Test 2- SOC, Chapter 12

Margaret Mead

-was the first to show that gender roles can vary greatly from one physical environment, economy, and political system to the next. • Such findings confirm the influential role of culture and socialization in gender- role differentiation.

The National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG)

Provides more recent data. >A significant finding of the NSFG was that simply having had same-sex experiences does not necessarily result in a same-sex identity.

the glass escalator

While women are at a disadvantage in male-dominated occupations, men are at an advantage in female occupations

homosexuals

are attracted to those of the same sex

bisexuals

are those attracted to both men and women.

Heterosexuals

are those who are attracted to members of the opposite sex

standpoint theory

argues that because our social positions shape our perceptions, a more complete understanding of social relations must incorporate the perspectives of marginalized voices.

intersectionality

argues that gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, and class must not be studied in isolation, because they have intermingled effects on our identity, knowledge, and outcomes.

Sexuality

denotes our identities and activities as sexual beings. Also, shaped through social and historical processes.

Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales argued that...

families needed both an instrumental leader and an expressive leader.

Fausto-Sterling

has suggested that biological sex is a continuum, not just male and female, and points to the existence of various intersexual categories.

Gender

involves the social and cultural significance that we attach to those presumed biological differences. Over time, even this distinction has become too limiting to fully depict our experiences as humans. • Gender varies across time and place. We construct gender by attaching social and cultural significance to the presumed biological differences between the sexes. - gender refers to what we become as men and women. This process occurs through socialization.

Institutional discrimination

is a pattern of treatment that systematically denies a group access to resources and opportunities as part of a society's normal operations.

The glass ceiling

is an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity.

Feminism

is the belief in social, economic, and political equality for women.

Heteronormativity

is the cultural presupposition that heterosexuality is normal and natural while alternative sexualities are abnormal, deviant, or wrong. Also a form of ethnocentrism.

Multiple masculinities

is the idea that men learn and play a full range of gender roles.

Sexism

is the ideology that claims one sex—usually male—is superior to the other. The term generally refers to male prejudice and discrimination against women.

All the major institutions in the United States are controlled by who?

men.

Transgender

people appear to be biologically one sex but identify with the gender of another.

Sex

refers to biological differences between males and females. • Sex includes variation at the cellular level, the hormonal level, and the anatomical level. • Sex refers to who we are as males and females

Sexual orientation

refers to the categories of people to whom we are sexually attracted.

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild used the phrase second shift to describe...

the double burden of work outside the home followed by childcare and housework that many women face and few men share equitably.

The Kinsey Reports provided...

the earliest in-depth information about human sexuality.

The instrumental leader is

the person in the family who bears responsibility for completion of tasks, focuses on more distant goals, and manages the external relationship between the family and other social institutions.

The expressive leader is

the person in the family who bears responsibility for the maintenance of harmony and internal emotional affairs.

Gender Displays

• Most of the time we do not actually see the "parts" that biologically define someone as male or female; we rely instead on other indicators such as clothes and shapes to be sufficient. •Transgressing gender norms elicits a variety of reactions, often corrective and/or negative, from others.

The Second Wave

• The Second Wave of the feminist movement emerged in the 1960s and came into full force in the 1970s. • The political activism of the 1960s—and the sexism they found within allegedly progressive and radical political circles—led many women to reexamine their own powerlessness and convinced them to establish their own movement for women's liberation. • "Consciousness-raising groups" sought to elevate awareness among women of the problems they faced and to develop a sense of sisterhood. • Reproductive rights were a core issue, still reflected today in the battle over abortion rights.

The Third Wave

• The Third Wave emerged in the 1990s as a celebration of difference, including differences of gender, ethnicity, sexuality, and class. • For the Third Wave, feminism is understood to include a varied and pluralistic range of ideas. • One influential idea—standpoint theory • A second influential idea—intersectionality

The First Wave of the feminist movement

• The feminist movement was born in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. • Early feminists faced ridicule and scorn as they fought for legal and political equality for women. • The 19th Amendment to the Constitution granted women the right to vote in 1920.

Women's Gender Roles

• Women continue to face pressure to be thin, beautiful, submissive, sexy, and maternal.

Women around the world

• Women grow half the world's food but rarely own land. • Women constitute one-third of the world's paid labor force, but are generally found in the lowest-paying jobs. • Women perform much of the exploited labor in developing nations. • Feminization of poverty is a global phenomenon. • Women in other industrial nations also struggle with the balance between home and work, especially regarding housework.

In the expressive leader view...

> women become anchored as wives, mothers, and household managers while men become anchored in the occupational world outside the home. > Sociologists now argue that such separate abilities are not innate but are instead social constructs.

Birth Control pill

>It was approved for use in the United States in 1960 and helped spark the sexual revolution. >Also, One of the most significant developments in the history of human sexuality

Men's Gender Roles

Men are socially constructed to be masculine.