Respiratory System Chapter 19
Smokers are more susceptible to respiratory infections because they congregate in small areas to smoke. their respiratory passages overproduce cilia, to which bacteria cling. their respiratory passages lose cilia, which would otherwise remove bacteria. the respiratory passages have too little mucus.
their respiratory passages lose cilia, which would otherwise remove bacteria.
The volume of air that enters (or leaves) during a single respiratory cycle is the inspiratory reserve volume. vital capacity. tidal volume. expiratory reserve volume.
tidal volume.
Carbon monoxide is toxic because it destroys respiratory areas in the brain. True False
False
Cellular respiration enables cells to harness the energy from oxygen. True False
False
Coughing reflexes become faster with age. True False
False
Gas exchange occurs across alveolar pores. True False
False
Oxygen is carried in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions and is bound to hemoglobin. True False
False
The left lung is larger than the right lung and is divided into three lobes. True False
False
The pectoralis minor muscles and the sternocleidomastoid muscles are useful in aiding forced expiration. True False
False
The pharynx is an enlargement at the top of the trachea that houses the vocal cords. True False
False
The partial pressure of oxygen that stimulates the respiratory areas is __________ of normal. 33% 50% 67% 80%
50%
Emphysema results in constriction of the bronchioles. cancer of the lung. decreased number of respiratory capillaries. backflow of capillary fluids into the alveoli. X
?
Which of the following factors does not directly affect breathing rate? Partial pressure of oxygen in body fluids Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in body fluidsX Degree of lung tissue stretch Size of residual volume
?
The airplane you are riding suddenly depressurizes at 10,000 feet in the air. This causes the PO2 of the airplane's air to drastically decrease. You pass out before you can put on your oxygen mask. After a few seconds, the PO2 in your alveoli rapidly drops to 60 mmHg instead of the normal 104 mmHg. How will this affect blood gas concentrations? PO2 in the alveoli will be so low that oxygen will diffuse from hemoglobin into the alveoli, where it is exhaled. This causes blood oxygen concentrations to drop throughout the body. Blood PCO2 will increase because the air contains less oxygen. Blood PO2 will become low and much less oxygen will be delivered to tissues until cabin pressure returns. PO2 in the alveoli will be too low for gas exchange to even occur, so tissues will receive no oxygen during the depressurization event.
??
The airplane you are riding suddenly depressurizes at 10,000 feet in the air. This causes the PO2 of the airplane's air to drastically decrease. You pass out before you can put on your oxygen mask. After being exposed to these pressure conditions for a time, PO2 of the blood after oxygenation is only 60 mmHg. How saturated will hemoglobin be in these conditions (if the temperature remains around 38 degrees C)? About 60% saturated About 85% saturated X About 90% saturated About 100% saturated
??
You have just jumped into the ocean after your boat began to sink. Luckily, you found an air tank before you jumped. Unluckily, the air tank has been used. The gauge says there is now exactly 30,000mL of air left in the tank. In a panic, you take in the full inspiratory reserve volume each time you inhale. How many times can you inspire at this panicked volume before the tank runs out? 27 times 6 and a half times X 60 times 10 times
??
What is chloride shift? An exchange that maintains the ionic balance between the red blood cells and the plasma Movement of chloride across the respiratory membranes, decreasing oxygen delivery to tissues The type of reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase Movement of chloride into cerebrospinal fluid, allowing its interaction with peripheral chemoreceptors
An exchange that maintains the ionic balance between the red blood cells and the plasma
The inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as Dalton's law. Newton's law. Boyle's law. Starlings's law.
Boyle's law.
Which of the following has an effect on the pH of blood? Oxygen Phosphate Carbon dioxide Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes what reaction? Carbon dioxide reaction with water Carbon dioxide reaction with bicarbonate ions Water reaction with bicarbonate ions Water reaction with hydrogen ions
Carbon dioxide reaction with water
Which of the following is not a function of the mucus-lined nasal passages? Warming inspired air Moistening inspired air Entrapping small particles Cooling exhaled air
Cooling exhaled air
Which of these laryngeal cartilages is unpaired? Cricoid Arytenoid Corniculate Cuneiform
Cricoid
A sudden contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed produces a sneeze. True False
False
Which of the following proteins transports some carbon dioxide in the blood? Hemoglobin Carbonic anhydrase Heme Albumin
Hemoglobin
What would you expect to happen to blood gas content if breathing rate did not increase with physical exercise? No change to blood gas content Low concentration of CO2 in the blood High concentration of O2 in the blood High concentration of CO2 in the blood
High concentration of CO2 in the blood
Laryngitis occurs when the larynx becomes irritated and inflamed from an infection, acid reflux, or strenuous use of the vocal cords. Which of the following symptoms would you directly associate with having laryngitis, considering the structures affected? Swollen tongue Runny nose Loss of voice or a quiet, raspy voice Chest pain
Loss of voice or a quiet, raspy voice
A respiratory specialist is giving a simple spirometer test to observe the different respiratory volumes of a patient. Which of the following won't be observable with this particular test? Tidal volume Vital capacity Residual volume Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the increase of breathing rate during exercise? Signals from cerebral cortex to skeletal muscles are also sent to the respiratory areas Stimulation of the respiratory areas by decreasing blood concentration of oxygen and increasing blood concentration of carbon dioxide A joint reflex Stimulation of the respiratory areas by sensory impulses from proprioceptors
Stimulation of the respiratory areas by decreasing blood concentration of oxygen and increasing blood concentration of carbon dioxide
Cathy develops a tumor in her brainstem that puts pressure on the respiratory centers. Her doctor notices that control of her diaphragm is abnormal and irregular movements occur during inspiration. Responses to sensory input are delayed and abnormal. Which specific respiratory center must be receiving pressure from the tumor? The dorsal respiratory group The ventral respiratory group The pontine respiratory group The diencephalon
The dorsal respiratory group
Police stop a very drunk Richard for driving erratically at 3 AM and give him a breathalyzer test, which he fails miserably. Why does he fail so badly? The thinness of his respiratory membranes allows volatile alcohol molecules to enter the alveoli and become detectable by the machine. The thickness of his respiratory membranes prevent alcohol from evaporating out of his blood. His alveoli are in excellent condition. Excess surfactant has been secreted in response to alcohol.
The thinness of his respiratory membranes allows volatile alcohol molecules to enter the alveoli and become detectable by the machine.
An experimental treatment cultures stem cells from a newborn's umbilical cord. In a lab dish, the stem cells give rise to type II cells, which in turn give rise to more type I cells. These stem cells will be added to the extracellular matrix of a donated lung which has been stripped of its respiratory cells. How will the cells act after they grow in the donated lung? The type I cells will secrete surfactant and the type II cells will form the respiratory membrane in the alveoli. The type II cells will secrete surfactant and the type I cells will form the respiratory membrane in the alveoli. Both type I and type II cells will produce surfactant. The stem cells will directly replace alveoli
The type II cells will secrete surfactant and the type I cells will form the respiratory membrane in the alveoli.
An experimental treatment cultures stem cells from a newborn's umbilical cord. In a lab dish, the stem cells give rise to type II cells, which in turn give rise to more type I cells. These stem cells will be added to the extracellular matrix of a donated lung which has been stripped of its respiratory cells. How will the cells act after they grow in the donated lung? The type I cells will secrete surfactant and the type II cells will form the respiratory membrane in the alveoli. The type II cells will secrete surfactant and the type I cells will form the respiratory membrane in the alveoli. Both type I and type II cells will produce surfactant. The stem cells will directly replace alveoli.
The type II cells will secrete surfactant and the type I cells will form the respiratory membrane in the alveoli.
Which of the following occur with emphysema? The walls of the alveoli degenerate, decreasing the surface area for gas exchange. Cells in the bronchial lining divide too fast, causing increased thickness of the bronchial lining. Tar from cigarettes blackens alveoli. Membranes form within alveoli, increasing surface area.
The walls of the alveoli degenerate, decreasing the surface area for gas exchange.
Another word for breathing is ventilation. True False
True
Carbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin more effectively than does oxygen. True False
True
Ordinary air is about 21% oxygen and 0.04% carbon dioxide. True False
True
The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords. True False
True
The inflation reflex is activated when stretch receptors are stimulated during inspiration. True False
True
Which of the following lists all of the events that occur with respiration? Inhaling and exhaling Ventilation, external and internal respiration, and cellular respiration Inflating and deflating alveoli Delivering carbon dioxide to cells and removing oxygen from cells
Ventilation, external and internal respiration, and cellular respiration
Which of the following bones does not house a sinus? Maxillary Frontal Sphenoid Zygomatic
Zygomatic
Baby Timothy suffers from apnea and is hooked up to a monitor to warn his parents when he stops breathing. Timothy's dad snores very loudly. Timothy's condition differs from his father's in that infant apnea is due to airway obstruction. a result of decreased surfactant. a central problem of respiratory control. treated by strapping a device onto the nose at night.
a central problem of respiratory control.
The visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by loose connective tissue. dense connective tissue. a thin film of serous fluid. surfactant.
a thin film of serous fluid.
The force that moves air into the lungs during inspiration comes from the diaphragm. external intercostal muscles. abdominal wall muscles. atmospheric pressure.
atmospheric pressure.
Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. viruses only. fungi only. bacteria only.
bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
The procedure used to directly examine the trachea and bronchial tree is called bronchoscopy. tracheostomy. tracheotomy. laryngectomy.
bronchoscopy.
The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increases when carbon dioxide concentration decreases. carbon dioxide concentration increases. temperature decreases. blood becomes more alkaline.
carbon dioxide concentration increases.
The ventral part of the medulla oblongata near the origin of the vagus nerve is the location of baroreceptors. mechanoreceptors. central chemoreceptors. peripheral chemoreceptors.
central chemoreceptors.
You are singing a song at karaoke and reach a part that requires a louder, more intense sound. To increase your voice's volume, you change the force of the air passing over the vocal cords. increase the tension on your vocal cords. change the size of the laryngeal cartilages. change the shape of the laryngeal cartilages.
change the force of the air passing over the vocal cords.
Pneumothorax is a condition in which air separates the visceral and parietal pleura in the chest, resulting in a collapsed lung. Having pneumothorax would lower the __________ of the lung. intrapleural pressure surfactant production serous fluid content compliance
compliance
The force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the diaphragm. external intercostal muscles. elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension. contraction of smooth muscles in air passages.
elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension.
Hyperventilation is usually accompanied by a(n) decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a drop in pH. decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a rise in pH. increase in blood CO2 concentration and a drop in pH. increase in blood CO2 concentration and a rise in pH.
decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a rise in pH.
Oxygen plays a minor role in control of normal respiration because oxygenated blood is < 95% saturated. deoxygenated venous blood is < 5% saturated. oxygenated blood is more sensitive to CO2. deoxygenated venous blood is 75% saturated
deoxygenated venous blood is 75% saturated.
Cancer that originates in the lungs is most likely to begin in epithelial cells. smooth muscle cells. dense connective tissue cells. hyaline cartilage cells.
epithelial cells.
During an asthma attack, the patient usually finds it most difficult to exhale. inhale. contract the respiratory muscles. expand the lungs.
exhale
At high altitudes, when capillary pressure becomes too high, fluid filters out of the blood and collects in the alveoli (pulmonary edema). blood pressure decreases. breathing and heart rates decrease. blood pH increases to pathologic levels.
fluid filters out of the blood and collects in the alveoli (pulmonary edema).
The intensity (volume) of a vocal sound is a result of the force of air passing over the vocal cords. tension on the vocal cords. size of the laryngeal cartilage. shape of the laryngeal cartilage.
force of air passing over the vocal cords.
A flashlight placed just below the eyebrow in a darkened room illuminates the frontal sinus. maxillary sinus. sphenoid sinus. ethmoid sinus.
frontal sinus.
Exposure to secondhand smoke can cause or increase risk of high altitude sickness and sleep apnea. heart disease, lung cancer, and low birth weight. pneumonia and tuberculosis. sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, and vasculitis
heart disease, lung cancer, and low birth weight.
A sudden inspiration caused by a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed is a yawn. laugh. sneeze. hiccup.
hiccup.
A mother and two young children are found passed out in their apartment, where a space heater is on. Emergency medical technicians suspect carbon monoxide poisoning, so they give the patients nitrogen and carbon dioxide. highly concentrated oxygen and some carbon dioxide. surfactant. blood transfusions.
highly concentrated oxygen and some carbon dioxide.
Increased blood concentration of carbon dioxide leads to a(n) __________ in levels of hydrogen ions, with both causing similar effects upon the respiratory areas. increase decrease
increase
Carbon dioxide is sometimes added to the air that a patient breathes in order to increase the rate and decrease the depth of breathing. increase the rate and depth of breathing. decrease the rate and increase the depth of breathing. decrease the rate and depth of breathing.
increase the rate and depth of breathing.
"I'm going to hold my breath until I die and it will be all your fault!" shrieked the 6-year-old at her father. The child was physically unable to carry out her threat because she never stopped talking long enough to try to hold her breath. increased CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration and decreased oxygen concentration stimulate chemoreceptors. decreased CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration and increased oxygen concentration stimulate chemoreceptors. she could not take in enough oxygen.
increased CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration and decreased oxygen concentration stimulate chemoreceptors.
Peripheral receptors stimulate the respiratory areas resulting in increased respiratory rate. decreased respiratory rate. respiratory collapse. passive exhalation.
increased respiratory rate.
Arielle is an 8-year-old with cystic fibrosis. For 30 minutes each morning and evening, a parent holds her body in various positions and massages and kneads the areas over her lungs to dislodge the abundant, sticky mucus, which Arielle spits into a jar. She also takes medication that thins the mucus. If she didn't take these measures, the mucus in her lungs would most likely increase her risk of cancer. emphysema. infection. asthma.
infection.
The volume of air that enters the lungs during forced maximal inspiration is the inspiratory reserve volume. expiratory reserve volume. vital capacity. tidal volume.
inspiratory reserve volume.
Respiratory distress syndrome in newborns is caused by lack of surfactant. lack of a respiratory membrane. low oxygen concentration. high oxygen concentration.
lack of surfactant.
The vocal cords are in the pharynx. larynx. trachea. oral cavity.
larynx.
Laryngitis is a potentially dangerous condition because it may obstruct the esophagus. obstruct the airway. press on the thyroid gland. cause inner ear infection.
obstruct the airway.
The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are most sensitive to changes in blood concentration of carbon dioxide. hydrogen ions. oxygen. bicarbonate ions.
oxygen
Max works out about an hour every day using aerobic machines at a gym. During his moderate physical exercise, blood concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide increase. oxygen and carbon dioxide remain nearly unchanged. oxygen decrease and carbon dioxide increase. oxygen increase and carbon dioxide decrease.
oxygen and carbon dioxide remain nearly unchanged.
Air entering the potential space of the pleural cavity is called pneumonia. pneumothorax. pulmonary ventilation. internal respiration.
pneumothorax.
The walls of the alveoli are composed of ciliated columnar epithelium. simple squamous epithelium. stratified squamous epithelium. areolar connective tissue.
simple squamous epithelium.
Changes in the respiratory system that accompany aging include thinning mucus. thickening of the alveolar walls. overactive cilia, causing frequent coughing. slowed swallowing reflex.
slowed swallowing reflex.
The right lung has __________ lobes; the left lung has __________ lobes. superior, middle, and inferior; superior and inferior superior and inferior; superior, middle and inferior anterior, posterior, and lateral; superior and inferior superior, middle, and inferior; anterior and posterior
superior, middle, and inferior; superior and inferior
The first event in expiration is inter-alveolar pressure increases. elastic tissues of the lungs, thoracic cage, and abdominal organs recoil. air is squeezed out of the lungs. the diaphragm and external intercostal respiratory muscles relax.
the diaphragm and external intercostal respiratory muscles relax.
The first event in inspiration is the diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract. atmospheric pressure forces air into the respiratory tract. decreased intra-alveolar pressure. lung inflation.
the diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract.
Respiration is breathing. making ATP. the entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells. circulating blood to tissues.
the entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells.
As the respiratory tube branches become smaller in diameter, they have increased cartilage. they have increased muscle fibers. the epithelial lining changes to connective tissue. the epithelial lining changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium.
the epithelial lining changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium.
The hypoxia associated with high altitude can cause vasodilation of the major arterial blood vessels. vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels. vasoconstriction of the coronary blood vessels. vasodilation of the major venous blood vessels.
vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels.
In October 2001 at the site of the World Trade Center in New York City, fires were still burning from the terrorist attacks that had brought down the buildings. The greatest danger to the respiratory system was the odor. very small particles of debris. very large particles of debris. falling material from damaged buildings.
very small particles of debris.
