane . E ) diameter of an alveolus .

E ) diameter of an alveolus .

96 ) Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following ? A ) red blood cells B ) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen C ) all body cells with a nucleus D ) granulocytes and microphages E ) lymphocytes and antigen - presenting cells

E ) lymphocytes and antigen - presenting cells

80 ) The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are cells . A ) thymus B ) liver C ) NK D ) helper T E ) plasma

E ) plasma

66 ) The inflation reflex A ) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes . B ) alters pulmonary ventilation when the P02 changes . C ) is an important aspect of normal , quiet breathing . D ) functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure . E ) protects the lungs from damage during forced inspiration

E ) protects the lungs from damage during forced inspiration

68 ) During swallowing , all of the following occur except A ) liquids are prevented from entering the respiratory tract . B ) the epiglottis folds over the glottis . C ) the larynx is elevated . D ) solids are prevented from entering the respiratory tract . E ) the uvula rises to block the oropharynx .

E ) the uvula rises to block the oropharynx .

77 ) A rise in the level of interferons in the body suggests what kind of infection ? A ) bacterial B ) parasitic C ) prion D ) cancer E ) viral

E ) viral

46 ) How does the respiratory minute volume differ from alveolar ventilation ?

Respiratory minute volume is the amount of air moved into and out of the respiratory tract each minute, whereas alveolar ventilation is the amount of air reaching the aveoli each minute. Because some of the air never reaches the aveoli but instead remains in the anatomic dead space, alveolar ventilation is lower than reapiratory minute volume.

37 ) Explain the decrease in P02 from the pulmonary venules to the blood arriving in the peripheral capillaries of the systemic circuit .

The PO2 decreases from about 100mm Hg to 95mm Hg in the pulmonary veins as it mixes with venous blood from capillaries aurrpunding the conducting passageways

87 ) Define sensitization .

The process by which a B cell prepares to undergo activation after encountering a specific antigen. During sensitization, the specific antigens bound to membrane antibodies are brought into the cell by endocytosis, where the antigens then become bound to class II MHC proteins. Together, they then appear at the cell surface.

ESSAY . 8 ) Johnny is angry , so he tells his mom that he will hold his breath until he turns blue and dies . Explain whether this will likely happen

This is unlikely to happen. When Johnny holds his breath, carbon dioxide levels in his blood increase, causing increased stimulation of the inspiratory centers, forcing him to breathe again.

25 ) Ralph is taking scuba diving classes and is warned not to hold his breath when ascending from depth but to continuously release air from his mouth . What is the basis of this instruction , and what is the risk if it is ignored ?

When breathing underwater with scuba equipment, gas is supplied by the tank at higher than atmospheric pressure to ivercome the extra pressure imposed by the overlying water. According to Boyle's Law, during ascent when the pressure falls, the volume of gas contained in the lungs will expand. If not permitted to escape theough the mouth, it will damage the lung, sending air into the bloodstream. A massive air embolism in the pulmonary arteries could be suddenly fatal.

56 ) Trace the pathway of air through the upper respiratory system . ( Module 21.38 )

nostrils - nasal cavity - nasal vestibule (guarded by hairs) - superior, middle, and inferior meatuses - chonanae (openings between the nasal cavity and nasopharynx) - nasopharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx - larynx.