Sophia Art History I Units 2 Key Terms

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Synagogue

A Jewish house of worship

Yakshi

A benevolent, protective, natural spirit, usually depicted as a voluptuous female in ancient Indian art

Concrete

A building material made from cement and crushed stone or sand

Basilica

A columned meeting hall in ancient Rome; later, a church with columns

Mandala

A concentric diagram with spiritual and ritual importance in Buddhism and Hinduism

Drum

A cylindrical stone that forms part of a column

Trefoil

A decorative shape with three lobes

Lamassu

A deity of Sumerian origin usually depicted with a bull's or lion's body, eagle's wings, and a human head

Sunken Relief

A design cut into the surface where there is no point or part higher than the surface itself

Hypostyle

A form of architecture that has a roof supported by columns

Peristyle Gardens

A garden located near a columned porch in a Roman house

Frieze

A horizontal band of sculpture, usually near the ceiling of a building

Necropolis

A large cemetery or burial ground, literally "city of the dead"

Nave

A long central aisle that extends the whole length of the church

Labyrinth

A maze or series of intricate and confusing passageways, so called because of the labrys (double-headed axe) symbols found on walls of structures of Crete

Ziggurat

A mesopotamian temple shaped as a pyramd tower and having a number of stories, that is winding and round

Dharma

A moral order that keeps the universe from falling into chaos, an essential individual characteristic or virtue in Hinduism and Buddhism

Minotaur

A mythological half-man, half-bull that lived on Crete

Contrapposto

A naturalistic pose in which the human figure places most of the weight on one foot, resting the other foot and creating a slight tilt in the pelvis

Stucco

A plaster used for coating wall surfaces

Chaityal Hall

A prayer hall in a Buddhist or Jain shrine

Bronze Age

A prehistoric period between the Stone Age and the Iron Age when many tools and weapons were made of bronze

Pictographs

A record that is made up of symbolic representations

Impluvium

A rectangular basin for collecting rainwater, usually located in the middle of an atrium

Buddhism

A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha, which emphasizes that all suffering in life comes from desire and that the way to achieve nirvana, or enlightenment, and release from the cycle of life is to eliminate one's earthly desires

Jainism

A religion founded in ancient India that teaches the immortality and transmigration of the soul and denies the existence of a perfect or supreme being

Peplos

A robe or shawl worn by women in ancient Greece

Stupa

A sacred spot, in memory of the Buddha or a saint, designated by a mound of earth or other materials

Relief Sculpture

A sculpture technique that uses a process of cutting into a flat surface, i.e., wood, stone, or other material, by chiseling or gouging

Colonnade

A series of columns

Dynasty

A series of rulers from the same family

Post and Lintel Construction

A simple construction consisting of two vertical beams, or posts, and one horizontal beam, or lintel

Stele

A slab of stone or terra-cotta, usually oblong, carved

Entasis

A slight bulging, most commonly associated with the Parthenon, that is meant to offset the optical illusion of sagging of perfectly straight lines, particularly along the entablature

Harmika

A small platform with a railing located at the top of a stupa

Metope

A square element between triglyphs (three bands) on a Doric statue

"Man is the measure of all things"

A statement made by the ancient Greek philosopher Protagoreas, often interpreted to mean that human beings, rather than the gods, determine the ultimate value of all things in the world

Monument

A statue, building, or other structure that commemorates an important event or person

Sarcophagus

A stone coffin, often decorated with sculpture

Orientalizing

A style of Greek ceramic painting influenced by the ancient Near East and characterized by floral and animal motifs

Geometric

A style of Greek painting, characterized by an emphasis on geometric shapes

Veristic Style

A style of ancient Roman portaiture that emphasized a person's age and physical imperfections as a reference to wisdom and experience

Idealistic Style

A style of portraiture that reduces a person's physical imperfections, giving an appearance of youth and athleticism

Canon of Polykleitos

A system of ideal proportions for the human figure, seen in the "Doryphorus" by Pholykleitos, in which the size of the head was 1/8 of the total height of the figure

Hinduism

A system of religious practice in India that emphasizes the idea of dharma, or duty, and corresponding daily rituals and practices

Corbelling

A system of step support elements

Hieriatic Scale

A system that represents sizes of things according to importance and based on fixed religious traditions

Mastaba

A type of Egyptian tomb, rectangular, brick or stone, flat-roofed with sloping sides built over a tomb and connected to it by a shaft

Black Figure

A type of ancient Greek ceramic painting involving painting black figures on a red background

Red figure

A type of ancient Greek ceramic painting involving red figures on a black background

Peripteral Temple

A type of ancient Greek or Roman temple surrounded by a row of columns

Round Arch

A type of arch that consists of a semicircle

Abstraction (of the human figure)

A type of art that involves a simplification, usually into geometric shapes, of objects (bodies) seen in lived experience

Controlled Space

A type of civic design intended to impress or intimidate the viewer

Phidian Wet Drapery

A type of drapery first used by the sculptor Phidias that clings to the human figure and appears to be wet

Buon Fresco

A type of fresco in which the plaster is still wet and the paint bonds with the plaster

Triumphal Arch

A type of monument, originating in ancient Rome, that consists of an arch built to commemorate a military victory

Low Relief

A type of relief sculpture in which the three-dimensional element only extends from the wall surface a little bit.

Chryselephantine

A type of sculpture made of gold and ivory

Sculpture in the Round

A type of sculpture that is completely free-standing, not attached to another surface

Barrel Vault

A type of vault consisting of a rounded arch extended forward in space

Iconography

A type of visual symbolism; Christian iconography, for instance, might make references to the biblical section of the nativity

Dome

A vaulted roof element having a rounded, semi-circular, or elliptical shape

Megalith

A very large stone

Oculus

An "eye" or round hole in the top of a dome that lightens its weight and allows in natural light

Canon of Proportions

An Egyptian rule that mandated dimensions and scale

Fertile cresent

An agricultural region in the Middle and Near East, in the past it was fertile but is now partly desert

Domus

An ancient Roman house, usually for the wealthy

Descriptive point of view

An approximate representation of a three-dimensional form on a flat, two-dimensional surface

Kore

An archaic Greek sculpture of a young woman wearing loose robes

Kouros

An archiac Greek sculptural image of a young, athletic man, usually nude, standing with one foot in from of the other

Peristyle

An architectural space, such as a court, that is surrounded by columns

Aqueduct

An architectural structure built to move large quantities of water from one place to another

Apse

An architectural term; a recess or semi-circular space in a building, vaulted and, in a church, often used by the choir

Ambulatory

An area for walking, usually semi-circular, around the apse of a church

Podium

An elevated platform

Bust

An image of a person that consists of the head and upper torso

Portrait

An image of an individual person

Memory Image

An image that remains in the mind of something previously experienced

Ashoka

An important Buddhist king of 3rd century BC India, known for his edicts posted at the top of monumental pillars

Sarnath

An important pilgrimage site where the first Buddhist Sargha came into existence through the enlightenment of Kondanna

Artifacts

An object made by a human being, in particular and object of historical or cultural importance

Ampitheater

An open-air building with rounded edges and tiered seating that is used for entertainment

Atrium

An open-roofed court in the center of an ancient Roman house

Catacombs

An underground cemetery with tunnels and rooms with burial chambers

Mesopotamia

Ancient area between the Tirgris and Euphrates Rivers

Pseudoperipteral

Appearing to have columns extending around all four sides when in fact some of the columns are not free-standing, but rather attached and decorative

Syncretism

Attempt at uniting differing or opposing practices in religion

Cubicula

Burial chambers in a catacomb

Cyclopean Construction

Construction done with masonry consisting of blocks so large that they appeared to have been built by Cyclops (a huge one-eyed, humanoid monster)

Agrarian

Farming or relating to land

Anionic

Not allowing images or idols

Mauryan Period

One of the larges ancient Indian empires during the 4th to 2nd century BC

Aton

Or aten; the disk of the sun in ancient Egyptian mythology

Edicts

Orders commanded by an authority or supreme ruler

Fresco Painting

Painting in water-based paints on fresh plaster

Aegean

Relating to the Aegean Sea and/or the Bronze Age civilization that flourished there

Minoan

Relating to the Bronze Age civilization that existed on the island of Crete, named after the mythological King Minos

Cycladic

Relating to the Cyclades, a group of islnads in the Aegean Sea, also used to discuss Bronze Age civilizations that flourished there

Archaic

Period of Greek art that literally means "old-fashioned" and refers to depictions of the human figure from this period that are stiff and unnatural in appearance

Coffers

Square-shaped elements in the surface of a ceiling or dome, with both a decorative function and a practical one of lightening the weight

Cubical

Square-shaped rooms in a Roman house

Ka

The Egyptian belief that identifies the difference between the living and the dead; when the body dies, the ka departs

Zeus

The Greek father of all the gods

Poseidon

The Greek god of the sea

Aphrodite

The Greek goddess of love

Athena

The Greek goddess of wisdom

Circumambulation

The act of circling around a sacred or deity object

Axial Plan

The horizontal arrangement of the elements of a building or town along a central axis

Nile River

The longest river in the world, located in East Africa, and flowing from the Mediterranean Sea

Shaft

The main body of a column; in ancient Greece, it was usually flutd, or marked with vertical ridges

Cathedral

The main church that contains the bishop's throne

Mahavira

The man who established the central tenets of Jainism

Corinthian Order

The most recent of the three classical orders of column and also the most refined and decorative, marked by acanthus leaf decorations at the capital

Vedas

The oldest and most authoritative texts, written in Sanskrit

Abstraction

The process of extracting parts of an idea or concept not specific or detailed

Ridgepole

The ridged element at the top of Etruscan temples

Doric Order

The simplest and oldest style of Greek column, marked by an undecorated capital

Corbeled Vault

The simplest type of vault, involving step support elements

Archaic Smile

The stiff, unnaturalistic facial expression seen in many Archaic korous and kore figures

Neolithic

The stone age, 7000-3000 BC

Keystone

The stone that lies at the top of an arch and holds the entire arch together

Voussoirs

The stones that make up an arch

Archaeology

The study of human history and prehistory through the evacuation of sites and analysis of artifacts

Capital

The top of a column

Entablature

The upper section of a classical Greek temple that rests on the columns

Aisles

The walkway between the sections of seats; for example, in a theater

Serdab

Used during the Old Kingdom, a cellar and a chamber for the ka statue of a deceased person

Optical view

Viewed from a fixed perspective

Twisted Perspective

When you view a form where the upper half is in a frontal pose and the lower half is in a side view

Pylon Temple

In architecture, i.e. Egyptian temple, a large opening, doorway, or entrance

Individualism

In art and portraiture, the emphasis placed on a person's unique physical characteristics

Axis Mundi

In religion or mythology, the center or connection between heaven and earth; the point where communication can occur between higher and lower regions

Osiris

Egyptian god and judge of the dead represented as a man partly wrapped as a mummy, with a beard and wearing a crown

Seth

Egyptian god of deserts, storms, and foreigners, also called Set

Isis

Egyptian goddess of fertility, represented as a woman with cow's horns and a solar disk between them, also worshipped in ancient Rome and Greece

Ankh

Egyptian key of life or key of the Nile, a hieroglyphic of a looped cross with a handle

Horus

Egyptian sun deity, represented by a falcon or as a man with the head of a falcon

Ra

Egyptian sun god, a universal creator typically represented as a hawk-headed man with a solar disk and uraeus, or cobra, on his head

Fresco Secco

Dry fresco, so called because it involves painting on the wall after the plaster has already dried

Paleolithic

Early stage of prehistory characterized by the developement of stone tools, sculpted figures, and paintings on cave walls

Orant Figures

Image of a person in the early Christian position of prayer, with arms outstretched

Torana (gates)

In Hindu and Buddhist architecture, a type of gateway

Naturalism

In a work of art, the quality of appearing lifelike and natural

Beehive Tomb

Large, round rooms found at Thycenae

Lares and Penates

Minor deities associated with the home in ancient Rome

Ashoka Pillars

Pillars inscribed with the edicts by Mauryan king Ashoka

Rosettes

Rose-shaped elements, often in the middle of coffers

Spolia

Sculptural elements taken from the buildings of a place that has been conquered and often incorporated into triumphal arches

Panathenaic Procession Sculpture

Sculpture on the frieze of the Parthenon celebrating a festival honoring Athena and involving the ritual of bringing a new peplos; or cloak, to the statue of Athena

Votive Figures

Sculptures placed in a shrine in fulfillment of a vow

Masonry

Stonework

Ashlar Masonry

Stonework made of large, rectangular cut stones

Gandhara Style

Stucco or stone sculptures, a style of Buddhist art that showed Greek and Indian influences

Yasti

Symbolizes the universe, a circular disk positioned on top of the dome of the stupa

Register

The division of a composition into bands

Apotheosis

The elevation of a person to the status of a god, often seen in ancient Roman portraits of emperors and busts of deceased family members


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