The flow of energy 5

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Each ATP molecule has three parts

1. sugar. 2. an adenine nucleotide. 3. A chain of three phosphate groups.

Activation energy

All chemical reactions require an initial input of energy called activation energy.

Allosteric enzymes

Are affected by the binding of signal molecules. Some signals act as repressors

Enzymes

Are the catalysis used by cells to perform particular reactions. Enzymes bind specially to a molecule and stress the bonds to make the reaction more likely to proceed.

Cellular respiration

Cells break down the potential energy in sugars and convert it ATP.

Activators

Change the shape of the enzyme so that it can bind substrate.

Fist law of thermodynamics

Concerns the amount of energy in the universe.

Second law of thermodynamics

Concerns this transformation of potential energy into heat, or random molecular motion.

There are two kinds of chemical reactions

Endergonic reactions and exergonic reactions.

Exergonic reactions

Have products with less energy that the reactants. These reactions tend to occur spontaneously.

Reactants

In a chemical reaction, the original molecules before the chemical reaction occurs are called reactants, or sometimes substrates.

Repressors

Inhibit the enzyme when bound.

Feed back inhibition

Is a form of a enzyme inhibition where the product of a reaction acts as repressor.

Energy

Is defined as the ability to do work.

Second law of thermodynamics

Is states that the disorder in a closed system like universe it continuously increasing.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Is the energy currency of the cell

Kinetic energy

Is the energy of motion.

Chemical reaction

Is the making or breaking of chemical bonds.

Entropy

Is the measure of the degree of disorder system, so the second law of thermodynamics can also be stated simply as "entropy increases."

Active site

Is the site on the enzyme that binds to a reactant.

Energy

It can be considered to exit in two states: kinetic energy and potential energy.

First law of thermodynamics

It states that energy can change from one state to another ( from potential to kinetic, for example) but it can never be destroyed, nor can new energy be made.

Potential energy

Objects that are not in the process of moving but have the capacity to move are said to possess potential energy, or stored energy.

Photosynthesis

Some cells convert energy from the sun into ATP and then use it to make sugars that store potential energy.

Activation energy

The activation energy initiates a chemical reaction by destabilizing existing chemical bonds.

Competitive inhibition

The inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site The inhibitor can block the active site to that it cannot bind the substrate.

Catalysis

The process of lowering the activation energy of a reaction is called catalysis.

Biochemical pathway

The product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction until a final product is made. The series of reactions is called a biochemical pathway.

Binding site

The site on the reactant where the enzyme binds is called the binding site.

Coupled reactions

Usually endergonic reactions are coupled with the breakdown of ATP

Products

Whereas the molecules that result after the reaction has taken place are called the products.

Endergonic reactions

have products with more energy than the reactants. These reactions require an input of energy.


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