Test 2: Principles of fish and Wildlife

Ethical Arguments

1. Premise 2. guiding principle. 3. Logical conclusion.

Scientific Argument

1. Premise 2. testable hypothesis 3. logical conclusion

What percent of Wetlands are in North America?

33%

How much of Earth is covered by wetlands?

5-8% (10 million km^2)

Threatened

An animal or plant species likely to become endangered in the future.

habitat

Any area with a combination of resources and environment conditions that can support reproduction and survival within a population.

2019 Farm Bill

Appropriated $867 Billion for Farmland conservation

Positive population growth

Births are greater than deaths.

1985 Farm Bill

Conservation of Farm Bill and Habitats Added.

Succession

Directional change in community composition and structure over time.

Salt Mash

Halophytic grassland where waters fluctuate. They are typically on the coast and are a mix of salt and fresh water. They are home to blue crabs.

Anthropogenic Habitats

Human made habitats (ex: farmlands and urban habitats)

Randomized techniques

Increase honesty by not allowing there to be a name to a response. No one knows who said what.

Biome

Large and expansive community of flora and the associated fauna.

Legislation

Lots of back and forth about the protection of wildlife.

Key to Habitat

Must support reproduction and survival.

Facultative plants

Occur equally in both wetlands and non-wetlands. (34-66% of species in wetlands)

Obligate

Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands

First Farm Bill

Passed in 1933 and made permeants in 1938. It requires renewal every 5 years.

Facultative uplands

Plant species that are in wet areas 1/3 of the time.

facultative wetland

Plant species that are in wet areas 2/3 of the time.

What is the importance of the Farm Bill?

Provides large sums of conservation money for a variety of species and a variety of people.

Savannas

Scattered trees but behave like a grassland.

Vernal Pool

Shallow, intermittently flooded wet meadow, wetlands temporarily flooded in the spring throughout the US. They are dry in the summer and provide lots of noise at night. Home to the marble Salamanders.

Value of Human Dimensions?

Social science offers tools to establish knowledge that explains and predicts human behaviors.

Case Study for forest habitats

Spruce Grouse: high priority species. Greatest need in New York. Trying to increase population sizes.

How do we manage forest habitats?

Succession

secondary succession

Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil. Still some organic matter left

ecological niche

The environmental conditions that allow a group of individuals to survive and reproduce.

Premise

The facts

sink habitat

When population growth rates are only achieved through immigration. Not good habitats and exist only from dispersal from sources

2014 Farm Bill

Working Lands for wildlife program established

Why do we worry about human dimensions?

Working to change human behavior and not wildlife to improve the lives of both. All conservation efforts involve some form of human dimensions.

redlining

a discriminatory practice that puts services out of reach for areas based on race. Implemented by National Housing Act of 1934 and reversed by the fair housing act of 1968.

direct management

actions that directly affect the abundance of a population.

Indirect management

actions that indirectly affect the abundance of a population by altering resources.

Endangered Species Act

allows federal funding to be sent to each state to invest in the conservation of species. It is done through state wildlife grants and state must create a wildlife action plan.

Endangered

an animal or plant species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant part of its range.

Playa

an arid wetland. It has distinct wet and dry seasons. They are very small depressions in agriculture areas.

Document view

analysis of documents, articles, websites, and past research.

negative population growth

births are greater than deaths. Not good habitat, but animals are still present.

wetland

bodies of land that are wet for a good portion of the time.

Types of Wetlands

bogs, vernal pool, playa, salt mash, and prairie potholes

What does water do?

comprises of 75% of an animal. Performs cellular functions, provides thermoregulation, and cover from predators.

What determines births and deaths?

energy, nutrition, predation, dispersal

What are human dimensions?

everything in conservation that is outside of wildlife and habitat. It is the field of study that uses social sciences to examine human-wildlife interactions.

Observation

explore and describe. Provides insights on the context of behavior.

nominal groups

facilitated discussion in a workshop to generate and prioritize ideas.

focus groups

facilitated discussion in small groups

Current Challenges to Grasslands

farming and agricultural take over, development, and need for energy.

Anthropogenic resources for wildlife

food and shelter (structures and trash)

Grasslands

found in mediatorial zones and temperate zones with less precipitation. They are divied into tall grass, short grass, dessert shrub, norther mixed, forest meadows, and savannas.

What determines the disturbance regime?

frequency and intensity of disturbances.

energy

how energy is used (energy budget)

Interviews

on on one conversation that follows some sort of script.

Working Lands

partnership between private landowners and the government as well as NGO's. These manage succession on private lands to provide habitat for an array of species. Provides access for hunting and fishing.

the pen

policy and funding (ex: Dingle Johnson Act, Pitman Roberts Fund. )

Threatened Species in Grasslands

prairie chicken (need all successional stages), mountain plover, chestnut-colored longspur

Basis of an ethical argument

premise, guiding principle, conclusion.

nutrition

quantity and quality of food

preservation

removing all human influence from nature. Idea by: John Muir.

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

the hypothesis that ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels. This increases the number of wildlife species and is what we strive for when managing diversity.

habitat selection

the pattern of heightened use of a habitat type relative to the abundance and availability of habitat types.

The luxury effect

the positive relationship between affluence and biodiversity in an urban area

What is habitat selection?

the process through which an animal's physiology and cognitive ability determine their pattern of habitat use. It is the process of using information about an environment ot guide patterns of habitat use.

Agricultural Conservation Easement Program

(ACEP) - Aim to protect the nation's food supply by preventing conversion of working lands to non-agricultural use lands. - Federal Government pays landowner 100% of the property value and 100% of the restoration costs. - this protects wildlife habitats.

Conservation Stewardship Program

(CSP) - Provides Financial Assistance, payments, and motivation to continue and expand good conservation practices. - results in improved hydrology and expanded buffer zones.

Voluntary Public Access and Habitat Incentive Program

(VPA-HIP) - competitive grant to states and tribal governments. - pays landowners to allow public access for hunting, fishing, and recreation.

What does the Farm Bill provide?

- crop loans, marketing loans. -export promotion. - rural development - nutritional security - research on agriculture and specialty crops.

Programs funded by farm bill

1. CSP (conservation Stewardship Program) 2. ACEP (Agricultural Conservation Easement Program. 3. VPA-HIP (Voluntary Public Access and Habitat Incentive Program)

How do we manage forest succession?

1. Mechanical: removal with equipment and controlled burns. 2. Create: habitat for a few species of interest. 3. Reduce: fuels that could lead to a catastrophic fire.

Who Implements the Farm Bill?

1. USDA (United States Department of agriculture) 2. NRCS (Natural resources Conservation Service) 3. FSA (Farm Service Agency)

3 Aspects of Urban Habitats

1. Urban planning 2. Anthropogenic structures and resources 3. Socio-economic features that drive urban habitats.

Key legislations

1. endangered species act: provide for the conservation of all endangered and threatened species. It is a means by which habitats of these species may conserved. It allows us to distinguish endangered, threatened, and partial range endangerment. 2. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora: Enabled by Endangered Species Act. This is a global agreement among governments to regulate or ban international trade of species that are threatened.

Political Argument

1. facts/data 2. political/moral theory 3. Logical conclusion vs. Propaganda.

How are grasslands formed?

1. fire used to keep trees out. 2. Frequent Herbivores

Wetland Benefits

1. grow rice (feeds 50% of the world) 2. natures filter 3. natures nursery 4. soak up water and prevent flooding. 5. Congaree national park (saves 5 million in water filtration) 6. 635 million dollars in different benefits. 7. 75% of commercial species and 90% of recreational species rely on wetlands at some point.

Examples of wildlife in Urban areas

1. pigeons 2. raccoons 3. bats (1.5million bats live under a bridge in Texas)

Major Wetlands in North America

1. prairie potholes: 780,000km^2 2. everglades/ big cypress swamp: 34,000km^2. 3. Okefenoke Swamp: 1,700km^2 4. Great Dismal Swamp: 850km^2

Aspects of Farmland Habitats

1. spatial configuration (landscape ecology) 2. the farm bill (working land for conservation).

Reasons animals select habitat

1. to have a place to live 2. to have an advantage 3. to support reproduction and survival. 4. to increase fitness

3 components of wetlands

1.) Presence of water at the surface or within the root zone for at least part of the time with a vary depth. 2.) Unique soil conditions that differ from adjacent uplands. The soil must be ponded for 7-30 days during the growing season and the soil must have anaerobic conditions. 3.) Supports vegetation adapted to wet conditions and are characterized by an absence of flood-intolerant vegetation.

What do we look for in conservation?

A diversity of places with a diversity of species.

Target species of the farm bill

Bog turtle, Louisiana Pine snake, Bog Turtle.

How important are anthropogenic habitats?

Croplands and pastures make up a great deal of habitats in the United States. If all the farmland was put together, it would cover from Mississippi into Canada and all of the way over to the west coast Urban areas would take up all of New England and urban habitats are increasing while farmlands are decreasing.

The disturbance regime

Managing the cycle of the disturbance. "grasslands aren't grasslands without succession."

cover (thermal shelter)

increases birth, decreases death by reducing energy needed to maintain body temperature and provides them a place to hide from predators.

axe

indirect management

Urban Planning

integrates landscape ecology, landscape architecture, and urban ecology to make plans for urban areas.

Principles of the Luxury effect

less resources leads to less greenspaces

Conclusion

logical conclusion that follows the premise and guiding principle.

conservation

managing natural resources in a way that is both sustainable and provides for the greatest number of people. Idea by: Gifford Pinchot

How do animals select habitat?

memorization, exploration and mind mapping.

How are forest meadows maintained?

mowing and cattle grazing.

praire potholes

shallow, marshlike pond. 50% of migratory waterfowl relies on it.

primary succession

succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. There is no organic matter.

What is the purpose of the farm Bill?

support farm industry and ensure affordable food supplies.

tools for research

surveys, interviews, focus groups, nominal group, observation, and document view.

Surveys

systematic collections of information from a sample of a population

What is the socio-economic drivers of urban habitat quantity and quality

the Luxury effect

Bogs

wetland with no significant inflow or outflow of water. Typically stagnant water that is filled by rain. It supports acidophilic mosses. Found in Appalachia. Home to Bog turtles and four toed salamanders.

guiding principle

your morals and values. A statement of what is right and what is wrong.