Surgical Technology - General Surgery
An indirect hernia occurs at the_______ring and may extend to the______ring.
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Inguinal hernias occur_____the abdominocrural crease; femoral hernias occur_____the abdominocrural crease
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Nine regions of the abdomen
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Parietal
1) Refers to the outer portion of a cavity or organ. 2) Pertaining to the parietal bone of the cranium. 3) Pertaining to the parietal lobe of the cerebrum
Ulcer
A crater-like lesion that is usually circular in shape & penetrates the skin; may be very deep, resulting from infection
Bile
A secretion of the liver that breaks down fats, preparing them for digestion & absorption in the small intestine
Peritoneum
A thin serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
Chyle
A white liquid that consists of products of digestion, chiefly emulsifies fats, that passes through the small intestine into the lymphatic system
A femoral hernia occurs as a defect in the
Abdominal wall
Ascites
Abnormal collection of fluid in the abdominal cavity
Identify the three regions of the retroperitoneal space and the organs that are located in each
Anterior pararenal; Pancreas and parts of the duodenum and colon. Parirenal; Holds structures of the ruologic & vascular concern Posterior pararenal; Contains NO organs
Viscera
Any organ of a body cavity
Identify where the bilateral abdominocrural creases are located
Between the thigh & abdomen
chole-
Bile, gall
lysis
Breaking down/Dissolving
Identify the five major segments of the stomach and the purpose of each section
Cardia; secretes mucous to ease passage of food. Fundus; produces hydrochloric acid. Corpus; produces acid & secretes pepsinogen & mucous. Antrum; non-acid producing secretes mucous & gastrin. Pylorus; food storage area before is passes in the duodenum.
What is the purpose of the mesentary?
Contain blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels that serve the adjoining organs.
-stasis
Controlling/Stopping the flow of
What is the function of the Sphincter of Oddi?
Controls the flow of bile into the duodenum
Chronic condition with weight loss, abscess, or bleeding
Crohn's disease
Incision
Cut made with a sharp instrument
-cysto
Cyst, urinary bladder, sac of fluid
Sac or pouch/enlargement of intestinal wall
Diverticulum
Identify the duct(s) that transport enzymes from the pancreas to duodenum.
Duct of Santorini, Duct Wirsung
Difficulty swallowing due to motility disorder
Dysphagia
The pancreas is classified as both an________and_________gland.
Exocrine; Endocrine
Bile secreted in the duodenum works to emulsify the food substance_____
Fat
The enzyme lipase begins digestion of the food substance_____
Fat
Perianal abscess
Fistula-in-ano
The small intestine is responsible for the digestion and absorption of_____
Food & nutrients
The three segments of the gallbladder manipulated during removal include:
Fundus, body, Hartman's Pouch
Which section contains the majority of the small intestines:
Hypogastric Region
Lower GI tract
Ileocecal valve; Cecum; Ascending Colon; Hepatic flexure; Transverse colon; Splenic flexure; Descending colon; Sigmoid colon; Rectum; Anus
Where are the islets of Langerhans located and what is their function?
In the pancreas for the production of insulin.
-docho
Intestine
Telescoping of intestine within itself
Intussception
What is the purpose of the mesoappendix?
It supplies blood to the appendix
Left ovary
LLQ
Splenic Flexure
LLQ
Most of the stomach
LUQ
Spleen
LUQ
Tail of pancreas
LUQ
What is the largest parenchymal organ in the normal abdominal cavity. Identify the blood supply of this organ.
Liver; Hepatic portal vein
Where can varicose veins occur?
Lower extremity, but can also be; lower esophagus, spermatic cord, and in anorectal region.
What is the major function of the thyroid gland?
Makes, stores and releases the hormones, T4 & T3.
Congenital outpouching located in the ileum
Meckel's diverticulum
Trace the alimentary pathway
Mouth; Uvula; Pharynx; Epiglottis; Esophagus; Cardiac sphincter; Fundus of stomach; Cardia of stomach; Body of stomach; Pylorus of stomach; Pyloric sphincter; Duodenum; Jejunum; Ileum; Ileocecal valve; Cecum; Ascending colon; Hepatic flexure; Transverse colon; Splenic flexure; Descending colon; Sigmoid colon; Rectum; Anus.
The four layers of the wall of the digestive tract are
Mucousa; Submucousa; Muscularis External; Serosa
stenosis
Narrowing/Tighting
Varicose veins
Normal veins that become elongated, dilated and tortous
Describe the parathyroid glands
Number from 2-6 and are small, flat, oval structures lying on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland.
The movement of food through the intestines by the muscles of the alimentary canal is called______
Parastalis
Identify the two layers of the peritoneum
Parietal & Visceral
Anastomosis
Pathological, surgical, or traumatic formation of an opening between two normally separate organs
Occurs in the sacrococcygeal area with sinus formation
Pilonidal disease
Mucosal growth considered a precursor to dysplasia
Polyp
List the functions that are performed by the cells of the liver.
Produce bile; Metabolize carbs, fats, & proteins; Store sugar as glycogen; Store fat soluble vitamins, A,D,E & K, plus iron & copper; Detoxify harmful substances via phagocytosis.
The enzyme pepsinogen secreted in the stomach begins digestion of the food substance_____
Protein
What is the primary function of the peritoneum
Provide a slippery surface of which the viscera can glide
The biliary tree outlined during an intraoperative cholangiogram my include:
R & L Hepatic ducts, Common hepatic duct, Cystic duct, Common bile duct.
Appendix
RLQ
Cecum
RLQ
Sigmoid Colon
RLQ
Describe the typical location of the appendix.
RLQ; Attached to the cecum
Duodenum
RUQ
Gallbladder
RUQ
Head of pancreas
RUQ
Liver
RUQ
Hiatal hernia causing mucosal trauma
Reflux disease
The folds of the stomach are called
Rugae
Peristalsis
Rythmic contractions of smooth muscle layers that force food through the GI tract urine through the ureters, and bile through the common bile ducts
List the significant tissues and landmarks of the groin area.
Skin & subcutaneous tissues, Scarpa's fascia, interparietal fascia, internal oblique muscle, transverse abdominus muscle, transversalis fascia, Cooper's ligament, rectus abdominus muscle and peritoneum.
Splenomegaly
Splenectomy
The enzyme amylase secreted in the oral cavity begins digestion of the food substance_____
Starch
-otomy
Surgical incision, to cut
Excision
Surgical removal
-ostomy
Surgically creating a new opening or mouth
What happens if all parathyroid glands are removed?
Tetany
Emulsification
The breaking down of large fat globules into the intestines into smaller, uniformly distributed particles
What nerve requires careful dissection during thyroid surgery?
The laryngeal nerve
Chyme
The thick, semifluid contents of the stomach formed during digestion
Severely increased basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Thyroidectomy
Necrosis
Tissue death
-ectomy
To remove/Removal of
Absorption
To take in or soak up
Surgical intervention for prolonged intubation
Tracheostomy
-oma
Tumor, growth, neoplasm
Parasympathetic innervation to the stomach is provided by the ______ nerve. This nerve and the main left and right gastric arteries run primarily along ________ of the stomach. The left gastroepiploic artery is located primarily along the _____ of the stomach.
Vagus;
Portal venous system
Venous system that carries blood to a second capillary bed prior to returning blood to the general circulation
Twisting of bowel
Volvulus
The large intestine is responsible for absorption of_____
Water & electrolytes
A direct hernia occurs withing
the Hesselbach's triangle;
Linea alba literally means_____ ____ and will be found in the ______ abdominal wall.
white line; rectus