THE ULTIMATE APUSH EXAM QUIZLET

SALT II treaty

was a controversial experiment of negotiations between Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev from 1977 to 1979 between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, which sought to curtail the manufacture of strategic nuclear weapons. The treaty banned new missile programs

Arsene Pujo

was a member of the US House of Reps. best known for chairing the Pujo Committee; which sought to expose an anti competitive conspiracy among some of the nations most powerful financial interests

"phony war"

was a phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France. Although the great powers of Europe had declared war on one another, neither side had yet committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground

Wendell Willkie

was a presidential elect in the year 1940. The Republicans gained much support in his quest for presidency. He opposed the New Deal programs being advocated by FDR

Watergate scandal

was a problem in Washington during the presidency of Richard Nixon. The members of an association working to have Nixon re-elected, CREEP, were involved in a burglary, and it was then linked to Nixon. The CREEP group had also gotten lots of money from unidentifiable places. Suspicion set in and Nixon was accused of getting illegal help in being re-elected. Nixon tried to use government to cover-up his involvement. Impeachment proceedings were started but Nixon resigned from his office in August of 1974.

Cambodian incursion

was a series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia during mid-1970 by the United States and South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. These invasions were a result of policy of former President Richard Nixon whose decision it was to invade. A total of 13 major operations were conducted

John Wilkes Booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Steel strike of 1919

was an attempt by the weakened Amalgamated Association of the Iron, Steel, and Tin workers to organize the US steel industry in the wake of WW1. It was a union of skilled iron and steel workers which was deeply committed ti craft unionism

House Committee on Un-American Activities

was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda. This congressional Committee investigated Communist influence inside and outside the US government after WWII.

energy crisis

was caused by our reliance on foreign oil and triggered a nationwide movement that advocated energy conservation and alternate energy sources

George H.W. Bush

was the 42nd president of the United States, previously being Ronald Reagan's vice-president., his policies and ideals derived heavily from his predecessor and were built on them, he was a well-to-do oil tycoon before devoting himself to the public

Matthew Lyon

was the first person to be put to trial for violating the acts on charges of criticizing Federalist president John Adams and disagreeing with Adams' decision to go to war against France. Lyon was sentenced to four months in jail and ordered to pay a $1,000 fine and court costs. While in jail, Lyon won election to the Sixth Congress. In the election of 1800 Matthew Lyon cast the deciding vote for Jefferson after the election went to the House of Representatives because of an electoral tie.

Gerald Ford

was the first president to be solely elected by a vote from Congress. He entered the office in August of 1974 when Nixon resigned. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. The Vietnam War ended in 1975, in which he evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam. He closed the war.

Bleecher's Bibles

was the name given to the breech loading Sharps rifles that were supplied to the anti-slavery immigrants in Kansas.

Strict Construction

way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take

Draft Riots

were a series of violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War

"axis of evil"

when Bush lumped Iraq and Saddam into this and believed it helped and harbored terrorists

Aroostock War

when the British decided to build a road from Halifax to Quebec through the disputed territory (claimed by Maine and GB), lumberjacks both entered the Aroostock River Valley, and fights broke out; both sides called local militia and the small-scale fighting threatened to explode into war

stem cell research

where zygotes or fertilized human eggs, offered possible cures for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's--Bush administration, and many religious groups, believed that this research was killing people in the form of a human fetus; said a fetus is still a human life, despite its small size, and experimenting and destroying it is therefore wrong, for this reason, he limited government funding for this

"Redeemers"

white Democrats who used their political power to oppress the Black community

Hillary Rodham Clinton

wife of Bill Clinton, he appointed her to run a task force involving health insurance, an unprecedented role for a first lady

Liberty Party

won 16,000 votes in NY, taking them away from Henry Clay; the anti-Texas party actually hastened Texas's annexation by hurting Clay

Warren G. Harding

won the presidency in 1920 (republican), his political philosophy fit in well with the times, his campaign promised "a return to normalcy" which he meant for a "normal" life after the war

Marshall Plan

would give European nations American aid to rebuild their economies, proposed by Secretary of State George C. Marshall, also called the European Recovery Program

John C. Calhoun

writer of the South Carolina Exposition; VP under J.Q. Adams and A. Jackson; led the nullification fight in 1832-33; leading voice for southern states' rights

South Carolina Exposition

written by John C. Calhoun denouncing the 1828 tariff as unconstitutional and that the states should declare it null and void

"The Theory of the Leisure Class"

written by Thorstein Veblen, criticized the new rich (those who made money from the trusts) in this book

William Hope Harvey

wrote "Coin's financial school;" showed how the 'little professor' overwhelmed the bankers and professors of economics with his brilliant arguments on behalf of free silver

Ray Stannard Baker

wrote "Following the colored line" was a series spotlighting the plight of 9 million blacks of who 90% still lived in the South and 1/3 were illiterate

Jacob A Riis

wrote "How the Other Half Lives" wrote of the dirt, diseased, vice, and misery of the rat gnawed New York slums

F. Scott Fitzgerald

wrote "The Great Gatsby, with colorful characters that chased futile dreams, his novel was critical of modern society's superficiality, belonged to the Lost Generation of Writers

Upton Sinclair

wrote "The Jungle" based on his close observations of the slaughterhouses of Chicago

Fredrick Jackson Turner

wrote "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" inspired by the 'closing' of the frontier

William Faulkner

wrote "The Sound and the Fury," later won the Nobel Prize for Literature, showed what his characters were thinking and feeling before they spoke, which was a new writing technique, using that technique, he exposed hidden attitudes of Southern whites and African Americans in a fictional Mississippi county.

Thorstein Veblen

wrote "The Theory of the Leisure Class" a savage attack on 'predatory wealth' and 'conspicuous consumption' believed the parasitic leisure class

yuppies

young college-educated adults who are employed in a well-paying profession and who live and work in or near a large city

Indian Removal Act (1830)

passed in 1830; authorized Jackson to negotiate land exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi; treaties enacted under the act paved the way for the reluctant- and forced- emigration of American Indians to the West

Divorce Bill

passed in 1837 by Van Buren; divorced the government from banking and established an independent treasury so the government could lock its money in vaults in several of the larger cities

17th Amendment

passed in 1913, called for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by states legislatures

progressive education

pedagogical movement that began in the late nineteenth century, viewed as an alternative to test-oriented instruction

boondoggling

several work relief programs under the control of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), it is a politically motivated, trivial, wasteful or impractical government project funded with the intent to gain political favor

James B. (Wild Bill) Hickok

sheriff in Abilene, Kansas. Fabulous gunman who reputedly killed only in self-defense or in the line of duty

"How the Other Half Lives"

shocked Americans with open portrayal of dirt, disease, vice, and misery of the NY slums, written by Jacob A. Riis

Embargo Act

signed by Thomas Jefferson in 1807 - stop export of all american goods and american ships from sailing for foreign ports

Kellogg-Briand Pact

signed on August 27, 1928, USA and 14 other nations signed, the pact hailed as a victory for peace, stated that all who signed agreed to abandon war and to settle all disputes by peaceful means

"twisting the lion's tail"

slang term for a politician in America in the mid 1800s making negative remarks about the British to his Irish audiences

three-fifths clause

slave counted as 3/5 of a person for population in congress.

wildcat banks

smaller banks that were fly-by-night operations hat often consisted of little more than a few chairs and a suitcase of printed notes; wildcat currency became very unreliable

"dry and wet" states

some states passed 'dry' laws which controlled, restricted, or abolished alcohol, big cities were generally 'wet' for they had a large immigrant vote accustomed to the free flow of wine/beer

scalawags

southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction

Swing around the circle

speaking campaign of US President Andrew Johnson in which he tried to gain support of his mild Reconstruction policies

Bonanza Farms

specialized in one crop, over 15,000+ acres. Foreshadowed the gigantic agribusiness of the next century

"pet" banks

state banks where Jackson placed deposits removed from the National Bank

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

stated that only the United States had the right to intervene in Latin American nations' affairs.

"red" and "blue" states

states of the United States whose residents predominantly vote for the Republican Party (red) or Democratic Party (blue) presidential candidates

multiculturalism

stressed the need to preserve, rather than squash racial minorities, old ways, and ethnic traits, the old idea of "melting pot" gave away to "salad bowl"

Gadsen Purchase

strip of land in present day Arizona and New Mexico for which the United States paid Mexico $10 million in 1853.

Griswold v. Conneticut

struck down a state law that banned the use of contraceptives, even by married couples, creating a "right to privacy."

George Whitefield

succeeded John Wesley as leader of Calvinist Methodists in Oxford, England, major force in revivalism in England and America, journey to colonies sparked Great Awakening

Morill Tariff Act

superseding the low tariff of 1857 duties increased some 5-10% raise revenue and produce protection for manufacturing

Daniel Webster

supported higher tariffs in the 1820s; presented Congress with a bill to renew the Bank of the U.S.'s charter in 1832; in the first Whig party

Gibbons vs. Ogden

supreme court decision that ruled that the constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the U.S. Congress, not the individual states through which a route passed.

Samuel Chase

supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate.

sharecropping

system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops

St. Lawrence seaway

system of locks, canals, and dams that allows ships to move from one water level to another completed in 1959; makes it easier to move goods from the US to Canada

McCarthyism

tactic of damaging reputations with vague and unfounded charges

"Established" religions

tax-supported churches, in 1775 the two conspicuous ones were the Anglican and the Congregational

Philippine insurrection

tension between U.S. troops and Filipinos eventually entered into war

Reaganomics

term for Reagan's economic policies, which focused on reducing taxes, social spending, and government regulation, while increasing outlays for defense economic theory that underlay Reagan's tax and spending cuts, declared that government policy should aim to increase the supply of goods and services, rather than the demand for them, it held that lower taxes and decreased regulation would increase productivity by providing increased incentives to work, thus increasing productivity and the tax base

"merchants of death"

term for banks and industries that supplied and funded WWI and were a good reason as to why a WW2 was bad

"slavocracy"

term the North used to describe the slaveholding South and its "scheme" to gain more slave land

Blue light Federalists

term used by people who believed that certain federalists signaled the british when americans were coming

Chateau-Thierry

the 1st significant engagement of American troops in WW1

Manifest Destiny

the American belief that God meant for them to spread democracy to the whole continent; led to many conflicts, especially the Mexican War; term was first used by John O'Sullivan

"Trail of Tears"

the Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands; traveled from North Carolina and Georgia to TN, KY, MO, IL, and AR (more than 800 miles); over 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food over 116 days

Talleyrand

the French foreign minister, whom which three American dipolmats seek to reach an agreement with, they are stopped by the French X, Y, and Z dipolmats and are asked for a bribe to speak with Talleyrand. Causes XYZ affair.

Santa Anna

the Mexican dictator who was exiled to Cuba; said that if the American blockading squadron would let him go into Mexico, he would sell out his country; instead, he rallied the Mexicans to defend their soil; attacked at Buena Vista

Presbyterian Church

the Protestant denomination adhering to the views of John Calvin

ABC Powers

the South American countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, which attempted to mediate a dispute between the US and Mexico in 1914

Schenck v. US

the Supreme Court affirmed their legality, arguing that freedom of speech could be revoked when such speech posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation

destroyers-for-bases deal

the U.S. traded 50 old-model destroyers left over from WWI to Britain in return for eight valuable defensive base sites, stretching from Newfoundland to South America

self-determination

the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

impressment

the act of coercing someone into government service

annexation

the adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit

"conscience" Whigs

the anti-slavery Whigs in Congress who denounced the mexican War; won control of the House in 1847 and threatened to vote down supplies for the armies in the field

States' Rights

the belief that an individual state may restrict federal authority

martial law

the body of law imposed by the military over civilian affairs (usually in time of war or civil crisis)

patronage

the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers

Wabash case

the case in which The Supreme Court decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce.

"outsourcing"

the contracting out of an internal business process to a third party organization, the practice of contracting a business process out to a third party rather than staffing it internally is common in the modern economy

collective security

the cooperation of several countries in an alliance to strengthen the security of each

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Volstead Act

the enabling legislation for the Eighteenth Amendment which established prohibition in the United States

"ethnic cleansing"

the expulsion, imprisonment, or killing of ethnic minorities by a dominant majority group

ethnic cleansing

the expulsion, imprisonment, or killing of ethnic minorities by a dominant majority group

Thurgood Marshall

the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his activity in the Little Rock 9 and his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education

Harvard College

the first American college, established in 1636 by Puritan theologians who wanted to create a training center for ministers. The school was named for John Harvard, a Charleston minister, who had left it his library and half his estate

National Labor Union

the first national labor union in US history founded in 1866 and gained 600,000 members from many parts of the workforce, althouh it limited the participation of chinese, women, and blacks. the orginization devoted much of its energy to fighting for and eight-hour workday

Frances Perkins

the first woman appointed to a cabinet post, Secretary of Labor

Force Acts

the government banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent someone from voting because of their race. Other laws banned the KKK entirely and brought forth military help to enforce these laws.

"all of Mexico"

the group of expansionists wanted all of Mexico after the war, but some then realized that the South would be better off not being too greedy

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

"cult of domesticity"

the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

second front

the invasion of western Europe by the U.S ,British, and French in 1944. This invasion was to take pressure off the Russians and divide the Germans. It was established by the D-Day Invasion

Mormons

the religious oligarchy that was formed in America by Joseph Smith, and later spread throughout the world, although it was originally disproved by the states of Missouri, Ohio, and Illinois. between 1846 and 1847, the population moved to Utah, and established settlements there, where crickets almost killed their crops in 1848, but the crops were saved through a miracle; the area in Utah they inhabited was called Semiarid, and five thousand settlers arrived there by 1850. this group of people had their own army, and ran into problems with Congress due to the anti-polygamy laws passed in 1862 and 1882, Utah could not become a state until 1896, due to the military of this group. these people had missionary movements in Europe, and the Europeans increased their population in Utah.

French Revolution

the revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Ohio Fever

the rush of people going West because of cheap land, especially European immigrants

Knights of Labor

the second national labor orgnization, organized in 1869 as a secret society and opened for public membership in 1881. the knights were known for their efforts to organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, or race.

George Bancroft (1800-1891)

the secretary of the navy who helped to establish the Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1845, between the years of 1834 and 1876, he worked to produce a patriotic history of America to the year 1789, which originally existed of ten, but then later condensed to six volumes.

Confederacy

the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861

Hundred Days

the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs, The special session lasted about three months: 100 days

nullification

the states' rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by Congress

Brigham Young

the successor of Joseph Smith for the Mormon people, he was considered to be like Moses because he led the Mormon people away from drama by moving them to Utah (1846-1847). he had twenty-seven wives, though some only by name, and fifty-six offsprings. in 1850, he was appointed the governor of the territory, and ran into conflict with the government, where the federal army was forced to march to the region to settle things out.

spoils system

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

the treaty negotiated by Nicholas Trist to end the Mexican War; the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and forgave $13.5 million in debt

preservation

theory and practice of creatively maintaining the historic built environment and controlling the landscape component

Social Darwinism

theory that indivduals won their stations in life by competing on the basis of their natural talents

McCarran Act

this act declared that "world Communism has as its sole purpose the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in America," the act made it illegal to combine, conspire, or agree with any other person to perform any act which would substantially contribute to the establishment of a totalitarian government

Glass-Steagall Act

this act separated commercial banking from investment banking, under this act, these banks were no longer allowed to risk depositors' money by using it to speculate on the stock market

Transcendentalism

this aroused in the second quarter of the nineteenth century, in Boston notably, and was the belief that overtime liberalized individuals from Puritan beliefs. romantic German philosophers and religions in Asia encouraged this movement, in which theories of John Locke were objected because people of this movement believed that truth overpowers the senses, and truth could not be found only through observations. every person has the light that can help connect him or herself to God.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

this authorized the U.S. attorney general to send federal examiners to register qualified voters, bypassing local officials who often refused to register African Americans, the law also suspended discriminatory devices, such as literacy tests, in counties where less than half of all adults had been registered to vote

The Promise of American Life

this book by Herbert Croly contained many of the ideas that Roosevelt preached in his Bull Moose campaign, under his New Nationalism creed

United Negro Improvement Association

urged African Americans to return to their "motherland" of Africa and provided early inspiration for "black pride" movements

Pearl Harbor

valuable naval base acquired by U.S. from the Hawaiian government in 1887

John Wesley Powell

warned that beyong the 100th meridan so little rain fell that agriculture was impossible without massive irrigation

Great Society

was President Johnson's policy. It was a continuation of the democratic ideals of FDR's New Deal and Truman's Fair Deal. It was a war on poverty in which such issues as health care, education, and welfare were covered and increased in importance. (Medicare and Medicaid)

Ex parte Milligan

was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled suspension of Habeas Corpus by President Abraham Lincoln as constitutional

Indian Reservation Act

"Indian New Deal" partially reversed the individualistic approach and belatedly tried to restore the tribal basis of Indian life

William Marbury

"Midnight Judge" appointed in the Judiciary Act of 1801. Sued government because he was never appointed, which resulted in Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review.

OPEC

"Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries." -this oil cartel doubled their petroleum charges in 1979, helping American inflation rise well above 13%

speculation

"Outdoor gambling" that involved buying more land than safe in hopes of appreciation

Nativists

"Native" americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs away frm them and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society.

Enron and Worldcom

2001; a scandal that eventually led to the bankruptcy of the Enron Corporation, an American energy company based in Houston, Texas, attributed as the biggest audit failure, Enron's $63.4 billion in assets made it the largest corporate bankruptcy in U.S. history until WorldCom's bankruptcy the next year

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

William Howard Taft

27th president, angereed progresssives by moving cautiously towward rreforms and by supporting the Payne-Alddrich Tariff; lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a 2nd term

Guantanamo

28,000 acre Cuban beachhead which was under the control of the U.S. and the agreement to occupy that land can only be revoked by consent of both parties

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the US, known for WW1 leadership. Entered war on April 2, 1917Created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, Progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (never entered)

Salem Witch Trials

"Witch hunt" initiated by yound girls in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. This led to the death of twenty humans and two dogs. The witch trials displayed the faults in religious belief and power.

Virginia Dynasty

"dynasty" comprised of the four of the first five presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe), all of whom Virginian plantation owners

Johnny Reb

'johnny' was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War

Taft-Hartley Act

(1947) It outlawed the "closed" shop, made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves, and required union leaders to take a non-communist oath

Contract with America

(1994) Multi-point program offered by the Republican candidates and sitting politicians in the 1994 mid-term election. The platform proposed smaller government, Congressional ethics reform, term limits, great emphasis on personal responsibility, and a general repudiation of the Democratic party. This articulation of dissent was a significant blow to the Clinton Administration and led to the Republican party's takeover of both houses of Congress for the first time in half a century.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

(1995) An international body to promote and supervise liberal trade among nations. The successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, it market a key world trade policy achievement of the Clinton Administration.

Welfare Reform Bill

(1996) Legislation that made deep cuts in welfare grants and required able-bodied welfare recipients to find employment. Part of Bill Clinton's campaign platform in 1992, the reforms were widely seen by liberals as an abandonment of key New Deal/Great Society provisions to care for the impoverished.

USA-Patriot Act

(2001) Legislation passed shortly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, that granted broad surveillance and detention authority to the government.

The Grange

(Patrons of Husbandry) one agrarian group that pressured many western legislatures to regulate the railroad monopoly

nativist

(nativism) a belief that one's native land needs to be protected against immigrants

Bland-Allison Act

1873 law that required the federal government to purchase and coin more silver, increasing the money supply and causing inflation.

Pendleton Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Federal Trade Commission

1914 legislation that formed an organization to monitor practices that could lead to monopoly and to regulate false advertising

H. L. Mencken

1920's patron to many young writers; criticized the middle class, democracy, marriage, and patriotism in his monthly "American Mercury"

Wagner Act

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands

Korematsu v. United States

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

1949 alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved

Miranda decision/ Miranda warnings

1964 - Miranda held that a person arrested for a crime must be advised of his right to remain silent and to have an attorney before being questioned by the police. Escobedo held that an accused can reassert these rights at any time, even if he had previously agreed to talk to the police.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

United Farm Workers Organizing Committee

1966; headed by Cesar Chavez, succeeded in making working conditions better for Chicano "stoop laborers" who followed the planting cycle of the American West

new religious right

1980s; the political power of religious conservatives became apparent, they rose up in the "cultural wars" to attack the excesses of the 1960s and 70s

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

1992; the Court ruled that states could restrict access to an abortion if it did not place "undue burden" on the mother, in this case, a wife could not be forced to tell her husband of an abortion, a minor could be forced to tell her parents

Brady Bill

1993; it was passed to place restrictions on buying a gun, the law was named after James Brady, who was shot during an attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan in 1981, made background checks a requirement for gun purchases from licensed dealers

World Trade Center

1993; terrorists drove a truck bomb underneath it and detonated it, the parking garage was gutted, but the buildings stood up until the two planes hit it in 2001

UNMOVIC

1999; United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission was used to replace the former United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) and continue with the latter's mandate to disarm Iraq of its weapons of mass destruction, and to operate a system of ongoing monitoring and verification to check Iraq's compliance with its obligations not to reacquire the same weapons prohibited to it by the Security Council

Columbine High School

1999; a massacre that was a school shooting which occurred on April 20, 1999, sparked debate over gun control laws, the availability of firearms within the United States and gun violence involving youths

"separate spheres"

19th century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, moms, homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the United States, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

Henry Knox

1st Secretary of War

Yellowstone

1st national park

Richard M. Nixon

37th President of the United States (1969-1974) and the only president to resign the office. He initially escalated the Vietnam War, overseeing secret bombing campaigns, but soon withdrew American troops and successfully negotiated a ceasefire with North Vietnam, effectively ending American involvement in the war. Watergate Scandal.

Edward Braddock

A British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.

Molasses Act

A British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported into colonies not ruled by Britain. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing and smuggling. Their protest of this and other laws led to revolution.

Jaques Cartier

A Frenchman who journeyed up the St. Lawerence River.

Anthony Wayne

A General, nicknamed "Mad Anthony". Beat Northwest Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. Left British made arms on the fields of battle. After that the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 led to the Indians ceding their claims to a vast tract in the Ohio Country.

Cajun

A Louisianian descended from Acadian immigrants from Nova Scotia ('Cajun' comes from 'Acadian')

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Hiawatha

A Native American legendary Iroquois leader who helped establish the Iroquois Confederacy in order to stand up to other military menaces.

Bartholomeu Dias

A Portuguese sailor who was the first to sail around the tip of Africa in 1488.

General Court

A Puritan representative assembly where only freemen could vote.

Oliver Cromwell

A Puritan soldier who took over after King Charles I was beheaded.

Moses Brown

A Quaker capitalist from Rhode Island who financially backed Samuel Slater in his building of a machine to spin cotton thread.

Fetterman Massacre

A Sioux war party attempted to block construction of the Bozeman Trail and ambushed Captain William J. Fetterman's command of 81 soldiers in the Bighorn mountains. The Indians left no survivors

Andrew Johnson

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Fransisco Pizarro

A Spanish conquistador who crushed the Incas of Peru in 1532. He helped to add a large amount of New World Silver to the Spanish econonmy.

Hernán Cortés

A Spanish conquistador who overthrew the Aztec civilization in 1521 ruled by Moctezuma.

Juan Ponce de Léon

A Spanish conquistador who searched for gold and the Fountain of Youth in Florida

Hernando de Soto

A Spanish conquistador who searched for gold in the West of Florida. He discovered the Mississippi River, but abused the natives there.

Fransisco Coronado

A Spanish conquistador who traveled throughout New Mexico, Arizona, and the like in order to increase profits of the Spanish government.

Vasco Nuñez Balboa

A Spanish explorer who is credited with discovery of the Pacific Ocean just of the west coast of Panama.

Ferdinand Magellan

A Spanish explorer who´s team was the first to circumnavigate the globe though he himself didn´t make it all the way around on account of the fact that he died in the Philipines (killed by Philippians or Philipinos... depending on your pronunciation, personally, I prefer the former).

U.S. vs. Wong Kim

A Supreme Court decision that set an important legal precedent about the role of birth in the United States as a factor in determining a person's claim to United States citizenship

James G. Blaine

A U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine and a two-time United States Secretary of State. He funded Bates college. He helped install the Blaine Amendments

Cyrus McCormick

A Virginia-born man who, in the 1830s, invented the mower-reaper. With the use of this tool a single man could do the work of five men with sickles and scythes. His invention was the equivalent in the west to the cotton gin to the south. This invention led to cash-crop culture dominating the west.

David Walker

A black abolitionist who advocated a bloody end to white supremacy in Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

Stokely Carmichael

A black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr. but later changed his attitude, urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Moors

A boggy area that is dominated by grass and hedges with much peat.

Silent Spring

A book written (Rachel Carson) to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development.

Charles W. Eliot

A chemist who became President of Harvard College and embarked upon a lengthy career of educational statesmanship; changed Harvard's motto from Christo et Ecclesiae (For Christ and Church) to Veritas (Truth).

Massasoit

A chief of the Wampanoag tribe who made peace with the Pilgrims during the first Thanksgiving.

grandfather clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War

A committee in Congress created in late 1861 that was comprised mainly of radical Republicans who pressed Lincoln for emancipation

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh was its most effective speaker

credibility gap

A lack of popular confidence in the truth of the claims or public statements made by the federal government, large corporations, politicians, etc.

Law of Primogenture

A law that decreed only the oldest son could inherit any propery.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Samuel de Champlain

A leading figure, intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership earned him the title "Father of New France". He sailed up St Lawrence River, and founded the city of Quebec in 1608.

Northern Securities Act

A legal case that resulted in the dissolution of the trust between the Union Pacific and Northern Pacific Railroads. Also led to the dissolution of the company from which the case gets its name

Fourteen Points

A list of foreign policy goals which Wilson hoped to achieve in the aftermath of WW1

Confederation

A loose group of governments working together.

Eli Whitney

A mechanical genius from Massachusetts who invented the cotton gin, which greatly improved efficiency, and the South was able to clear more acres of cotton fields, which also increased the demand for slaves. Whitney was also the inventor of interchangable parts for muskets used by the U.S. Army.

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act. It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Jane Addams

A middle-class woman dedicated to uplifting the urban masses. She was college educated, established the Hull House in Chicago in 1889 (most prominent American settlement house, mostly for immigrants), and condemned war and poverty.

William Lloyd Garrison

A mild-looking 26-year-old reformer and spiritual child of the Second Great Awakening; published his antislavery newspaper The Liberator; stern and uncompromising in his principles; often seemed to be more interested in his righteousness than the evils of slavery; burned a copy of the constitution; many felt he was aggravating the situation without offering a solution

John Cotton

A minister in Massachusetts who came to Boston in order to escape persecution of the Church of England for being a Puritan. (Hint: Jacky Faber Book 2 Rev. Mather)

Payne- Aldrich Act

A moderately reductive bill to reduce tariffs, however senators had tacked on hundreds of upward tariff revisions.. Taft signed it, outraging the progressive wing of his Republican party

National Woman's Party

A more militant approach to gaining votes by some women. Took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes, lead by Alice Paul

détente

A period of relaxed tension between the communist powers of the Soviet Union and China and the U.S. set up by Richard Nixon that established better relations between these countries to ease the Cold War. During this time the Anti-ballistic Missile treaty as well as the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks were set up to prevent nuclear war

Mestizos

A person of racially mixed ancestry made of American Indian and European blood.

slavery

A person who is in bondage to another.

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Lancaster Turnpike

A private company completed this in Pennsylvania in the 1790s. It was a broad, hard-surfaced highway that extended 62 miles from Philadelphia to Lancaster. This was essentially a toll road that was successful in that it returned as high as 15% annual dividends to its stockholders.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

recall

A progressive ballot procedure allowing voters to remove elected officials from office

initiative

A progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot. Like the referendum and recall, it brought democracy directly "to the people" and helped foster a shift toward interest- group politics and away from old political 'machines'

referendum

A progressive reform procedure allowing voters to place a bill on the ballot from final approval, even after being passed by the legislature

Theodore Dwight Weld

A prominent abolitionist who had been evangelized by C.G. Finney in NY's Burned-Over District; his simple manner and speech appealed to uneducated farmers; financially aided by Arthur and Lewis Tappan; expelled from Lane Theological Seminary in 1834 for organizing an 18-day debate on slavery; traveled across the Old Northwest preaching antislavery gospel; wrote the propaganda pamphlet American Slavery as It Is

"Rosie the Riveter"

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Loyal Opposition

A reference to the political party out of power at any given time. eventually, Jefferson and Hamilton's personal feud raged nationwide, creating two political parties. The idea was that one political party, the one out of party, was still loyal to the country while opposing the other parties policies. It mace sure that people on all sides of the political spectrum were heard.

Bartolome de Las Casas

A reform minded Dominican friar who wrote a book to chronicle the awful fate of the Native Americans and to protest Spanish policies in the New World.

social gospel

A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with immigrants and working people.

Butternut Region

A region located in the Old Northwest and the Border State. Most people in this area complained that Lincoln has gone far enough on the Proclamation.

covenant

A religious agreement that one holds to God or themselves or their community.

Calvinism

A religious denomination created by John Calvin following the ideas of Martin Luther in the Protestant Reformation.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the corrupt Catholic Church and Church of England.

conversion

A religious turn to God.

House of Burgesses

A representative self-government that began in 1619 in Virginia. It was basically mini American Parliament.

Dominion of New England

A royal authoriy that included Newy York and Jersey. It boosted defense agianst Indians and Navigation Laws stating no trade with anyone but Britian.

yellow journalism

A scandal-mongering practice of journalism that emerged in New York during the Gilded Age out of the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer's "New York Journal." The expression has remained a pejorative term referring to sensationalist journalism practiced with unethical, unprofessional standards.

William Bradford

A self-taught scholar and Pilgrim leader against the settlement of non-pligrims who may corrupt their society.

The Ancient Order of the Hibernians

A semisecret society founded founded in Ireland to fight landlords that served in America as a benevolent society to aid the downtrodden Irish immigrants.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Whitewater

A series of scandals during the Clinton Administration that stemmed from a failed real estate investment from which the Clintons were alleged to have illicitly profited. The accusations prompted the appointment of a special federal prosecutor, though no indictments.

higher law

A set of laws that establish and limit the power of government

Triangular trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Sussex Pledge

A torpedo from a German Submarine hit a french passenger liner called the Sussex in March 1916, Wilson demanded the Germans refrain from attacking passenger ships. In this statement, Germany said they would temporarily stop these attacks but might have to resume in the future if the British continued to blockade German ports

Virginia Company

A trading company chartered by James I to found Jamestown.

longhouse

A type of home design used by the Iroquois.

megalopolis

A very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns).

Separatists

A very small group of extreme Puritans who wanted to completely split from the Church of England.

Florence Kelley

A woman who worked at the Hull House, successfully lobbied in 1893 for an Illinois antisweatshop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor. She was a lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers, and later moved to the Henry Street Settlement in New York and served for three decades as General Secretary of the National Consumers League.

royal charter

A written grant of rights by royalty for the creation of an organizaiton. In this case, the rulers of Britian giving various companies the right to start a colony in America.

"peace without victory"

America's commitment to neutral rights

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained." Federalist.

Theodore Dreiser

American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.

John Paul Jones

American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) said " I have not yet begun to fight."

James Fenimore Cooper

American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans (1826).

John Singleton Copley

American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815)

James B. Weaver

American politician who leaned toward agrarian radicalism; he twice ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. presidency, as the Greenback-Labor candidate (1880) and as the Populist candidate (1892).

Benjamin Franklin

American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.

Dred Scott

American slave who sued his master for keeping him enslaved in a territory where slavery was banned under the missouri Compromise

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).

Battle of Midway

Americans discovered that the Japanese were planning to attack Midway, a strategic island which lies northwest of Hawaii. Admiral Chester Nimitz, the commander of American naval forces in the Pacific, moved to defend the island. On Junes 3, 1942, his scout planes found the Japanese fleet. The Americans sent torpedo planes and dive bombers to the attack. The Japanese were caught with their planes still on the decks of their carriers. The results were devastating. by the end of the Battle of Midway, the Japanese had lost four aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes. In the words of a Japanese official, at Midway the Americans had "avenged Pearl Harbor."

Malcolm X

An African-American man who converted to a Black Muslim while in prison. At first urged Blacks to seize their freedom by any means necessary, but later changed position and advocated racial harmony. He was assassinated in February, 1965.

Horace Greeley

An American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder of the Republican party, reformer and politician He helped support reform movements and anti-slavery efforts through his New York Tribune newspaper

Powhatan's Confederacy

An Indian chieftan's rule over many tribes in the James River area.

Popé´s Rebellion

An Indian rebellion agaist the Spanish missionaries in New Mexico in 1680. They burned all the churches and killed many priests.

Molly Maguires

An Irish miners' union who engaged in a violent confrontation with pennsylvania mining companies in the 1860s and 70s.

Handsome Lake

An Iroquis prophet who had a vision that showed him that the moral decline of his people must end if they were to endure.

Marco Polo

An Italian adventurer who returned to Europe in 1295 and told tales from China. An "indirect discoveror of the New World; his stories of Chinese riches stimulated European to find a cheaper route to the East.

Giovanni da Verrazano

An Italian mariner who was sent by a french King to probe the eastern seaboard in 1524.

John Brown

An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory

Stamp Act

An act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents.

Nonimportation agreement

An act signed by 200 merchants pledging not to buy any British goods until Parliament repeals the Stamp Act, colonial merchants and planters signed these agreements to promise to stop importing goods taxed by the Townshend acts.

Gold Standard Act

An act that guaranteed that paper currency would be redeemed freely in gold, putting an end to the already dying "free silver" campaign

freemen

An adult male who belonged to a Puritan congregation.

John Smith

An adventurer and Captian in Virginia. Kidnapped by Indians and saved by Pocahontas. Back in Jamestown he came up with the rule ¨He who doesn´t work doesn´t eat.¨

Woman's Bureau

An agency of the US government within the US department of labor, made to protect women and children in the workplace

Miami Confederacy

An alliance of eight Indian nations who terrorized Americans and were given firearms by the British

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerinidan nations that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives.

George Catlin

An american painter and student of Native American life. He was one of the first Americans to advocate for the preservation of nature. He proposed for the creation of a national park.

William Laud

An archbishop under the rule of Charles I who looked down upon the Bay Colony Puritans who didn't want to break away but remove impurities.

Indian Territory

An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska

joint-stock company

An association of people in a business with transferable shares of stock where the stock holders are liable of any debts or casualties that the company may undergo.

Mercantilism

An economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests.

Henry Hudson

An english explorer and found the Hudson River in 1609 wanting to find a water route to cut the continet.

Students for a Democratic Society

An example of the transformation from youthful idealism that gave way to violence and cynicism during the 1960s; this organization initially used peaceful demonstrations to promote its antipoverty and anti war objectives, but eventually devolved into an underground terrorist group.

XYZ Affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

American Protective Association

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration.

salutary neglect

An undocumented British policy of avoiding strict Parliament laws to keep America obedient to Great Britian.

Landrum-Griffith Act

Act that protects the rights of union members from corrupt or discriminatory labor unions; also known as Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA)

New Deal

After Franklin Roosevelt was inaugurated in 1933, he decided the U.S. must improve economically to recover from the Great Depression, His policy focused on relief, recovery, and reform, Short term goals were relief and immediate recovery, Permanent recovery and reform were done by long-range goals, Programs were established to improve unemployment, regulate minimum wage, and reform many other social issues

Bataan Death March

After the Japanese landed in the Philippines in May 1942, nearly 75,000 American and Filipino prisoners were forced to endure a 60-mile forced march; during the ordeal, 10,000 prisoners died or were killed.

War Industries Board

Agency established during WW1 to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war-related industries

ecological imperialism

Aggressive and often heedless exploitation of Western America's natural resources

Convention of 1800

Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president

Nonimportation Agreements

Agreements not to import goods from Great Britain. They were designed to put pressure on the British economy and force the repeal of unpopular parliamentary acts.

Sojourner Truth

Aka "Isabella"; held audiences captive with her religious passions with which she condemned slavery

William F. Cody

Aka Buffalo Bill, he was an American adventurer, soldier, and showman of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. His popular "Wild West Show," began in the 1880s, featured acts such as the marksmanship of Annie Oakley, mock battles between Native Americans and army troops, and breathtaking displays of cowboy skills and horsemanship.

"The Influence of Sea Power upon History"

Alfred Mahan's book detailing the role of sea power through history

Homestead Act

Allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee. Useed to encourage a rapid filling of emppty spaces and to pprvide a stimulus to the family farm. Often led to failure; the land was inadequate to farm on

Progressive Party

Also known as "Bull Moose Party" this political party was formed by Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Taft in the election of 1912.

John Cabot

Also known as Giovanni Caboto, he was sent by the British to explore the Northeastern coast of North America in 1497.

Roosevelt coalition

Also known as the New Deal. Established by Roosevelt during the Great Depression, it helped the unemployed and the lost wages due to the panic on wall street.

sumptuary laws

Also konw as Blue Laws, these lawes were designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality.

Bible Commonwealth

Also konwn as Massachusetts, nicknamed because of all the Puritans and the large amount of Christianity.

Lodge Reservations

Amendments to the proposed Treaty of Versailles, sponsored by Wilson's hated senatorial opponent, that attempted to guarantee America's sovereign rights in relation to the League of Nations

America fever

America was becoming a strong nation and lots of people wanted to be apart of it. America was expanding and becoming richer.

External Taxation

Britain wanted a way to tax Americans without upsetting them. They started it from outside the country.

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

Fiscal Bank

Clay drove a bill through Congress that would reestablish the Bank of the U.S.; Tyler was opposed to the bank

"Great Compromise"

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

Lord Baltimore

Founded Maryland and came from a big English Catholic family. He wanted financial benefits as well as to create a refuge from Protestant England.

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania as a haven for persecuted Quakers allowing equality for everyone who lived there.

Roger Williams

Founded Rhode Island after leaving Massachusetts for making a break from the church and challenged the legality of the Bay Colony Contract. He established a complete toleration for all religions.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan; Frederick Douglass was a key leader and often spoke at their meetings

American Colonization Society

Founded in 1817 to transport blacks back to Africa; cases the formation of the Republic of Liberia for slaves

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Founded in 1874, this organization advocated for the prohibition of alcohol, using women's supposedly greater purity and morality as a rallying point. Advocates of prohibition in the United States found common cause with activists elsewhere, especially in Britain, and in the 1880s they founded the World Women's Christian Temperance Union, which sent missionaries around the world to spread the gospel of temperance.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Founded in 1909 to improve living conditions for inner city Blacks, evolved into a national organization dedicated to establishing equal legal rights for Blacks.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Founded in 1966, called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

John Wesley

Founder of the Methodist church.

Good Neighbor policy

Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries, this reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy, would start using Economic influence instead of Military intimidation

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" (its specific meaning ambiguous at the time to the American people) to the American public.

Alfred E. Smith

Democratic nominee for 1928 election, four-time governor of New York, first Roman Catholic to win a major party's nomination for president, Hoover defeated Smith by more than 6 million votes and Hoover won the Electoral College by a landslide, 444-87

Court-packing plan

Franklin Roosevelt's politically motivated and ill-fated scheme to add a new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over seventy who would not retire. His objective was to overcome the Court's objections to New Deal reforms.

Panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads

Assumption

Economic policy of Alexander Hamilton where the central government would assume the debts of all the states. It would tie the states closer to the federal government.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Keynesianism

Economic theory that advocated deficit spending to stimulate the economy; with the depression still lingering in 1937, FDR announced a bold new program embracing this theory and effectively reversing current economic policies

"The Man without A Country"

Edward Everett hale's story of treason and banishment, inspired by the wartime banishing of copperhead Clement Vallandigham

Eisenhower Doctrine

Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East

John Calvin

Elaborated on Martin Luther's idea of Protestant Reformation. He said that God is all seeing and all knowing and all good and people are bad and bay sinners.

Tom Watson

Elected to the U.S congress, became known as a champion of Georgia's farmers. He was a Populist who supported interracial unity, but turned more radical.

conregational church

Everyone gets a vote (very democratic). Used in Puritan congregations.

Monopolistic system

Exclusive control of a market; as land tired, the big got bigger and the small smaller

Huguenots

French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America.

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763.

Fort Duquesne

French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

Citizen Edmond Genet

French government representative asking for assistance for the French Revolution. Sparked support for the French Revolution and led to the creation of the Democratic-Republican party

French Huguenots

French missionaries who adopted Calvinism as their main theology.

Quebec

French settled here up in the Northeast in 1608.

Acadians

French settlers who would not pledge their loyalties to the British and were driven from their homes; cajuns of Louisiana are descendants of these people.

Maximilian

French viceroy appointed by Napoleon III of France to lead the new government set up in Mexico. After the Civil War, the U.S. invaded and he was executed, a demonstration of the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine to European powers.

Robert de La Salle

Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV

Antoine Cadillac

Frenchman who founded Detroit in 1701 to thwart English settlers making a play for the Ohio Valley.

Bear Flag Revolt

Frémont helped the Bear Flag Republic overthrow Mexican government in California

Workingmen's Compensation Act

Gave assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability; indirectly bettered the safety of working conditions

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Gave the Pilgrims a charter to make a settlement in the New World.

James I

Gave the joint-stock company known as the Virginia Company of London a charter to settle in the New World.

John J Pershing

General who was sent to find and capture Pancho Villa General in WW1, undertook the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in an effort to cut the German railroad lines supplying the western front. It was one of the few major battles that Americans participated in during the entire war, and was still underway when the war ended

"Positive good"

George Fizhugh's theory that slavery benefitted slaves by providing them with food, shelter, and Christian religion

Nazi party

German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, this party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule.

Hessians

German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

U-boats

German submarines used in WW1; they sank many Allied ships around the British Isles. They were responsible for tthe Lusitania annd the Ssex

Albert Einstein

German-born physicist whose work undermines Newtonian physics, Theory of special relativity postulated that time and space are relative to the viewpoint of the observer and only the speed of light is constant. States that matter and energy are interchangeable and particle of matter contains enormous energy

franchise

Giving free white men the right to vote.

Predestination

God has foreordained some people to be saved and others to be damned.

Treaty of Fort Laramie

Government abandoned Bozeman trail and promised the "Great Sioux Reservation" to the Sioux tribes

British East India Company

Government charted joint-stock company that controlled spice trade in the East Indies after the Dutch.

Charles Townshend

Government official, close to the king, likeable, sponsored taxes, "Champagne Charlie", sponsored taxes for: lead, glass, paper, paint & tea.

City upon a Hill

Governor Winthrop believed that his city was a beacon to humaniy and they had a purpose and a covenant with God as they were among the first settlers.

Huey Long

Governor of Louisiana, opposed FDR's New Deal and came up with a , "Share the Wealth" wanted to give $5k to all families

William Berkeley

Governor of Virginia. Chased out of Jamestown as the capital was set on fire.

William Henry Harrison

Governor of the Indiana territory, that fought against Tecumseh and the Prophet in the battle of Tippecanoe; 9th president of the US

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal

Jesuits

Great navigators and geographers who are also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Tippecanoe

Harrison's victory over Tecumseh (Shawnee) in Indiana in 1811 became the slogan of his presidential bid in 1840.

Samuel Tilden

Hayes' opponent in the 1876 presidential race, he was the Democratic nominee who had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes.

Andrew Carnegie

He entered the steel business in the Pittsburgh area and created an organization with about 40 "Pittsburg millionaires." By 1900, he was producing ¼ of the nation's Bessemer steel.

Benedict Arnold

He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in the Continental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was instrumental in General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American history.

George Washington

He had led troops (rather unsuccessfully) during the French and Indian War, and had surrendered Fort Necessity to the French. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and was much more successful in this second command.

John D. Rockefeller

He organized the Standard Oil Company of Ohio in 1870, attempting to eliminate the middlemen and knock out his competitors. By 1877, he controlled 95% of all the oil refineries in the nation.Rockefeller grew to such a great power by eliminating his competitors.

Henry George

He undertook to explain the association of progress with poverty. He believed this was attributable to rent and that a single tax on land was the cure. He wrote the classic treatise Progress and Poverty in 1879.

Jerry Falwell

He used his television show "The Old-Time Gospel Hour" to found a movement that he called the "Moral Majority," this movement built up a network of ministers to register new voters who backed conservative candidates and issues, he later claimed to have register 2 million new voters by 1980

Albert Gallatin

He was Jefferson's secretary. Jefferson and Gallatin believed that to pay the interest on debt, there would have to be taxes. Taxes would suck money from industrious farmers and put it in the hands of wealthy creditors.

Dean Acheson

He was Secretary of State under Harry Truman. It is said that he was more responsible for the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine than those that the two were named for.

Randolph Bourne

He was a "cultural pluralist," he opposed the idea of immigration restriction, believed in cosmopolitan interchange which was destined to make America "not a nationality but a trans-nationality," in this view the U.S. should serve as the vanguard of a more international and multicultural age

W.E.B. Du Bois

He was a black intellectual who challenged Booker T. Washington's ideas on combating Jim Crow; he called for the black community to demand immediate equality and was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

Samuel F. B. Morse

He was a poor portrait painter who invented the telegraph. In 1844, he strung a wire 40 miles from Washington to Boston and tapped out, "What hath God wrought?" He brought distantly separated people in almost instant communication.

Douglas MacArthur

He was a supreme allied commander during the Cold War in 1945. After WWII, he was put in charge of putting Japan back together. In the Korean War, he commanded the US troops. He was later fired by Truman for insubordination

Dwight Lyman Moody

He was part of the social gospel movement and proclaimed the gospel of kindness and forgiveness and adapted the old-time religion to the facts of city life and founded an institute in 1889.

George Herbert Walker Bush

He was the 42nd president, previously being Ronald Reagan's vice-president, his policies and ideals derived heavily from his predecessor and were built on them, he was a well-to-do oil tycoon before devoting himself to the public, he served as a congressman, emissary to China, ambassador to the UN, director of the CIA, and vice president before becoming president

Humphrey Gilbert

He was the English´s first attempt at colonization in Newfoundland and it didn´t work out.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

He was the U. S. general who led the attack in North Africa in Nov. of 1942. He was the master organizer of the D-Day invasion in Europe (June 6, 1944). He was very well liked by the public

James Monroe

He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs.

John F. Kennedy

He was the youngest most glamorous president ever elected. He won the 1960 presidential election against Nixon. He was the first Catholic president. During his presidency, he sent the Green Beret (Marines) to Vietnam. He helped develop the Peace Corps. His foreign policy was Flexible Response. His domestic program was the New Frontier. He appointed his brother, Robert Kennedy as Attorney General. Robert Kennedy dealt with the Civil Rights issue as well. Assassinated on November 22, 1963.

Marquis de Lafayette

He was very rich and noble when he arrived in America at the age of 19 years old. He believed in the liberty that the Americans were fighting for and asked to help. He became a general on Washington's staff and fought hard. He was known as "the soldier's friend," and is buried in france but his grave is covered with earth from Bunker Hill.

Thomas Dewey

He worked for a well known New York City law firm. He was Governor of New York State, He was Governor 3 different times and ran for president twice although he was defeated both times. 1948 the newspapers had him defeating Truman but Truman won.

Daniel Shays

Head of Shay's Rebellion; he and several other angry farmers violently protested against debtor's jail; eventually crushed; aided in the creation of constitution because land owners now wanted to preserve what was theirs from "mobocracy"

Herbert C Hoover

Head of the Food Administration, tripled the amount of food going to the Allies by promoting "Victory gardens"

Oliver Howard

Head of the Freedmen's Bureau which was intended to be a kind of primitive welfare agency for free blacks. Later founded and served as President of Howard University in Washington D.C.

National Recovery Act

Headed by Hugh S. Johnson. It set standards for: production, prices, & wages, in textile steel, mining & auto industries. 1935 declared unlawful by Congress because in its codes & regulations it delegated legislative power to the president & attempted to regulate local businesses that didn't engage in interstate commerce

Office of Price Administration

Held in place price caps on many goods in the United States, such as tires, automobiles, retail foods, etc.

Progress and Poverty

Henry George's best selling book that advocated social reform through the imposition of a "single tax" on land.

William J. Fetterman

His company was attacked in the Fetterman massacre. The Indians killed everyone in the company.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Nat Turner

In 1831, led an uprising that slaughtered 60 Virginians, mostly women and children; his rebellion sent hysteria through the South

Commonwealth v. Hunt

In 1842, the supreme court of Massachusetts ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies, provided that their methods were "honorable and peaceful."

Cyrus Field

In 1858, he stretched a cable under the North Atlantic waters from Newfoundland to Ireland. This first cable went dead after 3 weeks but a heavier cable was laid in 1866, permanently linking the American and European continents.

Trent Affair

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release

China incident

In 1937, the Japanese militarists touched off an explosion that led to the all-out invasion of China. President Roosevelt declined to invoke the recently passed neutrality legislation by refusing to call the "China incident" an officially declared war. If he had, he would have cut off the trickle of munitions on which the Chinese were dependent. The Japanese, as a result, were able to continue to buy war supplies in the United States. When Japan invades china, FDR refuses to consider it a war because of the neutrality acts and so both sides could get munitions from the US

My Lai massacre

In 1968 American troops massacred women and children in the Vietnamese village of My Lai; this deepened American people's disgust for the Vietnam War.

Douglas Wilder

In 1990, he became the first African American to serve as governor of a state (Virginia)

Tampico incident

In April 1914 some US sailors were arrested in Tampico Mexico. Wilson used the incident to send US troops into northern Mexico. His real intent was to unseat the Huerta government there. After the Niagara Falls Conference, Huerta abdicated and the confrontation ended

Kent State killings

In April of 1970, police fired into an angry crowd of college students at Kent State University. Four students were killed and many others were wounded. The students were protesting against Nixon ordering US troops to seize Cambodia without consulting Congress.

Guadalcanal

In August 1942, American forces gained a foothold on Guadalcanal Island, the Solomon Islands, in an attempt to protect the lifeline from America to Australia through the Southwest Pacific. After several desperate sea battles for naval control, the Japanese troops evacuated Guadalcanal in February 1943.

elect

In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.

Camp David agreement

In Sep. 1978, Cater invited President Anwar Saadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel to a summit conference at Camp David, Maryland. Carter persuaded them to sign an accord on Sep 17, 1978, that held promise of peace with Israel promising to withdraw from territory conquered in the 1967 warm and Egypt in return promised to respect Israel's borders. Both parties pledged themselves to sign a formal peace treaty within three months.

David G. Farragut

In charge of seizing New Orleans, which was the Confederacy's largest city and busiest port

Compromise of 1850

Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

Kyoto Treaty

International treaty to limit greenhouse gas emissions. It was negotiated and opened for signatories in 1997, and took effect in 2005. Although signed by 169 (of 192) countries, the Bush Administration rejected the plan as too costly in 2001.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply.

Elias Howe

Invented the sewing machine in 1846 which became the foundation of the ready-made clothing industry.

Robert Fulton

Inventor of the steamboat, which as a boat that had a powerful steam engine. These enabled boats to travel upstream on rivers, thus increasing trade while at the same time improving inter and state transportation.

Deganawidah and Hiawatha

Iroquois leaders who founded a great military power in Mohawk Valley called the Iroquois Confederacy.

Civil Rights Act

LBJ passed this in 1964. Prohibited discrimination of African Americans in employement, voting, or public accomidations. Also said there could be no discrimination against race, color, sex, religion, or national origin.

Africa

Land looked to after the use of "white slaves" seemed dangerous by Bacon's Rebellion. 10 million were taken to the colonies in just three centuries.

Roe v. Wade

Landmark Supreme Court decision that forbade states from barring abortion by citing a woman's constitutional right to privacy. Seen as a victory for feminism and civil liberties by some, the decision provoked a strong counter-reaction by opponents to abortion, galvanizing the Pro-Life movement

Americans With Disabilities Act

Landmark law signed by President George H.W. Bush that prohibited discrimination against people with physical or metal handicaps, it represented a legislative triumph for champions of equal protections to all

Dutch Golden Age

Large trading companies and a leading colonial power as well as a naval power.

Peter Stuyvesant

Last government of New Amsterdam before the British took over. He was at odds with the colonists at all times.

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Thaddeus Stevens

Man behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery. Stevens and President Johnson were absolutely opposed to each other. Known as a Radical Republican

Fugitive Slave Law

Mandated that northern states forcibly return escaped slaves to their owners in the South.

Mulatto population

Many free blacks in the deep South were children of a white plantation owners and their slave mistresses

Quartering Act

March 24, 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Isabella of Castile

Married to Ferdinand of Aragon and helped to unify Spain when the Muslims were expelled.

Ferdinand of Aragon

Married to Isabella of Castile and unified Spain when the Muslims were expelled.

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

Marshall ruled that Dartmouth College's charter that had been granted by King George was to be upheld because it was a contract. Set precedent for protecting businesses from state governments. Example of federal law surpassing state law.

Samuel Adams

Massachusetts Revolutionary leader and propagandist who organized opposition to British policies after 1764; radical member of Sons of Liberty, worried that violence of group would discredit it; proposed united plea for repeal of Townshend Duties and another pan-colonial congress; circulated his own exaggerated version of events around colonies

Great Migration

Massachusetts movement of Puritans in Massachusetts and creating dozens of planned and orderly towns.

Battle of Wounded Knee

Massacre of 200 Indian men, women, and children. Happened because the US felt threatened by the Ghost Dance so they tried to arrest Sitting Bull but instead killed him.

Metacom

Massasoit's son who made a pan-Indian alliance leading him to attack English settlements in 1675.

Renaissance

Means rebirth in Itailan. It nurtured an ambitious spirit of optimism and adventure.

Mainstream Media

Media sources that predate the Internet, such as newspapers, magazines, television, and radio.

Hartford Convention

Meeting by Federalists dissatisfied with the war to draft a new Constitution; resulted in seemingly traitorous Federalist party's collapse

Richard Henry Lee

Member of the Second Continental Congress who urged Congress to support independence; signer of the Declaration of Independence.

Francisco (Pancho) Villa

Mexican revolutionary who killed many Americans in Mexico. The US sent John J Pershing to capture him but never did

braceros

Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers

Charles Francis Adams

Minister to Great Britain during the Civil War, he wanted to keep Britain from entering the war on the side of the South.

kiva

Native American worship place used by Pueblo Indians.

Navajo "code talkers"

Native Americans served the country by enlisting in the armed services and working in thousands of factories across the United States. Most famous of this group, who translated U.S. code into the Native American language so that enemy forces could not decipher the content.

Rome-Berlin axis

Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, and Fascist Italy, led by Benito Mussolini, allied themselves together under this nefarious treaty. The pact was signed after both countries had intervened on behalf of the fascist leader Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War.

15th Amendment

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Napoleon III

Nephew of Napoleon I and emperor of the French from 1852 to 1871 (1808-1873). He helped Italy drive out Austria from parts of its land.

Louisbourg

New Englanders captured the important fort in this city, located on Cape Breton Island in response to the raiding of New York and Maine by the French, First significant British victory of the Seven Years' War

Lillian Wald

New York. Led women who entered fighting to improve the lot of families living and working in the festering cities

Thomas Nast

Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.

"silent majority"

Nixon Administration's term to describe generally content, law-abiding middle-class Americans who supported both the Vietnam War and America's institutions. As a political tool, the concept attempted to make a subtle distinction between believers in "traditional" values and the vocal minority of civil rights agitators, student protesters, counter-culturalists, and other seeming disruptors of the social fabric.

Sacco and Vanzetti case

On April 15, 1920, two men robbed and murdered two employees of a shoe factory in Massachusetts, the two arrested were two Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. The two anarchists, or people who oppose all forms of government, both were found guilty by a judge and a jury on July 14, 1921, after 6 years of appeals, they were executed on August 23, 1927

Civil Rights Act of 1964

On July 2, 1964 President Johnson signed this, it was the most comprehensive civil rights law Congress had ever enacted, it gave the federal government broad power to prevent racial discrimination in a number of areas, the law made segregation illegal in most places of public accommodation, and it gave citizens of all races and nationalities equal access to public facilities

Haymarket Riot

On May 4, 1886 in Haymarket Square, Chicago police advanced on a meeting called to protest alleged brutalities by authorities. A dynamite bomb was thrown and killed dozens of people. 8 anarchists were tried and convicted; 5 were sentenced to death while the other 3 were sent to jail. In 1892, the governor of Illinois, John P. Altgeld, pardoned the 3 who were in prison

Spanish Civil War

Spain had established a leftist, democratic government in the 1930s. In July, 1936, Gen. Francisco Franco and other army leaders staged a coup and installed a right-wing fascist government, touching off a civil war between loyalist Republican forces (aided by Russia) and Franco's Fascist party (aided by Mussolini and Hitler).

conquistadores

Spanish explorers who conquered native peoples and their lands for purposes of profit and colonization.

Santa Fe

Spanish settled here in the Southwest in 1610.

malinchista

Spanish word for traitor that came from Cortés´ translator who was named Malinche.

Gettysburg Address

Speech given by Abraham Lincoln which captured the spirit of liberty and morality ideally held by citizens of a democracy. That ideal was threatened by the Civil War.

Ghost Dance Movement

Spiritual dance "Ghost Dance" performed by the Sioux tribes. Indians believed it would get rid of the white man. Outlawed in 1884, led to the Battle of Wounded Knee

Martin Luther

Spoke out about the corruption of the Catholic Church and sparked the beginning of the Protestant Revolution.

People's Party (Populists)

Started as Farmer's Alliance, farmers came together and became organized, translated into Populists. Wanted to unite farmers of south/west/poor blacks and whites and industrial/factory workers

Schechter case

Stated that congress could not delegate legislative powers to the executive. Also known as the sick chicken decision because of the involvement of a fowl business in New York

Border States

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

Marbury v. Madison

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).

Harry S Truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945, led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945, after the war, he was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery

Harry S. Truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery

"rocket (Sputnik) fever"

The US was desperate to get into space because the Soviet Union had done so before the US. Billions of dollars were put into the new NASA program in hopes to catch up and excede Russina technology

rendezvous system

The basis for the American fur-trapping industry where many traders ventured to the Rocky Mountains each summer to trade with fur-trappers and Indians for pelts in exchange for manufactured goods.

Hull House

The first private social welfare agency in the U.S. to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.

St. Augustine, Florida

The first successful Spanish civilization in the New World.

Jamestown

The first successful colonization attempt made by the English in 1607.

Fort Necessity

The fort which George Washington built in the Ohio Valley to protect the English from the French, A hastily built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the French. However, the French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender.

James Madison

The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812. Father of the Constitution

starving time

The time period of 1609-1610 in Jamestown where little food was grown and even less was eaten.

Social Security Act

The greatest victory for New Dealers; created pension and insurance for the old-aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents by taxing employees and employers

13th Amendment

This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States.

Cohens vs. Virginia

This case upheld the Supreme Court's jurisdiction to review the state court's decision where the case involved breaking federal laws.

Shay's Rebellion

This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

This corporation became a government lending bank, It was designed to provide indirect assistance to insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and even hard-pressed state and local governments, Under this plan, to preserve individualism, no loans were made to individuals, In the election of 1932, Hoover ran against FDR and this was part of Hoover's plan

Articles of Confederation

This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill)

This law helped returning World War II soldiers reintegrate into civilian life by securing loans to buy homes and farms and set up small businesses and by making tuition and stipends available for them to attend college and job training programs; it was also intended to cushion the blow of 15 million returning servicemen on the employment market and to nurture the postwar economy

Dawes Plan

This loan program was crafted to give money to Germany so that they could pay war reparations and lessen the financial crisis in Europe; the program ended with the 1929 stock market crash

James Gibbons

This man was devoted to American unity, he was extremely popular with Roman Catholics and Protestants., bishop of Baltimore who supported the Knights of Labor.

Battle of Austerlitz

This massive victory by the French caused Russia and the Austrians to suspend their support against France

Funding at par

This meant that the federal government would pay off its debs at face value, plus accumulated interest which at the time had a total of $54 million. This included the federal government taking on the debts by the states and paying for it as a country. Hamilton's establishment of this act gave the country much needed unity because it brought the states together under the centralized government. This made paper money essentially useless do to inflation.

Daughters of Liberty

This orginization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.

Restoration

This period addresses the reestablishment of Charles II to the English throne in 1660 as well asthe fall of James II in 1688.

executive privilege

This policy came into effect during the Nixon administration when members of the executive branch were being questioned by authorities. The policy stated that Congress could not question any of the past or present employees about any topic without the president's approval.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

nativism

This reappeared because of new immigrants; they viewed immigrants as inferior because of their poverty, religion, high birth rates, high immigration rates. They blamed them for the degradation of the urban government.

Bundle of compromises

This referred to the fact that the Constitution was trying to please everybody. (Great Compromise; 3/5 compromise; method of electing president; regulation of slave trade)

Thomas Hooker

This reverend and his wife took many people with them as they left the Bay Colony for Hartford.

market revolution

This revolution transformed a subsistence economy of small farms and workshops into a national network of industry and commerce.

Compromise of 1877

This settled the election of 1876, troops were removed from Louisiana and South Carolina and concessions for building a southern transcontinental railroad made

Underwood Tariff

This tariff provided for a substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, graduated federal income tax. By 1917, revenue from the income tax surpassed receipts from the tariff, a gap that has since been vastly widened

Russo-American Treaty of 1824

This treaty between Russia and America set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the line of 54 degrees- 40', the southern tip of Alaska.

Treaty of Greenville

This treaty between the Americans and the Native Americans. In exchange for some goods, the Indians gave the United States territory in Ohio. Anthony Wayne was the American representative.

talented tenth

This was a term coined by W. E. B. Du Bois to describe the small percentage of educated and upper middle class blacks who were high achievers in the face of racial prejudice. The Harlem Renaissance is considered to have been a manifestation of the power of this small group to impact the entire community.

Tallmadge Amendment

This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Pony Express

This was established in 1860 to carry mail quickly the two thousand miles between St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California. This trip could be made in 10 days.

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

This was the Indian's one last ditch effort to run the English off their land and they failed.

Edict of Nantes

This was the document published by Henry IV that granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to the Huguenots.

Salvation Army

This welfare organization came to the U.S. from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.

San Francisco school crisis

This would force fed gov't to become involved - all school principals (in CA) were ordered to send Chinese, Japanese, Koreans to a segregated school . When Japanese heard about this they were upset b/c they already had an agreement that they would have same education as whites - Pres invites mayor and members of school board to come up w/compromise Ja kids not segregated, Chinese/Koreans still would.... Led to exclusion order which Japanese in Hawaii could no longer come to mainland (but didn't address those coming from Japan), and would do what he could to add Japanese Exclusion

Federation

Thomas Jefferson wanted a tightly knit federation. This involved the yielding by the states of their sovereignty to a completely new federal government. This would give the states freedom to control their local affairs.

visible saints

Those who publically proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives.

George Pickett

U.S. Army officer who became a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He is best remembered for his participation in the futile and bloody assault at the Battle of Gettysburg that bears his name, Pickett's Charge.

"Crime of '73"

U.S. ended minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard

Ulysses S. Grant

U.S. president 1873-1877. Military hero of the Civil War, he led a corrupt administration, consisting of friends and relatives. Although Grant was personally a very honest and moral man, his administration was considered the most corrupt the U.S. had had at that time.

Operation Desert Storm

U.S.-led multi-country military engagement in January and February of 1991 that drove Saddam Hussein's Iraqi army out of neighboring Kuwait, in addition to presaging the longer and more protracted Iraq War of the 2000s, the 1991 war helped undo what some called the "Vietnam Syndrome," a feeling of military uncertainty that plagued many Americans

Battle of Bear Paw Mountain

US authorities tried to herd the Nez Perce onto a reservation. Battle of Bear Paw was the last battle in the Nez Perce war. Chief Joseph surrendered to the US army. Nez Perce were promised to be returned to their ancestral lands but were instead sent to a reservation in Oklahoma (current day Kansas)

Virgin Islands

US bought them from Denmark and built a naval base to protect the Panama Canal and to prevent Germany's seizure of islands during WW2

flying "over the hump"

US cargo planes flew through the Himalaya Mountains to supply the Chinese government in Chungking with desperately needed war supplies.

Department of Homeland Security

US federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism

Erie Canal

Under the leadership of Governor DeWitt Clinton, New Yorkers themselvesdug the Erie Canal which linked the Great Lakes with the Hudson River. This project, also known as "Clinton's Big Ditch," was started in 1817 and was finished in 1825 and stretched 363 miles.

revenue sharing

Under this policy, Congress gave an annual amount of federal tax revenue to the states and theircities, counties and townships. Revenue sharing was extremely popular with state officials

Congress of Industrial Organizations

Union organization of unskilled workers; broke away from the American Federation of Labor in 1935 and rejoined it in 1955.

Gullah

Unique language developed by slaves which blended several other languages together. Some words eventually assimulated into American language.

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Oliver Hazard Perry

United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

Meriwether Lewis

United States explorer and soldier who lead led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River (1774-1809)

William Clark

United States explorer who (with Meriwether Lewis) led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River

Jay Gould

United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)

Francis Scott Key

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812

Aaron Burr

United States politician who served as Vice President under Jefferson

Gouverneur Morris

United States statesman who led the committee that produced the final draft of the United States Constitution (1752-1816)

"The Jungle"

Upton Sinclair'ss novel that inspired ppro consumer federal laws regulation meat, food, and drugs

independent treasury

Van Buren's plan to keep government funds in their own vaults and do business entirely in hard money rather than keeping deposits in shaky banks

Native Americans

Originally thought to be Indians, this is the native race of the Americas who were believed to have reached America from Asia and the Pacific Isles.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Glorious Revolution

Overthrow of Catholic James II and crowning of Protestant William and Mary in England.

hard/sound money

Paper money backed by gold; extremely important during late 1860's and early 1870's (Panic of 1873). "hard-money" (creditors) people wanted disappearance of greenbacks

Liberal Republicans

Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside. Significantly dampered further Reconstructionist efforts.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Pased in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease.

National Security Act

Passed by Congress in 1947 and it created the Department of Defense. It also established the National Security Council to advise the president on security matters and a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate the government foreign fact-gathering

Federal Farm Loan Act

Passed by president Wilson in 1916. Was originally a reform wanted by the populist party. It gave farmers the chance to get credit at low rates of interest

War Powers Act

Passed during the Vietnam War, Congress passed this act to restrict Presidential powers dealing with war. It was passed over Nixon's veto, and required the President to report to Congress within 48 hours after committing troops to a foreign conflict or enlarging units in a foreign country.

National Defense Education Act

Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation

March on Washington

Peaceful demonstration led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr, and attended by 200,000 black and white supporters, in August 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial; King gave his legendary "I Have a Dream" speech, calling for civil rights legislation and an end to racial discrimination.

Benjamin Spock

Pediatrician and author of "The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care," which instrumented parents on modern child-rearing, replacing traditional means of passing along such knowledge. He is often said to have the bible of the baby boomer generation

Order of the Star-Spangled Banner/ Know Nothing Party

People involved in this group advocated for rigid restrictions on immigration and naturalization and for laws authorizing the deportation of alien paupers.

Anglicans

People that practice the faith, doctrine, system, and practice of the Anglican Church.

Victoria Woodhull

Radical, publicly proclaimed free love, fought for women's rights, women's suffrage, first female to run for presidency.

Vasco da Gama

Reached India in 1498 and returned home with a cargo of jewels and spices from the Orient.

Strategic Defense Initiative ("Star Wars")

Reagan administration plan announced in 1983 to create a missile-defense system over American territory to block a nuclear attack, called "Star Wars" by critics, the plan showed Reagan's commitment to vigorous defense spending even as he sought to limit the size of government in domestic matters

Leisler's Rebellion

Rebellion in New York spurred by tensions between landholders and merchants.

Bacon's Rebellion

Rebellion of men of the frontier led by Nathaniel Bacon. These men who lived on the frontier were forced to fight Indians for their land while the government provided little assistance.

Compact Theory

The idea advanced by Rousseau, Locke, and Jefferson, that government is created by voluntary agreement among the people involved and that revolution is justified if government breaks the compact by exceeding its authority.

Popular Consent

The idea that a just government must derive its powers from the consent of the people it governs.

Consent of the Governed

The idea that government derives its authority by sanction of the people.

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese revolutionary nationalist leader, he organized Vietnamese opposition to foreign occupation, first against the Japanese and then the French; became leader of North Vietnam. He led the war to unify the country in the face of increased military opposition from the United States

Pullman Strike

Violent flare-up at a labor protest. Depression hit towns near Chicago and cut wages; workers finally struck back (overturned Pullman cars)

Thomas Jefferson

Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia. Anti-Federalist.

The Liberator

W.L. Garrison's antislavery newspaper; was stern and uncompromising

Treaty of Versailles

WW1 concluded with this vengeful document, which secured peace but imposed sharp terms on Germany and created a territorial mandate system to manage former colonies of the world powers. To Wilson's chagrin, it incorporated very few of his original 14 points, although it did include the League of Nations that Wilson had long sought. Isolationists in the US deeply opposed to the League, led by the opposition to the Treaty, which was never ratified by the Senate

Allies

WW1 military alliance that included Britain, France, Russia, and later the US and Italy

Central Powers

WW1 military alliance that included Germany, and Austria-Hungary

William D. Haywood

WWI leader, convicted under Espionage Act

Island-hopping strategy

WWII strategy of conquering only certain Pacific islands that were important to the Allied advance toward Japan. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan.

Bernard Baruch

Wall Street stock broker appointed by Wilson to run the War Industries Board

Squanto

Wampanoag Indian who was the first to really help the cluless Pilgrims settlers of Plymouth. He had learned English when he was onboard an English ship.

Liberty Loans

Was a war bond that was sold in the US to support the allied cause in WW1

Anne Huchinson

Was accused of heresy for antinomainism.

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Ford's Theater

Washington site where Lincoln was assassinated by booth on april 14, 1865

Newlands Act

Washington was authorized to collect money from the sale of public lands in the western states and then use the funds for the development of irrigation projects. Settlers repaid the cost of reclamation from their now-productive soil, and the money was put into a revolving fund to finance more such enterprises

Elijah Lovejoy

Wasn't content to assail slavery but also insulted the chastity of Catholic women; killed by a mob in 1837 and became known as the "martyr abolitionist"

Proprietor

Well-respected men of the town who were entrusted with the distribution of land. These men would move their families to the land and mark out their town.

Penn's Woodland

What Pennsylvania means in another language.

Constitution of the United States

Written at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 and subsequently ratified by the original thirteen states, The foundation of our country's national government; was drafted in Philadelphia in 1787; the Constitution establishes a government with direct authority over all citizens, it defines the powers of the national government, and it establishes protection for the rights of states and of every individual.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Battle of the Bulge

World War II battle in December 1944 between Germany and Allied troops that was the last German offensive in the West

Hinton R. Helper

Wrote The Impending Crisis, a book about slavery. He said the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. He was captured and killed by Southerners

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery.

Robert F. Kennedy

Younger brother of JFK; appointed as Attorney General, he set out to reform the FBI and was an ardent supporter of Civil Rights, lending support to voter registration efforts; assassinated at the Democratic party primary in California in 1968 by an Arab immigrant who resented his pro-Israel views.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Coureurs de bois

a French or French-Indian trapper of North America, esp. of Canada

Michel-Guillaume de Crèvecoeur

a Frenchman who settled in New York territory in 1759; he wrote a book called Letters of an American Farmer that established a new standard for writing about America

Tennessee Valley Authority

a New Deal project that produced visible benefits, built dams to control floods, conserve forest lands, and bring electricity to rural areas

Lucretia Mott

a Quaker feminist, who was enraged when she and her female delegate counterparts were not acknowledged at the 1840 London antislavery convention.

doughboys

a US infantryman in WW1

Women's Trade Union League

a US organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions

Bunker Hill

a battle that took place on the strategic point of Breed's Hill. British victory on account of the depletion of American supplies. yet gave them confidence- It pushed Americans towards a final decision for war.

John T. Scopes

a biology teacher in Dayton, Tennessee volunteered to be arrested for teaching evolution

Union Party

a coalition party of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats

"dot.com" businesses

a company that does most of its business on the Internet, usually through a website that uses the popular top-level domain, ".com" (in turn derived from the word "commercial")

Yalta Conference

a conference that Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at to plan the postwar world. the conference went well, but several agreements made at the conference later played an important role in causing the Cold War

"a-symmetrical warfare"

a conflict in which the resources of two belligerents differ in essence and in the struggle, interact and attempt to exploit each other's characteristic weaknesses

Richard Ballinger

a conservative corporate lawyer, tried to make nearly a million acres of public forests and mineral reserves available for private development

Tweed Ring

a corrupt political organization that controlled New York City government during the gilded age.

spheres of influence

a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority

Ostend Manifesto

a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

Mary Lyon

a feminist who established the Mount Holyoke Seminary, which later became a college, in the city of South Hadley, Massachusetts; this was an extraordinary women's school.

Emma Willard (1787-1870)

a feminist who established the Troy (New York) Female Seminary, in 1821.

Elizabeth Cathy Stanton

a feminist who mothered seven children, and refused to say obey in her marriage ceremony, which shocked other feminists to support the cause of the suffrage for women.

Adolf Hitler

a fervent anticommunist and an admirer of Mussolini, fought for Germany in WW1, When WWI broke out, Hitler found a new beginning. he volunteered for the German army and was twice awarded the iron Cross, a medal for bravery. German Workers' Party, called Nazi for short, his success as an organizer and speaker led him to be chosen to be leader of the Nazi Party. He and the Nazi's plotted to seize power. In 1932 the Nazis had become the largest political party. Conservative leaders believed they could control him and use him for their purposes. He came to power legally in 1933. He used his new power to turn Germany into a totalitarian state. he took propaganda to a new level. He enforced the secret police. His hatred of the Jews, or Antisemitism, was a key part of Nazi ideology. They were Germany's scapegoats. He led to the way and leaded the Holocaust

sit-ins

a form of protest involving occupying seats or sitting down on the floor of an establishment

impeachment

a formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office

Harry Hopkins

a formal social worker chosen by Roosevelt to run the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration, He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.

George B. McClellan

a general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

James Wilkinson

a general of the US army that became the govenor of District of Louisiana in 1804 (one of the two groups that the land purchased was divided into; the one that contained the state of LA was the Orleans territory)

trust-busting

a goal of the progressives designed to break up the large and very powerful trusts that were designed to make more money for the capitalists and not to help out the people

Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)

a government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

a graduate of Brown University, he became the secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, and petitioned for better schoolhouses, longer school terms (months), better curriculum, and a higher teacher salary. despite consideration of his efforts, education was a luxury still in most communities.

Knickerbocker Group

a group formed in New York, which were writings about landscapes, which was inspired by the nationalism that swept through the nation after the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.

Nation of Islam

a group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans

Copperheads

a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Credit Mobilier

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890

a law that forbade trusts or combinations in business, this was landmark legislation b/c it was one of the first Congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good

Judiciary Act of 1801

a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists

Louis D Brandeis

a lawyer and later justice of the Supreme Court who spoke and wrote widely about the "curse of bigness" He insisted that government must regulate competition in such a way as to ensure that large combinations did not emerge

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799)

joint resolution

a legislative measure that requires approval by the Senate and House and is the presented to the President for approval or disapproval

Reinhold Niebuhr

a liberal Protestant theologian whose teachings and writings aimed to relate Christian faith to the realities of modern politics. A socialist and pacifist as a young man, he came out of World War II committed to the doctrine of the "just war" and the necessity of resisting dark forces of evil like Hitler and Stalin, while remaining outspoke in defense of progressive social causes

Trusts

a mechanism by which one company grants control over its operations, through ownership of its stock, to another company.

Bolshevics

a member of the majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party

Washington Conference

a military conference called by the administration of President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington, D.C. 1921-1922, Conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia, Soviet Russia was not invited to the conference, It was the first international conference held in the United States.

"ABC" movement

a movement to nominate anybody but Carter in the 1980 elections

Microsoft Corportation

a multinational computer technology corporation that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of software products for computing devices

American Federation of Labor

a national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers, founded in 1886. the AFL sought to negotiate with employers for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers with fairly with better wages, hours, and conditions.

Hitler-Stalin nonaggression pact

a non-aggression pact between the two countries and pledged neutrality by either party if the other were attacked by a third party. Each signatory promised not to join any grouping of powers that was "directly or indirectly aimed at the other party." It remained in effect until 22 June 1941 when Germany implemented Operation Barbarossa, invading the Soviet Union

"The Great Gastby"

a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald; The novel takes place following the First World War. American society enjoyed having prosperity during the "roaring" 1920s as the economy soared. At the same time, Prohibition, the ban on the sale and manufacture of alcohol as mandated by the Eighteenth Amendment, made millionaires out of bootleggers

hydrogen bomb

a nuclear weapon that releases atomic energy by union of light (hydrogen) nuclei at high temperatures to form helium

Common Sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

minority president

a person elected President who received fewer popular votes than his opponent

Stalwart

a person who is loyal to their allegiance (especially in times of revolt)

Monitor

a piece of electronic equipment that keeps track of the operation of a system continuously and warns of trouble

McNary-Haugen Bill

a plan in which the government would boost farm prices by buying up surpluses and selling them, at a loss, overseas, Congress passed the bill twice, but President Coolidge vetoed it both times

affirmative action

a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities.

imperialism

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force

dollar diplomacy

a policy of joining the business interest of a country with its diplomatic interest abroad

isolationism

a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations, debated topic at this time

"massive retaliation"

a policy of threatening a massive response, including the use of nuclear weapons, against a Communist state trying to seize a peaceful state by force

common man

a political leader who worked his way up from the bottom; A. Jackson was the model common man- he had been orphaned, so he fought in the Revolution at 13-became a hero in the War of 1812 and launched a political career; the common man began to take over during the Jacksonian democracy

Roscoe Conkling

a politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party.

Peace Corps

a program aimed at helping less-developed nations fight poverty, this program sent Americans to provide humanitarian services in less developed nations, volunteers would have rigorous training and then spend two years in a specific country, this program is still active today and remains one of Kennedy's most enduring legacies

Montgomery bus boycott

a protest sparked by Rosa Park's defiant refusal to move to the back of the bus of black Alabamians against segregated seating on city buses. It lasted from December 1, 1955 until December 26, 1956, and became one of the foundational moments of the Civil Rights Movements. It led to the rise of Martin Luther King Jr., and ultimately to a Supreme Court decision opposing segregated busing

Oneida Community 1848

a radical utopian community established in New York, in which complex marriage (free love), male consistence (a form of birth control), and controlled breeding to create a new superior generation, were all practiced. the community lasted for over thirty years because artisans made advanced steel traps and the Oneida Community Plate (made of silver).

insurrectos

a rebel, especially in Cuba or the Philippines during American military involvement

Kosovo

a region in southeastern Europe; was an armed conflict in Kosovo that lasted from 28 February 1998 until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Kosovo Albanian rebel group known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) and NATO

Branch Davidians

a religious cult that gathered weapons and holed themselves up in a Waco, TX compound which was eventually set on fire, everyone inside, including women and children, either were killed by their leaders, committed suicide, or died from the fire

Rachel Carson

a soft-spoken marine biologist who helped trigger this new movement of trying to ban DDT, she warned Americans in her book, "Silent Spring" that pesticides were killing birds and a "silent spring" would come where there would be no birds, her book became a bestseller and one of the most controversial and influential books of the 1960s

Ethan Allen

a soldier of the American Revolution whose troops helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British (1738-1789)

Anarchy

a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government)

Bill of Rights

a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution)

Amendment

a statement that is added to or revises or improves a proposal or document (a bill or constitution etc.)

Share-croppers

a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land. eventually after the civil war, Southern agriculture received a boost in the 1880s when machine-made cigarettes replaced earlier methods of producing cigarettes.

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Protective Tariff

a tariff imposed to protect domestic firms from import competition

Walker Tariff

a tariff-for-revenue bill that lowered the Tariff of 1842 from 32% to 25%; proved to be an excellent revenue producer

protective tariff

a tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

Excise Tax

a tax that is measured by the amount of business done (not on property or income from real estate)

Big Science

a term used by scientists and historians of science to describe a series of changes in science which occurred in industrial nations during and after World War II, as scientific progress increasingly came to rely on large-scale projects usually funded by national governments or groups of governments

"black power"

a term with many meanings, some defined it to mean that physical self-defense and even violence were acceptable, but for most it meant that African Americans should control the social, political, and economic direction of their struggle, it stressed pride in the African American cultural group

Robert Owen

a textile manufacturer from Scotland, who was the founder of a utopian society in Indiana named New Harmony, which was founded in 1825. this society had about a thousand settlers, but crashed due to corruption and contradiction due to the settling of visionaries, radicals, theorists, and scoundrels.

Anti-Masonic Party

a third party in the race between Jackson and Quincy Adams; opposed the secrecy of the Masonic order and quickly became popular in NY; gained support with the Protestants

William Jennings Bryan

a three-time presidential candidate was the prosecutor who represented the creationists in the Scopes Trial. Prosecuted John Scopes for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school. Thought US was a hypocrite to become an imperial nation with its colonial past. Advocated free silver= "cross of gold" speech

Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABM)

a treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of these systems used in defending areas against missile-delivered nuclear weapons

Daguerreotype

a type of photography that was perfected by a Frenchman named Louis Daguerre in 1839, and gave portrait painters of the time a run for their money.

Brook Farm 1841

a utopian community founded in Massachusetts, by twenty transcendentalist intellectuals. this community failed when fire engulfed an almost completed building in 1846, and the community went into debt. this community inspired "The Blithedale Romance (1852)," by Nathaniel Hawthorne, in which the main character was modeled after Margaret Fuller, who was a feminist writer.

Freedom Summer

a voter registration drive in Mississippi spearheaded by the collaboration of civil rights groups, the campaign drew the activism of thousands of black and white civil rights workers, many of whom were students from the north, and was marred by the abduction and murder of three such workers at the hands of white racists

Emilio Aguinaldo

a well educated, part Chinese leader, brought to assist the American invasion, a year later he led the Filipino insurrection against the new American rulers, captured in 1901 and declared loyalty to the USA

antislavery

a widespread idea (with the most support in New England) in the 1800s; the North opposed the idea of slavery because it was abusive and their economy didn't rely on it; in the 1820s, there were many antislavery societies even in the South

Tariff of Abominations

a.k.a the Tariff of 1828; raised the tariff on imported goods; protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional

Charles Grandison Finney (1792-1875)

abandoning law due to conversion as a young man, he became the most well known of all the revival preachers, due to his powerful speaking skills and messages. his largest revivals were in Rochester and New York City in 1830 and 1831; he invented the bench where sinners who wished to repent could sit in front of the congregation, he also told women to pray out loud in public. he became the president of Oberlin College in Ohio where he promoted his ideals of the abolition of slavery, and revivalist activities.

Interstate Commerce Act

act passed by Congress. It prohibited rebates and pools, required the railroads to publish their rates openly, forbade unfair discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for a short trip than for a long one over the same line.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

act raised tariffs dramatically in an effort to protect American industry from foreign goods, farmers could no longer sell as much of their crops overseas, and prices tumbled

Joseph Smith

after claiming to have received a golden plate from an angel, he constructed the Book of Mormons, in which he began a new group of Christians known as the Mormons. he was accused of running a polygamist faith because he had several wives, and he and his brother were murdered and disfigured in 1844 outside of Carthage, Illinois.

Pools

agreements to divide the business in a given area and share the profits; the earliest form of combination

Large state plan

aka VA Plan; plan to set up a bicameral congress based on POPULATION; gives LARGE STATES the advantage

Twenty-fifth amendment

allows for the Vice President to become president in the event of death, resignation, removal from office or impairment that prevents the current president from fulfilling his or her duties

Salmon P. Chase

ambitious secretary of the treasury who wanted to replace lincoln as president in 1864

Teller Amendment

amendment to the declaration of war with Spain that stated the U.S. would grant Cubans their independence after the war

Wade Davis Bill

an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.

Edward Everett Hale

an American clergyman and author who wrote numerous newspaper articles, historical essays, sermons, short stories, and novels

Frances Willard

an American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist; her influence was instrumental in the passage of the 18th and 19th amendment in the US constitution, became the national president of the world's women's temperance union

Cornelius Vanderbilt

an American entrepreneur who wealth in shipping and railroads. he invested in the railroad enterprise. helped in stablizing one of the railroad improvement of the the steel rail.

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

William Harrison

an American military leader, politician, and 9th president; he was the 1st President to die in office, creating a brief constitutional crisis; his death ultimately resolved many questions about Presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution; led U.S. forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe

Whig party

an American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose Andrew Jackson and the Democrats; stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and internal improvements

George W. Bush

an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000, very conservative, began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

Franklin Pierce

an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States. Pierce's popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West.

abstract expressionism

an American post-World War II art movement, it was the first specifically American movement to achieve international influence and put New York City at the center of the western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris

Florence Kelly

an American social and political reformer; she worked against sweatshops and for the minimum wage, 8-hour workdays, and children's rights

Jefferson Davis

an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Caroline

an American steamer that was carrying supplies across the Niagara River to the Canadian insurgents' was attacked by a British force and set on fire; sank shortly before Niagara Falls; had violent effects because it violated neutrality; McLeod was arrested and the London Foreign Office saw his execution as an act of war because the attacking force was seen as a sanctioned army

Taliban

an Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

an act in attempt to choke off illegal entry by penalizing employers of the illegal immigrants and by granting amnesty to many of those already here

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

an agency of the federal government of the United States charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. This was proposed by President Richard Nixon

Missouri Compromise

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories

pop art

an art movement that emerged in the late 1950s in the United States, it presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular culture such as advertising, news, etc.

trade associations

an association of people or companies in a particular business or trade, organized to promote their common interests

research universitites

an establishment endowed for doing research

"televangelists"

an evangelist who conducts regularly televised religious programs

New Democrats

an ideologically centrist faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election, they are identified with centrist social/cultural/pluralist positions and neoliberal fiscal values

identity politics

an old 60s technique; political arguments that focus upon the self-interest and perspectives of self-identified social interest groups and ways in which people's politics may be shaped by aspects of their identity through race, class, religion, gender, ethnicity, ideology, nation, sexual orientation, culture, currency, information preference, history, musical and/or literary genre, medical conditions, profession, hobby, or any other loosely correlated yet simple to intuit social organizations

John Tyler

an old school Virginia gentleman who was attached to principle; backed by the Whig party; usually at odds with the majority of the Whigs; served as President for 204 weeks; ended the independent treasury and vetoed the bank

Phyllis Schlafley

an outspoken opponent of The Equal Rights Amendment, she organized the Stop-ERA campaign, and by the end of 1979, four states had voted to rescind their approval. Many people were worried the amendment would give federal courts too much power to interfere with state laws, and the amendment failed to achieve ratification.

James K. Polk

an unimpressive figure but was very purposeful; wanted California but didn't want war

Susan B. Anthony

another feminist Quaker, who gave lectures on the topic, and even exposed herself to rotting garbage to convey her message. women who supported the suffragist cause became known as "Suzy B's," due to her works.

Wilmot Proviso

another name for the Wilmot amendment; said that slavery should never exist in any territory received from Mexico; never became federal law but was eventually endorsed by all but one free state legislature; came to symbolize the issue of slavery in the territories

William H. Seward

antislaveryite from New York, he stated that on the issue of slavery, there was a higher law than the Constitution

Baptists

any of various evangelical Protestant churches that believe in the baptism of voluntary believers

Mary McLeod Bethune

appointed as director of the Office of Minority Affairs withing the National Youth Association, became the first black woman to head a federal agency

Charles J. Guiteau

assassinated President James to make civil service reform a reality. He shot Garfield because he believed that the Republican Party had not fulfilled its promise to give him a government job.

Mohammed Reza Pahlevi (Shah of Iran)

assigned dictator of Iran by the CIA when Iran resists the powerful Western oil companies; causes long-lasting bitterness

Frederick W. Taylor

author of "The Principles of Scientific Management" 1911, described how a company could increase efficiency by managing time, breaking tasks down into small parts, and using standardized tools

Platt Amendment

authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests

Land Act of 1820

authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 per acre in cash, it also brought about cheap transportation and cheap money

Joseph Stalin

became the new Soviet dictator in 1926, made massive efforts to industrialize his country using Five-Year Plans, tolerated no opposition, targeted not only political enemies by also artists and intellectuals, used concentration camps and by 1935 about 2 million people were in camps, 10 million people died as a result of him, was dictator until he died in 1953

Cold War

began in 1945 after WWII. It was a global ideological conflict between democracy and communism. (United States versus Soviet Union)

Twelfth Amendment

beginning in 1804, electors would vote separately for President and VP

Union

being of or having to do with the northern United States and those loyal to the Union during the Civil War

Sinclair Lewis

belonged to the Lost Generation of Writers, wrote about the absurdities of small-town life in "Main Street" and "Babbitt"

"The Feminine Mystique"

best-selling book by feminist thinker Betty Friedan, this work challenged women to move beyond the drudgery of suburban housewifery and helped launch what would soon become second-wave feminism

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to canal across Isthmus of Panama; Abrogated by U.S. in 1881

Poor Richard's Almanack

by Benjamin Franklin (1732-1758) it contained many sayings called from the thinkers of the ages, emphazised such homespun virtues as thrift, industry, morality and common sense. Was well known in Europe and was more widely read in America than anything except the Bible.

Gentlemen's Agreement

by this secret understanding, worked out during 1907-1908, Tokyo agreed to stop the flow of laborers to the american mainland by withholding passports.

Iranian hostage crisis

called Carter's and America's bed of nails; captured Americans languished in cruel captivity; American nightly television news cast showed scenes of Iranians burning the American flag; Carter tried to apply economic sanctions and the pressure of world opinion against Iranians. Carter then called for rescue mission; rescue attempt failed; The stalemate with Iran went on through the rest of Carter's term hurting his bid for reelection.

Farmers Alliance

came together to socialize but more to break the grip of railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling. Excluded African Americans

"favorite son"

candidate that receives the backing of his home state rather than that of the national party

Alfred Thayer Mahan

captain, author of 1890's "The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783," argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance, helped stimulate the naval race among the great powers that gained momentum at the turn of the century

Henry Ford

car maker, cut the workweek for his employees from six days to five, first adopted the moving assembly line

Nicholas P. Trist

chief clerk of the State Department; arranged for an armistice with Santa Anna at a cost of $10,000 and was abruptly recalled; was annoying but generally followed his instructions

Roger Taney

chief justice of the supreme court who wrote an opinion in the 1857 Dred Scott case that declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional

"A century of dishonor"

chronicaled the sorry record of government cruelty towards Indians

Martin Luther King, Jr.

civil rights leader and Baptist preacher who rose to prominence with the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 and founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957. He was an outspoken advocate for black rights throughout the 1960s

Gifford Pinchott

close friend of Roosevelt that was the head of the US Forest service, conservationist who believed in managing the use of land for the benefit of the nation's citizens

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

"yellow peril"

color metaphor for race that originated with immigration of Chinese laborers

George Dewey

commander of the American Asiatic Squadron at Hong Kong, carried out orders to sail his 6 warships at night into Manila harbor, no Americans died, making him a national hero overnight, but he had destroyed the enemy's fleet, causing tensions to rise

William Travis

commander of the defenders of the Alamo; determined to hold his position and managed to send messages through Mexican lines asking of resistance but none came; killed in the Battle of the Alamo and his death made Texas fight harder for its independence

James J. Hill

completed building 1 of 5 of the transcontinental railroads, the Great Northern

Standard Oil

compnay founded by Rockefeller in 1870 that ultimately ruled the entire world petroleum market.

Conscription

compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces

Sierra Club

conservation club devoted to the preservation of nature's beauty

London Economic Conference

consisting of 66 nations meeting in the summer of 1933, it revealed how thoroughly Roosevelt's early foreign policy was subordinated. The delegates hoped to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression. Because of a message that Roosevelt sent to the conference that scolded the conference, the delegates adjourned empty-handed. The collapse of the London Conference strengthened the global trend toward extreme nationalism

conquered provinces

constituted a region in northern India that was ruled by the British East India Company from 1805 to 1834

King Cotton

cotton and cotton-growing considered, in the pre-Civil War South, as a vital commodity, the major factor not only in the economy but also in politics.

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

court upheld law from MO that prohibited public employees from performing abortions, unless life of mother threatened

John Marshall

created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court

American Legion

created to support the veterans, founded in Paris in 1919 by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, was distinguished for its militant patriotism, conservatism, and zealous anti-radicalism, but was notorious for aggressive lobbying for veterans' benefits.

"rule of reason"

doctrine developed by the US Supreme Court in its interpretation of the Sherman Antitrust Act; the rule stated and applied in the case of Standard Oil Co. in NJ vs US in that only combinations and contracts unreasonably restraining trade are subject to actions under the anti-trust laws. Possession of monopoly power is not in itself illegal

gender gap

during the feminist revolution, women still voted for Democrats more than men, and women were more willing to favor government support for health and child care, education, and job equality, as well as more vigilant in protecting abortion rights

panic of 1837

economic downturn caused by loose lending practices of state banks and overspeculation; Van Buren spent most of his time in office attempting to stabilize the economy

Orders in Council

edicts that closed European ports to foreign shipping unless they stopped first in a British port

Bank of the United States

either of the two National Banks, funded by the federal government and private investors, established by congress, the first in 1791 and the second in 1816

Hiram Johnson

elected Republican governor of California in 1910, helped break of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics, then set up a political machine of his own

"stock watering"

employed to increase the weight of cows. it entailed forcing a cow to bloat itself with water before it was weighed for sale. this technique enabled railroad stock promoters to inflate their claims about a given line's assets and profitability and sell stocks and bonds in excess of the railroad's actual value.

Industrial Workers of the World

engineered some of the most damaging industrial sabotage against the government during WW1

red scare

erupted in the early 1920's. The American public was scared that communism would come into the US. Left-winged supporters were suspected. This fear of communism helped businessman who used it to stop labor strikes.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

established free trade zone between Canada, United States and Mexico, net gain in jobs due to opening of Mexican markets

Elijah Muhammad

established the Black Muslims, blend of Islam and black nationalism. Encouraged blacks to celebrate their African heritage, live a life of self-discipline and self-help, and strive for a separate all black nation.

Sam Houston

ex-governor of Tennessee; led the Texas Rebellion; U.S. politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and make it a part of the U.S.

"The Shame of the Cities"

exposed corrupt relationship between big business and city government, written by Lincoln Steffens

jingoism

extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy

"16 to 1"

federal coinage of silver (as a weight ratio of 16 ounces to 1 ounce of gold) was a moderate solution to the currency problem

internal improvements

federal projects, such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's transportation system

Betty Friedan

feminist author of "The Feminie Mystique" in 1960, journalist, discovered anxiety and frustration in college classmates in 1957, credited with launch of second wave of feminism

Baby boom

fifteen-state crescent through the American South and Southwest that experience terrific population and productivity expansion after World War II and particularly in the decades after the war, eclipsing the old industrial Northeast

Sunbelt

fifteen-state crescent through the American South and Southwest that experience terrific population and productivity expansion after World War II and particularly in the decades after the war, eclipsing the old industrial Northeast

U.S. Steel Corp.

first billion dollar corporation, JP Morgan bought it from Carnegie

Elkins Act

forbade rebates and allowed for heavy fines to be placed on companies that gave rebates and those who expected them (railroad companies would offer rebates as incentives for companies to use their lines)

Ratification

formal approval, final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution, constitutional amendment, or treaty

Maine Law of 1851

formed by reformed alcoholic mayor of Portland, Maine, Neal S. Dow, this law did not allow the production or selling of alcohol throughout the state, and by 1857, about twelve other Northern states also passed the law. these laws were later replaced about a decade later because they were declared unconstitutional. these laws however did inspire the decrease in drinking by women, and also a lower amount of individual hard liquor consumption.

National Consumers League

formed in the 1890's under the leadership of Florence Kelly. It attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions

General Foundation of Women's Clubs

formed to coordinate the activities of local organizations and gained more than 100,0000 members, the clubs grew rapidly, the clubs contributed to social reform

Charles Evans Hughes

former Supreme Court Justice, later secretary of state, proposed a 10-year halt on the construction of new warships, also proposed a list of warships in each country's navy to be destroyed, beginning with some American battleships, led to the Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty between Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the USA

Jimmy Carter

former governor of Georgia who had no political experience in Washington, he took advantage of his outsider status and promised to restore honesty to the federal government and also promised new programs for energy development, tax reform, welfare reform, and national health care

Ernest Hemingway

fought in Italy in 1917 and later wrote "The Sun Also Rises" and "A Farewell to Arms"; was upset with American idealism v. WWI realism in the 1920's, belonged to the Lost Generation of Writers

Dwight Eisenhower

fought the Cold War by increasing the U.S. nuclear arsenal and using the threat of nuclear war to end conflicts in Korea, Taiwan, and the Suez, became the 34th President, won by a landslide because he was a national hero from World War 2 and his organization of D-Day

Benito Mussolini

founded Italy's Fascist Party in 1919, he led Italy to conquer Ethiopia, joined Germany in the Axis pact, and allied Italy with Germany in World War II, he was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy., right-wing movement, socialist, influenced by Nietzsche; after WWI broke out, he wanted Italy to participate with France, there were many problems going on in Italy, thus he promised improvement and got into power

Bruce Barton

founder of the profession of advertising; commonly used persuasion, seduction, and sexual suggestion; published "The Man Nobody Knows" in 1925, saying Jesus was the greatest advertising man

Charles Sumner

gave a speech in may 1856 called " the Crime Against Kansas" militant opponent of slavery, beat with a cane by Preston Brooks after the speech, collapsed unconscious and couldn't return to senate for 4 years, symbol throughout the north.

Billion-Dollar Congress

gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890

William T. Sherman

general whose march to sea caused destruction to the south, union general, led march to destroy all supplies and resoures, beginning of total warfare

Winfield Scott

given command of the main expedition starting from Vera Cruz; emerged as a hero from the War of 1812; severely handicapped by inadequate troops, expiring enlistments, a more numerous enemy, mountainous terrain, disease, and political backing at home; succeeded in battling his way to Mexico City and proved to be the most distinguished general of his time

Bonus bill of 1817

gives states 1.5 million dollars for internal improvements; Madison immediately vetoed it.

totalitarianism

government has total control over everything, government controls most aspects of society, such as education, and the legal system, Germany and the Soviet Union were examples

Stephen Austin

granted a huge tract of land in Mexico City (1823) to bring 300 American families into Texas; went to Mexico City in 1833 to negotiate differences but was put in jail for 8 months

Old Guard

group controlled the Republican National Committee which awarded all but 19 of the disputed seats in Congress to Taft

Rough Riders

group of American volunteers that formed to fight at San Juan Hill in Cuba, many were cowboys and ex-convicts

Cabinet

group of officials who head government departments and advise the President

Anti-Imperialist League

group that battled against American colonization of the Phillippines

Monica Lewinsky

had affair with Clinton who denied it under oath, but there was physical evidence; he was impeached for perjury and his resulting political battles kept him from being productive in his final term paving way for the seemingly moral Bush in 2000

Sigmund Freud

had psychological theories that changed people's ideas about relationships, emphasized human sexuality and his theories became acceptable subjects of public conversation

Jp Morgan

he bought out Carnegie's company $400 million. Morgan expanded his industrial empire and created the United States Steel Corporation in 1901. It was America's first billion-dollar corporation.

Richard Nixon

he rose to national prominence as a "communist hunter" and member of HUAC in the 1950s. He was vice president under Eisenhower from 1953-1961 and defended American capitalism in the 1959 Kitchen Debate with Khrushchev. He ran unsuccessfully for president against JFK in 1960

A. Philip Randolph

head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters - a major union for African American railroad workers - decided to take action against factories not hiring African Americans

Works Progress Administration

headed by Harry Hopkins, was the largest public works program of the New Deal, a 2nd New Deal agency that provided the unemployed with jobs in construction, garment making, teaching, the arts, and other fields

George Creel

headed the Committee of Public Information by recruiting advertising executives, artists, authors, songwriters, entertainers, public speakers, and motion picture companies to help sway public opinion in favor of the war

Harold Ickes

headed the PWA for unemployment relief, disagreed with favoring balancing the budget and cutting spending, encouraging business leaders to invest in the economy, pushed for more government spending using a new theory called Keynesianism to support their arguments

Liberty League

hey were a group of wealthy conservatives who had organized in 1934 to fight "socialistic" new deal schemes. This group echoed Hoover's thoughts about Roosevelt's New Deal program

Mercenaries

hired soldiers

Theodore Roosevelt

hot-blooded assistant secretary to Navy secretary John D. Long, later resigned from Navy Department to serve as lieutenant colonel, "Rough Riders"

"politics is adjourned"

idea that Americans should go past party lines, Wilson asks for Democratic victory in Congress

"white slave" traffic

idea/fear that white women were forced into sex slavery and prostitution

Unitarian Faith

inspired by Deism, and an offspring of Puritanism, this faith was highly endorsed in New England at the end of the eighteenth century. For people in the faith, God was not a Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), but he was one person, so these people did not believe in Jesus. they stressed goodness in humans, believed that people could be saved by performing acts of goodness, and they believed God to be a Loving Father and not just a strict person who created them. the optimism of these people conflicted with Calvinism, the ideal of predestination most specifically; famous people, Ralph Waldo Emerson, specifically, endorsed this faith.

William Walker

installed himself as the President of Nicaragua in July 1856. He legalized slavery, but was overthrown by surrounding Central American countries and killed in 1860.

U.N. Security Council

international body formed to bring nations into dialogue in hopes of preventing further world wars; much like the former League of Nations in ambition, it was more realistic in recognizing the authority of the Big Five Powers in keeping peace in the world, thus guaranteeing veto power to all permanent members of its Security Council (Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States)

United Nations

international body formed to bring nations into dialogue in hopes of preventing further world wars; much like the former League of Nations in ambition, it was more realistic in recognizing the authority of the Big Five Powers in keeping peace in the world, thus guaranteeing veto power to all permanent members of its Security Council (Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States)

Tobacco

The primary crop for Chesapeake was tobacco. By the end of the century nearly 40 million pounds per year were shipped out of the colony. As more tobacco demanded more labor force, many indentured servants worked on the land.

non-intervention

The principle that external powers should not intervene in the domestic affairs of sovereign states.

"rights revolution"

The process by which excluded groups have obtained equal rights under the law and in practice.

evolution

The process in which inherited characteristics within a population change over generations such that new species sometimes arise.

resumption

The process of planning for and/or implementing the restarting of defined business operations following a disaster, usually beginning with the most critical or time-sensitive functions

Christian Science

The religious sect originating in the US in the late 1800s that believed in healing through prayer.

24th Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.

Massachusetts

The second most populous of the Chesapeake colonies at the beginning of the 18th century.

Suez crisis

international crisis launched when Egyptian President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, which had been owned mostly by French and British stockholders. This crisis failed without aid from the United States and marked an important turning point in the post-colonial Middle East and highlighted the rising importance of oil in world affairs

David Wilmot

introduced the amendment stating that slavery should never exist n any of the territory gained from Mexico; it passed the House twice but not the Senate; the Wilmot amendment never became law

Alexander Graham Bell

invented the telephone in 1876. This invention revolutionized the way Americans communicated

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

is the agency of the United States government that is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research, established by President Eisenhower in 1958

"culture wars"

issues with abortion, gun politics, separation of church and state, privacy, recreational drug use, homosexuality, censorship issues

Republican Motherhood

it elevated women as keepers of the national conscience because they were entrusted with the moral education of the young

Human Genome Project

it established the DNA sequence of the 30 thousand human genes, helping create radical new medical therapies, breakthroughs in cloning animals raised questions about the morality of cloning humans

Federal Housing Authority

it insured mortgage loans, assisted low-income renters, and fought housing discrimination

muckrakers

journalists who uncovered abuses and corruption in a society

Brown vs. Board of Education

landmark Superme Court decision that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and abolished racial segregation in public schools. This decision was the first major step toward the legal end of racial discrimination and a major accomplishment for the Civil Rights Movement

Bakke case

landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States on the permissible scope factors in an admissions program, but only for the purpose of improving the learning environment through diversity in accordance with the university's constitutionally protected First Amendment right to Academic Freedom

Second Battle of the Marne

last major German offensive on the Western Front during WW1

Queen Liliuokalani

last reigning queen of Hawaii, insisted native Hawaiians should control the islands, defense of native Hawaiian self-ruled led to a revolt by white settlers/her dethronement, wrote many songs

Constitution

law determining the fundamental political principles of a government

Clean Air Act

law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standardds for private industry

Perestroika

meaning "restructuring," a cornerstone along with Glasnost of Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev's reform movement in the USSR in the 1980s, these policies resulted in greater market liberalization, access to the West, and ultimately the end of communist rule

Open Door Notes

message sent by Secretary of State John Hay to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan asking countries not to interfere with U.S. trading rights in China

Dienbienphu

military engagement in French colonial Vietnam in which French forces were defeated by Viet Minh nationalists loyal to Ho Chi Minh. With this loss, the French ended their colonial involvement in Indochina, paving the way for American's entry

moderate/radical Republicans

moderate group tended to agree with lincoln that the seceded states would be restored to the union as simply and swiftly as reasonable. the radical group believed that the south should atone more painfully for its sins

John Muir

Sierra club founder, worked with Roosevelt to create Yosemite national park, preservationist, hoped that wild places could be left as they were

Lyndon B. Johnson

Signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families, he also created a department of housing and urban development, his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid, 36th President of the United States

Sitting Bull

Sioux tribe chief who led his people during years of resistance to United States government policies

Stono Rebellion

Slave revolt in 1739. Slaves left South Carolina attempting to reach Spanish Florida. They were put down by local militia forces.

New York City Revolt

Slave revolt of 1712. A dozen whites were killed and 21 blacks were executed.

Brain Trust

Small group of reform minded intellectuals, mainly young college professors, Considered much of the New Deal legislation and worked as a kitchen cabinet for Franklin Roosevelt

Samuel Gompers

Leader the American Federation of Labor

Barry St. Leger

Led British Army, tried to take Fort Stanwix but American Benedict Arnold drove him back.

National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry

Led by Oliver H. Kelly. 1st objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities. Overtime they raised their goals from self-improvement to improvement of the farmers collective plight

Lane rebels

Led by Weld in an 18-day debate on slavery at lane Theological Seminary; fanned out across the Old Northwest preaching antislavery gospel

Norris- LaGuardia Act

Legislation outlawing anti-union contracts and forbade federal courts from issuing injunctions to restrain strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing

lend-lease

Lends Britain and China materials for war and is paid back later, which Hilter interpreted as a chance for increased hostility to American vessels

Clayton Act

Lengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of practices. Exempted labor unions from being called trusts, legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor union members

Dutch West India Company

Less powerful but related to the Dutch East India Company. It worked in the Varibbean and ports in Africa.

Spice Islands

Located in modern day Indonesia, these islands and their goods were highly sought after by merchants and explorers.

Mound Builders

Located in the Ohio River Valley, the Mound Builders sustained their large civilzation on the planting of corn like so many other tribes.

Pueblo Indians

Located in the southwest of the US (and in bits of Colorado to).

clipper ships

Long, narrow, wooden ships made in the 1840s and 1850s, with tall masts and enormous sails. These ships were very fast moving through the water and were used for trade, especially for transporting perishable products to distant countries such as in the Far East. However, these ships did sacrifice cargo space for speed.

War of Spanish Succession

Louis XIV gained power in Spain from his grandson and did not divide the Spanish possessions between himself and the Roman Empire.

yeomen

Lower class of farmer who cultivates his own land.

Tories

Loyalists

Fair Deal

Made by Truman in his 1949 message to Congress. It was a program that called for improved housing , full employment, higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, new TVA's, and the extension of social security. Its only successes: raised the minimum wage, better public housing, extended old-age insurance to more people.

Iran-Contra Affair

Major political scandal of Reagan's second term, an illicit arrangement of selling "arms for hostages" with Iran and using money to support the contras in Nicaragua, the scandal deeply damagaed Reagan's credibility

fire eaters

refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.

"gender gap"

refers to the regular pattern by which women are more likely to support Democratic candidates

Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

refers to weapons--nuclear, biological, and chemical--that can kill large numbers of people and do great damage to the built and natural environment. The term was used to refer to nuclear weapons during the Cold War. The Bush administration's claim that Saddam Hussein had developed WMD provided the rationale for the United States's invasion of Iraq in 2003. These weapons were never found after the invasion.

Agrarian

relating to land; relating to the management or farming of land

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France

"cash-and-carry"

repealed Neutrality act of 1936 and allowed for the selling of goods to belligerents as long as there were receipts payment in cash and private ships to transport it

Half-Breed

republican reformers who supported the spoils system

Tenure of Office Act

required the president to secure consent of the Senate before removing appointees once they had been approved

Jonas Salk

research scientist who developed an injectable vaccine to prevent polio, he first tested the vaccine on himself, his wife, his three sons, and them 2 million schoolchildren, the vaccine became available to the general public in 1955

"spot" resolutions

resolutions introduced by Abraham Lincoln requesting info as to exactly where American blood had been shed

judicial review

review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court

Henry Cabot Lodge

said Cuba layed "right athwart the line," which led to much-anticipated Panama Canal, claimed whoever controlled Cuba controlled the Gulf of Mexico, interpreted Darwinsim

Force Bill

says Congress is authorized to use the military against belligerent states; nullified by South Carolina

Unionists

scorned "submission men"

Zimmerman note

secret German message to Mexico (intercepted by US) which offered to return to Mexico the lands it lost in the Mexican-American war

Lord Ashburton

sent by the London Foreign Office to Washington, D.C. in 1842 as a nonprofessional diplomat; speedily established cordial relations with Secretary Webster; agreed to compromise on the Maine boundary

William Randolph Hearst

sent gifted artist Frederic Remington to Cuba to draw sketches, allegedly with "you furnish pictures, I'll furnish the war," yellow journalism, publicized a private letter from Spanish minister, led to uproar, infuriated the American public

Granger Laws

series of laws passed in several midwwestern states, strove to regulate railway rates and storage fees

Jacob S. Coxey

set out to Washington with few supporters and reporters. Demanded the government relieve unemployment by an inflationary public works program

parity

set price for a product that gave it the same real value it had before in 1909

re-concentration camps

set up by Spanish military in Cuba during wars

US Forest Service

under Roosevelt's conservation movement; this protected natural habitats from humans

"Ohio Idea"

1867 - Senator George H. Pendleton proposed an idea that Civil War bonds be redeemed with greenbacks. It was not adopted.

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor.

Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819

Treaty in which Spain agreed to cede its claims to Oregon and give Florida to the Americans in exchange for Texas

Charles Willson Peale

painter from Maryland who painted about 60 portraits of Washington, who patiently sat for about 14 of them

fourth party system

(1893-1932) white house was dominated by the republicans

non-colonization

1823; This was a principle of the Monroe Doctrine; stated that the Americas should undergo no further colonization by European powers.

Lewis Cass

1848 Democratic candidate known as the Father of Popular Sovereignty

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first efficient American machinery for spinning cotton thread in 1791.

UNESCO

"United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization "--an agency of the United Nations that promotes education and communication and the arts

Morrill Act

(1862) This gave a generous grant of public land to states for education.

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partly to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. Colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

The Origin of Species

(1859) Charles Darwin's book explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce.

New England Immigrant Aid Society

1854 was created to pay antislave settlers to go into Kansas, so when the state voted on whether or not to allow slavery the vote would be on the antislave side.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Battle of Vicksburg

1863, Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy split in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Albany Congress

1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. Was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Pinckney Treaty

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

Chesapeake incident

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

Andrew Jackson

7th President (1829-1837); objected states' rights and increased Presidential powers; very tough-nicknamed Old Hickory; anti-federalist

Congregational Church Government

A democratic political government which was handled through town meetings. At these meetings men would vote to decide officials, schoolmasters, and discuss matters such as repairing the road.

Saddam Hussein

A dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources, he also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction

pragmatism

A distinctive American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems. These people thus embraced the provisional, uncertain nature of experimental knowledge. Among the most well-known purveyors of this were John Dewy, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and William James.

The Association

A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods. This included non-importation, non-exportation and non-consumption. It was the closest approach to a written constitution yet from the colonies. It was hoped to bring back the days before Parliamentary taxation. Those who violated The Association in America were tarred and feathered.

"The Birth of a Nation"

A dramatic silent film from 1915 about the South during and after the Civil War. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. The film, the first so-called spectacular, is considered highly controversial for its portrayal of African-Americans.

New England Family

A family would migrate together to the New World and members could expect to live to 70 years. Women married young and could expect around 8 children. Upon becoming married women lost their rights to property. Despite the image of total control of the husband, abusive men were dealt with by authorities.

Quetzalcoatl

A feathered serpent God worshipped by the natives of Central and South America.

Comstock Law

A federal law promoted by a self appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents.

Henry Wallace

A former Democratic who ran on the New Progressive Party due to his disagreement on Truman's policy with the Soviets. He caused the Democratic party to split even more during the election season.

Richard Montgomery

A formerly British General, he then led the colonists. He led a successful attack into Montreal, then on to Quebec. Montgomery's attack on Quebec failed and he was killed, thus, the whole invasion into Canada failed.

Denmark Vesey

A free black who led an ill fated rebellion in Charleston in 1822; was betrayed by informers and was publicly hanged

Oligarchy

A government by the few heavily influenced by a planter aristocracy; the South before the civil war

Great White Fleet

A group of 16 gleaming white ships on a cruise around the world to display the nation's naval power; steam powered ships impresses Japan. (Ended up having to borrow coal from the British in order to complete the voyage).

Bonus Army

A group of almost 20,000 World War I veterans who were hard-hit victims of the depression, who wanted what the government owed them for their services and "saving" democracy, They marched to Washington and set up public camps and erected shacks on vacant lots, They tried to intimidate Congress into paying them, but Hoover had them removed by the army, which shed a negative light on Hoover

Mugwumps

A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

Scots-Irish

A group of restless people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by the Scots-Irish. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors.

Pilgrim

A group of separatists and extremist Puritans who settled in Plymouth.

Electoral College

A group selected by the states to elect the president and the vice-president, in which each state's number of electors is equal to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress.

Boycott

A group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies.

sea dogs

A highly experienced sailor.

Dust Bowl

A horrible natural disaster in which Midwestern dust from millions of acres of dry, arid land (which in-part got that way from the tilling of the area) was blown up into the air and carried as far as Boston, caused much suffering.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Peculiar institution

A name for slavery because of its inhumanity; caused antislavery societies to form

Aztecs

A native tribe in Mexico who was in favor of mass human sacrifice and bloody worship.

panic of 1819

A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank.

Lord de La Warr

A new governor in Jamestown who took great military action against the Indians and made military like changes to the settlement.

rainbow coalition

A non-profit organization formed as a merger of two non-profit organizations — Operation PUSH (People United to Save Humanity) and the National Rainbow Coalition — founded by Jesse Jackson, the organizations pursue social justice, civil rights and political activism.

Christopher Columbus

A skilled Italian seafarer who sailed to the Americas trying to find an all water route to Asia.

Society of the Cincinnati

A society established by former officers of the Revolutionary war as a sort of aristocracy in which traditionalism and social status was important. Thomas Jefferson and other civilians thought that this movement threatened the newly formed republic and feared it could turn into an aristocracy so they worked to disband it. This was showed that nothing would stand in the way of a democratic government. This was crucial as this is the point when most revolutions fail, but the determination from Jefferson ceased this early threat.

James Oglethorpe

A soldier statesman who was intrested in creating a prison reform colony in Georgia made up of debtors.

nation state

A sovereign state where the citizens are very similar (race, culture, religion) and share a common feeling of nationality.

Baron von Steuben

A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British.

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

the "bloody shirt"

A tactic used by Republicans running for president to get votes from war veterans. They would use an old war leader and to get votes and remind the South that they were fighting on the wrong side during the Civil War.

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea.

Merrimack

Abandoned Union warship salvaged by the Confederacy. Enforced with iron plates to become an ironclad ship. Renamed "Virginia"

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Abolished the "national-origins" quota and doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter annually. Allowed close family members to be excluded from the count. Immigration was largely from Asia and Latin America.

"containment doctrine"

America's strategy against the Soviet Union based on the ideas of George Kennan; it declared that the Soviet Union and communism were inherently expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure and, as a result, guided American foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War

The Maine

American battle ship that blew up in Havana, Cuba and immediately started the Spanish-American WAr

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Norman Schwartzkopf

American general during the Gulf War, known as "Stormin' Norman"; led Operation Desert Storm, part of his strategy to follow continuous bombing with a ground strike

peculiar institution

Another term for slavery; The owning of human beings existed in a country that practiced liberty; reason for the Civil War

Contras

Anti-Sandinista fighters in the Nicaraguan civil war, they were secretly supplied with American military aid, paid for with money the United States clandestinely made selling arms to Iran

Chester A. Arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

Sir Edmund Andros

Appointed governor of the Domain of New England by James II who decreed religious tolerance and higher taxes.

Al Qaeda

Arabic for "The Base," an international alliance of anti-Western Islamic fundamentalist terrorist organizations founded in the late 1980s. Founded by veterans of the Afghan struggle against the Soviet Union, the group is headed by Osama Bin Laden and has taken responsibility for numerous terrorist attacks, especially after the late 1990s. The organized the attacks of September 11, 2001, in the United States, from its headquarters in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan. Since the U.S-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and the launch of the "Global War on Terror," the group has weakened, but still poses significant threats around the world.

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty

Arms limitation agreement settled by Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev after several attempts, the treaty banned all intermediate-range nuclear missiles from Europe and market a significant thaw in the Cold War

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union

Slavery

As freed indentured servants became a threat to the colonies the King looked to Africa for slaves to work. These people were seen as property and were treated poorly by owners.

Half-Way Covenant

As the second generation of colonists came to grow very few had the strong religious commitment of their elders. The Half-Way Covenant allowed baptism to the children of existing members of the church. This partial membership kept religious influence but weakened the power of the church.

Savannah Indians

Attempeted to rescue Indian slave captives who were going to be sent to Barbados.

John Crittendon

Attempted to recreate the Missouri Compromise as a Constitutional amendment in 1860, sadly he is unable to broker a compromise between north and south on the eve of war

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General in 1920s; earned the title of the "fighting Quaker" by his excess of zeal in rounding up suspects of Red Scare; ultimately totaled about six thousand; This drive to root out radicals was redoubled in June 1919, when a bomb shattered his home

Michael Harrington

Author who wrote The Other America. He alerted those in the mainstream to what he saw in the run-down and hidden communities of the country.

16th Amendment

Authorized the collection of income tax, this made the rich pay their fair share to the government as well as allowing the Underwood Tariff of 1913 to lower many tariffs

Ballinger-Pinchott Affair

Ballinger, who was the secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchott, who was the chief of forestry supported Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger, dismissed Pinchott on the basis of insubordination. This divided the Republican party

Populist (peoples) party

Based on the concerns of "average" people

Battle of Plattsburgh

Battle where Thomas McDonough defeated the British in the North and secured the border of US

Pequot War

Battles between the settlers and Pequot villagers.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985 and agreed to resume arms-control talks, believed that the Soviet Union had to reform its economic system or it would soon collapse, met with Reagan in a series of summits

Constitutional Convention

Beginning on May 25, 1787, the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention was held in Philadelphia. All of the states except Rhode Island sent delegates, and George Washington served as president of the convention. The convention lasted 16 weeks, and on September 17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States, which was drafted largely by James Madison.

Moral Majority

Evangelical Christian organization that aroused its members to fervent support of Reagan and the Republican party in the 1980s

cultural pluralism

Belief that immigrants to the U.S. maintain their own cultural identity and thus the U.S. is a type of society in which diverse ethnic, racial, national groups go-exist while maintaining their own cultural heritage.

Marcus Alonzo Hanna

Believed that a prime function of government was to aid business, supporter of McKinley

Thomas Hutchinson

Believed the tea tax was unjust, but disagreed that the colonists had a right to rebel. He angered Bostons radicals when he ordered the tea ships not to clear the Boston harbor until they had unloaded their cargoes.

La Follette Seaman's Act

Benefited sailors by requiring decent treatment and a living wage on American ships. Its purpose was to free sailors of their contracts and to strengthen maritime safety requirements

pork-barrel bills

Bills which would benefit a legislator's local constituency

Jim Fisk

Bold and unprincipled financier whose plot to corner the U.S. gold market nearly succeeded in 1869

paperbacks

Books made from cheap paper covers, introduced in mid 1800s.

David Lloyd George

British Prime Minister who helped work out details of the Treaty of Versailles

George Grenville

British Prime Minister; Architect of the Sugar Act; his method of taxation and crackdown on colonial smuggling were widely disliked by Americans. He passed the Stamp Act arguing that colonists received "virtual" representation in Parliament

Alabama

British built Confederate commerce raider responsible for capturing over 60 vessels

Salutary neglect

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. It relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureaucrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government.

Admiralty Courts

British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury.

John Burgoyne

British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722-1792)

"Virtual" Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members.

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

John C. Beckenridge

Buchanan's vice president, nominated for president by breakaway southern Democrats in 1860.

Horatio Gates

Burgoyne was forced to surrender his command to this American general on October 17,1777 at the battle of Saratoga.

radical regimes

By 1870 southern states had reorganized their governments and had been accorded full rights. The hated "blue bellies" remained until the new Republican regimes appeared to be firmly entrenched.

Sandra Day O'Connor

Chosen by Ronald Reagan to serve as a Supreme Court justice, she as the first woman appointed, she had broad political experience and supported the Equal Rights Amendment and refused to back an anti-abortion amendment, she was praised by some for her legal judgement and conservative approach to the law, she was an important swing vote between the more liberal and more conservative justices as she was a moderate conservative

Viet Cong

Communist guerrilla force that, with the support of the North Vietnamese Army, fought against South Vietnam (late 1950s-1975) and the United States (early 1960s-1973)

Scottish Presbyterians

Calvinism became the main theology of this denomination.

"Enumerated" Products

Certain products that the colonies could only ship to Britain (tobacco, rice, cotton)

Industrial Revolution

Change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power.

Henry Demares Lloyd

Charged headlong into the standard oil company with his book "Wealth Against commonwealth"

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokee, Creek, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; numbered by whites and embraced their new understanding of civilization

Geronimo

Chief of the Apache tribes. Pursued into Mexico by federal troops, remnant warriors then surrenders when the government exiled Apache women and children.

Little Turtle

Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace

Chief Joseph

Chief of the Nez Perce. Led his tribe to fight against the US military. Surrendered to the US at the Battle of Bear Paw Mountain and swore never to fight again

land-grant colleges

Colleges and universities created from allocations of public land through the Morrell Act of 1862 and the Hatch Act of 1887. These grants helped fuel the boom in higher education in the late nineteenth century, and many of the today's public universities derive from these grants.

Sand Creek, Colorado

Colonel J.M. Chivington's militia massacred about 400 Indians who thought they had promised immunity

Patriots

Colonists who wanted independence from Britain

Dia de la Raza

Columbus Day in Mexico that celebrated the birth of a new race.

Comte de Rochambeau

Commanded a powerful French army of six thousand troops in the summer of 1780 and arrived in Newport, Rhode Island. They were planning a Franco - American attack on New York.

Colonel George A. Custer

Commander of the 7th cavalry. Was sent to the west to suppress the Indians and to return them to their reservation. Attacked by the Sioux (Battle of Little Bighorn) and were wiped out.

Charles Cornwallis

Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution.

Board of Trade

Commissioned by King William III of England to supervise commerce, recommend appointments of colonial officials, and review colonial laws to see that none interfered with trade or conflicted with the laws of England.

Committees of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

Thomas J. Jackson

Confederate commander who helped the South win Bull Run. Nicknamed the "Stonewall" and soldiers under his command were called "foot calvary"

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Second Battle of Bull Run

Conflict between Lee and General John Pope in August 1862, ending in a decisive victory by Lee that led to increased confidence and an attempt to convince Maryland to secede.

Tripolitan War

Conflict in 1801 when the pasha of Tripoli cut down the flagstaff of the American consulate, lasting four years, after which a treaty was reached for the sum of $60,000 to ransom captured Americans.

Foraker Act

Congress accorded the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government, later granted U.S. citizenship

Congress of Racial Equality

Congress of Racial Equality. Nonviolent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the "Double V" campaign, or victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. After World War II, CORE became a major force in the civil rights movement.

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act

Congress passed this in 1934, designed to lower the tariff, it aimed at both relief and recovery, Secretary of State Hull succeeded in negotiating pacts with 21 countries by the end of 1939, these pacts were essentially trade agreements that stated if the United States lowered its tariff, then the other country would do the same, with this, the president was empowered to lower existing rates by as much as 50% provided that the other country involved would do the same, during these years of trade agreements, U.S. foreign trade increased dramatically, the act paved the way for the American-led free-trade international economic system that took shape after WWII

Securities and Exchange Commission

Congressional commission created in 1934 to administer the Securites Act requiring full financial disclosure by companies wishing to sell stock, and to prevent the unfair manipulation of stock exchanges

Army-McCarthy hearings

Congressional hearings called by Senator McCarthy to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spectacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremeism and led to his eventual disgrace

Fundamental Order

Conneticut's state constitution that later influenced modern state government.

Clarence Thomas

Conservative African American Supreme Court justice; nominated by Bush, he was strongly opposed by liberal groups because of his views on affirmative action and abortion; after his Senate hearing, it was revealed that he had been accused of sexual harassment, leading the Judiciary Committee to reopen the hearings; the televised details of the charges, made by Anita Hill, transfixed the American public

insular cases

Constitution didn't have full authority of how to deal with islands

Great Ice Age

Contributed to the geography and human origins of North America. It casued a land bridge to form over the Bering Sea allowing people from Siberia to travel to modern day Alaska.

Ngo Dinh Diem

Corrupt leader of South Vietnam, supported by US until his unpopularity (Monks burned themselves to voice their hate of him) led US to approve a coup on November 1 of 1963 by rebels supported by the US military, but those leaders proved to be unstable, and perhaps worse then this man. South Vietnam could not find a Ho Chi Minh

Long Drive

Cowboys drove herds of ccattle slowly over the unfenced and unpeopled west until they reached a railroad terminal

Medicare and Medicaid

Created by LBJ a federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them (low-income families)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

New England Confederation

Created to defend against enemies made of Puritans from Conneticut and Massachusetts.

Walter Raleigh

Credited with introducing tobacco and potatoes into England. Orangized an expidition to Roanoke Island off North Carolina.

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Teheran Conference

December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace

Stimson doctrine

Declared that the US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

"Gold Bugs"

Democrats who believed in the gold standard act

Boston Tea Party

Demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor.

slave code

Denied basic rights to slaves and gave owners complete control over the slaves they owned.

Macy's/Marshall Field's

Department stores that attracted urban middle class shoppers and provided urban working class jobs, many of them for women; Macy's in New York, Marshall fields in Chicago; Macy's showed consumerism and class divisions.

Quebec Act

Designed to facilitate the incorporation of French Canadians into British America; Colonists feared a precedent had been established in the nonrepresentative government in Quebec; they resented the expansion of Quebec's territory, which they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763; they were offended by the Crown's recognition of Catholicism, since most Americans were Protestants.

Cotton Kingdom

Developed a huge agricultural factory in the South; it's economy depended solely on cotton and was therefore ruled by it

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Director of the Manhattan Project and later of the Atomic Energy Commission

Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.

Disease

Diseases such as typhoid, malaria, and dysentery killed half of the settlers of the early Chesapeake colonies.

Indentured Servants

Displaced farmers from England who were transported to the colonies under contract of servitude. These workers were eventually granted clothing, land, and food upon freedom.

George B. Meade

During the American Civil War he served as a Union general, rising from command of a brigade to the Army of the Potomac. He is best known for defeating Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863.

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

William Howe

During the summer of 1776, he led hundreds of British ships and 32,000 British soldiers to New York, and offered Congress the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds, and despite having far fewer troops, the Americans rejected the offer. Bunker Hill.

New Amsterdam

Dutch settlement in Manhatten in modern-day New York City and the English wanted them out.

Navigation Laws

England wanted to increase natutical power so they didn't let colonies trade with anyone but them.

James Wolfe

English general, led troops up steep cliff to capture Quebec which marked the beginning on the end of the French/Indian War, success.

Benjamin West

English painter (born in America) who became the second president of the Royal Academy (1738-1820)

William Pitt

English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778) [French and Indian War]

William Clinton

Entered off in January 1993, as the first democratic president since Jimmy Carter and a self-proclaimed activist, an American democratic politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001; he leaned towards "being in the center"

The Federalist

Essays promoting ratification of the Constitution, published anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in 1787 and 1788.

Committee of Public Information

Established by Wilson and headed by George Creel, this was the Federal group that worked on producing and disturbing pro-war propaganda citizens

War Production Board

Established by executive order to direct all war production, including procuring and allocating raw materials, to maximize the nation's war machine. The WPB had sweeping powers over the US economy and was abolished in Nov. 1945 soon after Japan's defeat

Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom

Established in 1786. Its passage was pushed by Thomas Jefferson and other reformers, including the Baptists. It gave religous freedom and prolonged the fight for a separation of Church and State. It asserted that forcing any man to worship in a particular way was a violation of his civil and natural rights.

Fair Employment Practices Commission

FDR issued this committee in 1941 to enforce the policy of prohibiting employment-related discrimination practices by federal agencies, unions, and companies involved in war-related work It guaranteed the employment of 2 million black workers in the war factories

Cordell Hull

FDR's secretary of state, who promoted reciprocal trade agreements, especially with Latin America

Bay of Pigs

Failed plot to remove Fidel Castro from power by sending twelve hundred anticommunist exiles to invade Cuba; the invasion was unsuccessful and the band of exiles was forced to surrender.

First Families of Virginia

Family names such as Fitzhugh, Lee, and Washington. Famous and wealthy families who established themselves in Virginia before 1690.

Comstock Lode

Fantastic amount of gold and silver found, mined by the "kings of the Comstock" 1860-1890

Colored Farmers Alliance

Farmers Alliance but for people of color

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Phillis Wheatley

First African American female writer to be published in the United States. Her book Poems on Various Subjects was published in 1773, pioneered African-American literature. One of the most well- known poets in America during her day; first African American to get a volume of poetry published.

Abolitionism

First abolitionist efforts were to remove slaves back to Africa; took heart when British slaves were freed in the West Indies; some abolitionists were radical (Garrison) and some of the greatest were free blacks

NSC-68

First drawn up in 1950, this document was buried until the Korean crisis later that year. This document suggested that the US could afford to spend upward of 50% of its gross national product for security

Ronald Reagan

First elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984, He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas, He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare, Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980, While president, he developed Reaganomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives, He cut out many welfare and public works programs, He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict, His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War, He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns

Truman Doctrine

First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.

Mayflower Compact

First form of self-government in the colonies setup by Pilgrims in Plymouth Rock before leaving for the colonies.

First Battle of Bull Run

First major battle of the Civil War, in which untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington. This battle helped boost Southern morale and made the North realize that this would be a long war.

"free incorporation"

First passed in New York in 1848, this allowed businessmen to create corporationswithout applying for individual charters from the legislature.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Forbade the manufacture or sale of misleading or adulterated food or drugs. It gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficiency of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA

Free Soil party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Ku Klux Klan

Formed in 1866, after the Civil War. Group that advocated white supremacy that was revived in 1915 and increased in size during the 1920s in reaction to challenges to traditional culture; the new Klan attacked the immigrants, blacks, Catholics, communists, and Jews

Anita Hill

Former associate of Clarence Thomas, who accused him of sexual harassment in Senate Judiciary Committee hearings

Robert La Follette

Hailing from Wisconsin, he was one of the most militant of the progressive Republican leaders, He served in the Senate and in the Wisconsin governor's seat, and was a perennial contender for the presidency, keeping the spirit of progressivism alive into the 1920s

Andrew Mellon

Harding's Secretary of Treasury who felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than factories that provided good payrolls; believed in trickle-down or Hamiltonian economics

Calvin Coolidge

Harding's vice president, became president in 1923 when Harding pasted away from a probable heart attack, believed that prosperity rested on business leadership and that part of his job as president was to make sure that government interfered with business and industry as little as possible

Fletcher vs. Peck

John Marshall ruled against a state legislature that invalidated corrupt land sales in order to protect property rights.

John Rolfe

Husband of Pocahontas, their marriage was the first interracial union in Virginia. He became the father of the tobacco industry.

Freeport Doctrine

Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so

"solemn referendum"

Idea that president Wilson would appeal to the people so that they would agree and then vote for the League of Nations

Head-Right System

If a man paid for a servant's transportation to the colonies he would receive 50 acres of land. Many men used this system to gain vast amounts of land.

"don't ask, don't tell"

If you are gay, you may enter the armed forces if you don't tell anyone

antinomianism

If you were going to be saved by God already then there was no point in living a holy and religious life.

new immigration

Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who formed a recognizable wave of immigration from the 1800s until 1924, in contrast to the immigrants from western Europe who had come before them. These new immigrants congregated in ethnic urban neighborhoods, where they worried many native-born Americans, some of whom responded with nativist anti-immigrant campaigns and others of whom introduced urban reforms to help the immigrants assimilate.

Declaratory Act

In 1766, the English Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and at the same time signed the Declaratory Act. This document stated that Parliament had the right "to bind" the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." It is important in history because it stopped the violence and rebellions against the tax on stamps. Also, it restarted trade with England, which had temporarily stopped as a defiant reaction to the Stamp Act.

Intolerable Acts

In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed (Boston Port Act) , reduced power of assemblies in colonies (The Massachusetts Government Act), permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere (Administration of Justice Act), provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses (Quartering Act).

John Trumbull

John Trumbull was an American artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War famous for his historical paintings including his Declaration of Independence. Significance- His declaration of independence picture appears on the reverse of the $2 dollar bill.

Thomas Paine

Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man

Neutrality Acts

In the event of war, American exports of military components were to be stalled for six months, which would stop shops that were leaving the US from transporting arms to combatants, 3 acts: 1935, 1936, 1937

Ireland Potato Famine

In the mid-1840s, a disease fell upon the potato crops, which the people had become very closely dependent on. About 1/4 of Irelands population died of disease and starvation. Several thousand Irish that survived fled to America to escape the famine.

Muller vs. Oregon

In this case the Supreme Court addressed government's authority to regulate business to protect women working in laundries in Oregon got helped by the court deciding to limit the state's right to limit hours. This didn't violate the 14th amendment since women needed to stay healthy with healthy children

Lochner vs. New York

In this case the Supreme Court addressed government's authority to regulate business to protect workers; the court ruled that a New York law forbidding bakers to work more that 10 hours a day was unconstitutional

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

In this court case, the Supreme Court reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon on the grounds that women were now their legal equals of men (after the 19th amendment)

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the Socialist Party; arrested for making a speech in Canton Ohio, for protesting the war; he was convicted under the Espionage Act and sentenced to 10 years

Pontiac

Indian Chief; led post war flare-up in the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes Region in 1763; his actions led to the Proclamation of 1763; the Proclamation angered the colonists.

Powhatan

Indian chief and father of Pocahontas. He kidnapped Captain John Smith and sentenced him to a mock trial and execution until Pocahontas stopped it.

Black Hawk

Indian chief who led tribes to resist eviction; Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the U.S.

Battle of the Thames

Indians defeated by William Henry Harrison; Tecumseh killed; Indian alliance starts to fall apart

When would the Indians surrender their land?

Indians surrendered their land only when they were given solemn promises that they would be left alone and provided with food, clothing, and other supplies

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Maryland Act of Tolerance

It allowed freedom of worship for any type of Christian, but Jews and athiests were put to death.

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

"Revolution of 1828"

Jackson's election showed shift of political power to the "common man"

rotation in office

Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government

Pan-American Conference

James G. Blaine pushed his "Big Sister" policy, sought better relations with Latin America

James A. Garfield

James Garfield was elected to presidency in 1880. He barely won the popular vote but won by a huge margin in the electoral college. He was assassinated so Stalwarts could be in power in the government. This brought about reforms in the spoils systems.

Casablanca Conference

Jan. 14-23, 1943 - FDR and Chruchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the Allies would accept nothing less than Germany's unconditional surrender to end the war

economic coercion

Jefferson came up with the Embargo Act which cut off all trade with all countries. Jefferson hoped this would force the English to come to his terms and stop stealing American sailors. This, however, did not work and greatly hurt American trade.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

John Brown let a part of six in Kansas that killed 5 pro-slavery men. This helped make the Kansas border war a national issue.

Harpers Ferry Raid

John Brown plans to start a slave uprising, so he steals weapons at Harpers Ferry and is stopped by U.S. Marines where he is captured

Second Bank of the US

John C. Calhoun introduced this to help the financial stability of the country by issuing national currency and regulating state banks

Institutes of the Christian Religion

John Calvin's doctrine in 1536 stating God was omnipitant and people were all bad.

Berlin airlift

Joint effort by the US and Britain to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city.

yellow press

Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, practice of journalism emerged in New York, journalism practiced with unethical, unprofessional standards

"Our Country"

Josiah Strong's book that proclaimed superiority of Anglo-Saxon civilization and argued that U.S. had obligation to spread superior way of life/civilization to Latin America and Asia

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

Henry VIII

King of England 1509-1547. The English Reformation that he began to create the Anglican Church brought refugees to America.

George II

King of England from 1727-1760. Georgia was named after him and helped to prompt the French and Indian War in America.

King George III

King of England, stubborn, stupid, levied taxes even though he knew colonist would hate it, poor ruler, passed Quartering Act, wanted to show who's in charge.

Louis XIV

King of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)

Philip II

King of Spain who was greatly opposed to the Protestant Reformation and set up the Spanish Armada.

Gustavas Adolphus

King of Sweden during the 30 Years War and tried to colonize in Delaware but they failed. They also contributed the log cabin.

Pennsylvania "Dutch"

Known as large numbers of German speaking protestants. They were called this because people coundn't pronounce the word Deutsch, which means German.

Thomas Reed

Known as the Czar; intimidating Speaker of the House which oversaw the first billion dollar Congress beginning in 1888

Seven Years' War

Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Charles Town

Later known as Charleston, this was a busy seaport that attracted a rich aristocratic air from the French Protestant refugees that came here.

Military Reconstruction Act

Law that threw out the southern state governments that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Law which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty during WW1

"mobocracy"

Lawless control of public affairs by the mob or populace.

personal liberty laws

Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Jim Crow

Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government

Francisco Franco

Lead the Spanish army in revolt and lead the nationalists against the Spanish Republic in the Civil War

Nathaniel Bacon

Leader of Bacon's Rebellion. His death due to disease led to the calming of his rebels and a closing to the rebellion.

George Rogers Clark

Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779, secured the Northwest Territory for America.

settlement house

Mostly run by middle-class native-born women, they were in immigrant neighborhoods and provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the United States. Many women, both native-born and immigrant, developed life-long passions for social activism in these. Jane Addams's Hull House in Chicago and Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in New York City were two of the most prominent.

Horatio Seymour

Nominated by the Democrats In the 1868 election. Militant platform renouncing Reconstruction acts. VP Frank Blair. Did well in the South, but lost to Grant

passive resistance

Nonviolent action or opposition to authority in accord with religious morals or beliefs.

Frostbelt

Northeaster and midwestern regions of the US, less agricultural.

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross

"Sooner State"

Oklahoma. federal government made the land available to settlers, but "sooner" would enter the territory before it opened

William James

One of America's most brilliant intellectuals who served for 35 years on the Harvard faculty; Principles of Psychology (1890) established modern discipline of behavioral psychology; The Will to Believe (1897) and Varieties of Religious Experience (1902) explored the philosophy and psychology of religion; Pragmatism (1907) colorfully described America's greatest contribution to the history of philosophy, most famous of his writings, held that the truth of an idea was to be tested by its practical consequences.

Dodge City, Kansas

One of the favorite terminal posts for cowboys, also known as "cow towns"

invasion of Ethiopia

One of three African countries not controlled by a European power prior to 1935. Mussolini invaded this country to restore glory of Roman Empire. League of Nations took no actions. Was Italy's first example of invasion.

counterculture

Opposed the typical American way of life. It was supported by much of the youth of 60s. Against listening to authority, gender roles, war, racism, and religion. Known as "hippies."

contraction

Policy which decreased the amount of money per capital in circulation between 1870 and 1880

Greenback Labor party

Political party that farmers sought refuge in at first, combined inflationary appeal of earlier Greenabackers w/ program for improving labor

Constitutional Union Party

Political party that recognized "no political principles other than the constitution of the country, the Union of the states, and the enforcement of the laws."

Herbert Croly

Political theorist that argued that the government should use its regulatory and taxation powers to promote the welfare of its citizens

Tariff of 1842

Polk devised a tariff bill that reduced the Tariff of 1842 from 32% to 25%; part of Polk's 4 part plan

squatter

Poor outcasts and those of a differing religion who raised tobacco and crops on small farms on land they didn't own.

New Frontier

President Kennedy's idea to implement a legislate agenda that hoped to increase aid to education, provide health insurance to the elderly, and create a Department of Urban Affairs

Vietnamization

President Nixon's policy to withdraw the 540,000 U.S. troops in South Vietnam over an extended period, it would bring an end to the war in 1973

Privateering

Privately owned armed ships specifically authorized by congress to prey on enemy shipping. There were over a thousand American privateers who responded to the call of patriotism and profit. The privateers brought in urgently needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale.(American Revolution, 1775-1783)

Pro-choice/pro-life

Pro Choice: Those who support a woman's right to have an abortion Pro Life: Feel abortion violates the right to life of the unborn fetus

"Bread" colonies

Produced massive amounts of grain. Included New York, New Jersey, New England, and Pennsylvania. A nickname for the middle colonies because their main export was grain.

Meat Inspection Act

Progressive law aimed at curbing practices like those exposed in Sinclair's "The Jungle"

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

Clement L. Vallandigham

Prominent Copperhead who was an ex-congressman from Ohio, demanded an end to the war, and was banished to the Confederacy

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society. He avoided issues of social equality. He was fine with segregation.

Twenty-second amendment

Proposed in 1947 and ratified in 1951. It limited the number of terms that a president may serve to two. Was brought on by FDR's 4-term presidency.

Billy Graham

Protestant minister, built national following after World War 2 and a religious revival began in the United States among Protestant evangelicals

William and Mary

Protestant royal replacement of Catholic James II during the Glorious Revolution.

Public Works Administration

Provided funding for numerous projects that created many jobs while improving the nation's infrastructure.

modernization theory

Provided the theoretical underpinnings for an activist U.S foreign policy in the underdeveloped world. Societies like Asia, Africa, and Latin America could develop into modern industrial and democratic nations.

Nathaniel Greene

Quaker-raised American general who employed tactics of fighting and then drawing back to recover, then attacking again. Defeated Cornwallis by thus "fighting Quaker".

Elizabeth I

Queen of Englanxc 1558-1603. She made the final cut from the Roman Catholic Church.

soft/cheap money

paper money which is not connected to a treasury or gold supply, favored by debtors so their debts could be payed off for lose, when issued caused depreciation

Farewell Address

Referred to as Washington's Farewell Address. Its main points included: assuming leadership in the Western Hemisphere, developing its own trade, and not entering into permanent alliances with foreign nations, especially with Europe.

"No taxation without representation"

Reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament.

"Great Awakening"

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Robert M. La Follette (fighting bob)

Republican governor of WI, WI became a model of progressive reform, he attacked the way political parties ran their conventions, pressured the state legislature to pass a law requiring parties to hold a direct primary, this earned WI a reputation as the 'laboratory of democracy'

Gag Resolution

Required all antislavery appeals to be tabled without debate, suppressing freedom of speech

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.

Hepburn Act

Restricted railroad 'free passes' and expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission to include in its powers the prosecution of express companies, and pipelines for the 1st time, gave the ICC that ability to nullify existing rates and set maximum rates

Internal taxation

Revenues levied directly on property (such as land or livestock), persons (such as poll taxes), or governmental functions (such as the Stamp Act).

Progressive Party-- 1924

Revived political party that ran Robert La Follette in the Election of 1924, This group believed in a more pro-labor policy, especially in the supporting of economically downtrodden farmers, It received a fairly large percentage of votes for a third party

CREEP

Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.

Saturday Night Massacre

Richard Nixon's executive dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus on October 20, 1973 during the Watergate scandal.

conservation

Roosevelt's most enduring tangible achievement; it was based on the up welling national mood of concern about the disappearance of the frontier; progressive conservationists believed that nature must be neither uncritically reverenced nor wastefully exploited, but must instead be efficiently utilized

"The Square Deal"

Roosevelt's policy of having the federal government promote the public interest by dealing evenhandedly with both labor and business; 3 c's: control of corporations, consumer protection, conservation of natural resources

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive platform in the election of 1912, building on the 'Square Deal' he called for a strong federal government to maintain economic competition and social injustice but to accept trusts as an economic fact of life

Charles I

Ruled as King of England from 1625-1649. He had many financial issues and refused to call on Parliament. Beheaded and overthrown by Oliver Cromwell.

Kaiser Wilhehm ll

Ruler of Germany, congratulated the Boers of South Africa for capturing a British raiding party; this turned British anger toward Germany and prevented a war between the US and Britain over the Venezuelan crisis

Russo-Japanese War

Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where Roosevelt mediated the Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts, becoming the first president to do so.

Ireland

Scene of religious rivalry between the Catholics and the Protestants.

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the Open-Door policy and Panama Canal

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Edwin M. Stanton

Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment.

Henry Stimson

Secretary of War during War World II who trained 12 million soldiers and airmen, the purchase and transportation to battlefields of 30 percent of the nation's industrial output and agreed to the building of the atomic bomb and the decision to use it

Bleeding Sumner

Senator Sumner was beaten after criticizing slavery & a Southern Senator

Stephen A. Douglas

Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine

Joseph McCarthy

Senator from Wisconsin who rose to infamy by accusing the State Department of employing communists, he conducted high-profile red-baiting hearings that damanged countless careers before he finally over-reached in 1954 when he went after the US Army. After that he was censured by Senate and died of alcoholism shortly thereafter

enclosure

Seperating something from another. Used by Parliament in 1709, the called for the ___________ Acts which required private lands to be fenced from the common grounds.

Nuremberg trials

Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.

Martin Van Buren

Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836

Chesapeake

Set of colonies in early America that faced hardships of disease.

New Netherland

Settled in the Hudson River area by the Dutch and the English wanted them out.

Frederick Douglass

Several times beaten by Northerners; greatest of the black abolitionists; escaped slavery at 21 years old in 1828; lectured to abolish slavery; published his autobiography in 1845; flexibly practical and looked to politics to abolish slavery

Plantation system

Shaped the lives of Southern women; used large farms with many slaves to grow cotton; butchered the land and created a dangerous dependence on a single crop; very few families qualified as plantation owners with enough slaves

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000.

Condoleezza Rice

She became the first African American female secretary of state, prior to this position, she served as an adviser on foreign affairs to President Ronald Reagan and President George H.W. Bush, during Bush's first term she served as head of the National Security Council and supported the attacks on Afghanistan and the invasion of Iraq, and she became secretary of state during his second term

Carrie Chapman Catt

She spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter, became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspired speaker and brilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage.

"Hoovercrats"

Southern Democrats who turned against their party's "wet," Catholic nominee and voted for the Republicans in 1938.

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

war hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

"Sputnik"

Soviet satellite first launched into Earth orbit on October 4, 1957, this scientific achievement marked the first time human beings had put a man-made object into orbit and pushed the USSR noticeably ahead of the United States in the Space Race

Victor L. Berger

Socialist, was elected as a House of Representatives member for Milwaukee, but was denied his seat in 1919 during a wave of anti-socialist hysteria

Quakers

Society of friends who believed in equality and were frequently persecuted created the colony of Pennsylvania.

Charles II

Son of Charles I who took back the throne after a 10 year span of rule by Cromwell. The Carolinas were named after him when they were being colonized.

McCain-Feingold Act

Sought to limit the amounts of money spent by and for candidates for elected office. Placed limits on "soft money," or funds raised by groups that are unaffiliated with a candidate but advertise for the candidate or against the opponent.

Dixiecrats

Southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

Breakers

Strong willed slaves were sent to breakers who often used whips to "break" them into behaving

"Richardsonian"

Style of Romanesque Revival architecture named after architect Henry Hobson Richardson, whose masterpiece is Trinity Church, Boston.

Millard Fillmore

Successor of President Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

crop-lien system

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

Lone Star

TX declared independence in 1836 and Houston forced signed treaty with Santa Anna in 1836

John Bell

Tennessee politician and Plantation owner, nominated for president in 1860 by the United States Constitutional Union Party (Whig's) but lost to Lincoln and the Republicans.

September 11, 2001

Terrorist attacks in which 19 militant Islamist men hijacked and crashed four commercial aircraft. Two planes hit the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, causing them to collapse. One plane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and the fourth, overtaken by passengers, crashed into a field in rural Pennsylvania. Nearly 3000 people were killed in the worst case of domestic terrorism in American history.

WAACs

The "Women's Army Axillary Corps", an acronym given to reference women in the army. Women being in the army changed their roles in society and gained them new respect

massive retalliation

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

midnight judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Moctezuma

The Aztec chief who was overthrown by Hernán Cortés in 1521.

Lusitania

The British liner was sunk in 1915 by German U-boats, causing Wilson to issue a stern warning to the Germans telling them not to attack unarmed vessels without warning

Treaty of Paris of 1783

The British recognized the independence of the United States. It granted boundaries, which stretched from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland. It greatly upset the Canadians.

"spirit of Camp David"

The Camp David Accords were the peace accords signed by Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat to finally end the Israeli-Egyptian disputes. The achievement by Carter is considered his greatest achievement in office

Battle of Little Bighorn (Custer's Last Stand)

The Cheyenne, Sioux, and Arapaho tribes came together and ambushed Custer's company. Wiped out Custer's cavalry. This increased violence between the US and the Indians

Barbados Slave Code

The English code of 1661 in which was illustrated the legal base of slavery in Barbados.

First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

Thomas E. Dewey

The Republican presidential nominee in 1944, Dewey was the popular governor of New York. Roosevelt won a sweeping victory in this election of 1944. Dewey, arrogant and wooden, seemed certain to win the election, and the newspapers even printed, "DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN" on election night. However, the morning results showed that Truman swept the election, much to Dewey's embarrassment

Bull Moose

The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party. His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Wilson, but he gained more 3rd party votes than ever before

New Sweden

The Swedes took over some Dutch land in 1638 in Delaware.

Three-fifths compromise

The Three-Fifths compromise was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Battle of Okinawa

The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000. This battle revealed to the US that the Japanese were prepared and willing to fight til the death.

cartography

The art of map making.

Battle Of Chancellorsville

The Union was defeated again with the Confederacy being led by Robert E. Lee. General Thomas Stonewall Jackson was accidentally wounded here by one of his own men.

Battle of Fredericksburg

The Union, led by Major General Ambrose Burnside, was defeated and lost 12,000 men. General Robert E. Lee, Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, was the Confederate general who led in the defeat.

Virgina and Kentucky Resolutions

The _______ introduced the theory of interposition. They argued that if the federal government did something unconstitutional, the state could interpose and stop the illegal action. ________ advanced the theory of nullification. According to this, if the federal government passed an unconstitutional law, the states could nullify it

filibustering

The act of talking endlessly to delay the vote on Senate bills

Jones Act

The act that granted the Philippines territorial status and promised independence as soon as a stable government was achieved

Canadian Shield

The anchor of North America which has underneath it a large amount of ancient rock and was most likely where the continent began.

Doctrine of a Calling

The belief that saved individualshave a religious obligation to engage in worldly work.

Mayflower

The boat that the Pilgrims came over to Plymouth Rock in.

Popular sovereignty

The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government

ThreeSister Farming

The cultivation of maize, beans, and squash in North America. The beans grew up the cornstalks and the squash covered the ground and kept in moisture.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.

Pocahontas

The daughter of chief Powhatan who acted as an intermediary between the Indians and the settlers.

Treaty of Tordesillas

The division of the New World between Spain and Portual made by the Pope in 1494. The Spanish got the West and Portugal got the East.

Nullification

The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.

Chautauqua movement

The education movement launched in New York in 1874 that featured public lectures and home study courses.

Ninth Amendment

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

black legend

The false concept that the Spanish and other conquerors only treated the Natives with inequality, stole from them, infected them, and enslaved them.

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans.

Treaty of Wanghia

The first diplomatic agreement between China and America in history, signed on July 3, 1844. Since America signed as a nation interested in trade instead of colonization, it was rewarded with extraordinary amount of trading power.

John Winthrop

The first governor of Massachusetts and helped the colony prosper.

Vinland

The first landing place of the Norsemen in North America in present day Newfoundland. It was called so because of the vast amounts of grape vines found there.

Horatio Alger

This Puritan-reared New England ex-pastor began his literary career in 1866, during which he wrote more than 100 books of juvenile fiction in which virtue, honesty, and industry were rewarded with success, wealth, and honor.

southern nationalism

The idea that the south would develop into its own country like, its how they became the confederates

U-2 incident

The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

Spanish Armada

The large naval fleet of the Spanish who were sent out to defeat the English by Phillp II of Spain but was instead defeated by the self same English in 1588.

Title IX

The law states that no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.

Marquis de Montcalm

The leader of the French forces at Quebec who saw Quebec fall under smaller forces under the command of Gen. Wolfe. Marquis died during the Battle of Quebec.

Federal Reserve Act

This act created a central banking system, consisting of 12 regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the US with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today

Continental Congress

The legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution.

thirty-eighth parallel

The line dividing Korea into two sections, north of the parallel the communist Soviet Union was in charge and south of the parallel was democratic America was in charge. This line would become the demilitarized zone after the Korean conflict.

Plymouth Bay

The location where the Pilgrims settled when they reached the American colonies.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

This act restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers subsidies not to plant part of their land and to kill off excess livestock. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops.

War of Jenkins' Ear

The man responsible for the start of this war was Juan de Leon Fadio who boarded the Rebecca, name this conflict that was preceeded by British pirates harassing the Spanish and was known as King George's war in the colonies. Starts due to Captain Jenkins ear being cut off by Spanish.

Portsmouth Conference

The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those two countries.

Jonathan Edwards

The most outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. He was a New England Congregationalist and preached in Northampton, MA, he attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all. He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners.

Virginia

The most populous of the Chesapeake colonies with around 59,000 people at the beginning of the 18th century.

War on Poverty

The name President Lyndon Johnson gave to his crusade to improve the lifestyle of America's poor, especially those in Appalachia. It included economic and welfare measures aimed at helping the large percentage of Americans who lived in poverty.

new morality

The new attitudes in America reflected by soaring divorce rates, the spreading practice of birth control, and the frank discussion of sexual topics.

Antifederalists

They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. Many wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation. The Antifederalists were instrumental in obtaining passage of the Bill of Rights as a prerequisite to ratification of the Constitution in several states. After the ratification of the Constitution, the Antifederalists regrouped as the Democratic-Republican (or simply Republican) party.

surplus population

The number of people that could have left a country without damaging the economy.

proprietor

The owner of a business establishment or someone with executive rights to something.

Billy Yank

The personification of the Union. Sort of the opposite of Johnny Reb.

"Royal Veto"

The power of the Privy Council in colonial days to declare a colonial policy or law null and void.

Tenth Amendment

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

indentured servitude

The practice of working for someone for a certain number of years in order to pay off the pasaage fee to America when one isn't able to afford the voyage.

League of Nations

The precursor to the UN, this was a proposed union of the world powers after WW1

"Quarantine Speech"

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism

McCulloch vs. Maryland

The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.

encomienda

The technique theat allows the government to give or commend Indians to colonists in order to Christianize them. Basically, a nice way of saying slavery.

Maryland

The third most populous of the Chesapeake colonies at the beginning of the 18th century with about 30,000.

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

Iroquois

The tribe who allied with the British in the French and Indian War.

ecosystem

The type of environment where organisms are able to live in a harmonious balance.

English Civil War

The war between King Charles I and his opponents in Parliament from 1644 to 1648.

Dutchification

The way the Dutch tried to change the Puritans who had fled to Holland.

Protestant Ethic

The work ethic the Puritans lived by, all work and no play.

Helsinki accords

Thirty-five states, including the USA, Canada, and all European states except Albania and Andorra, signed the declaration in an attempt to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West.

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

These two battles occurred on the same day. They were the first military conflicts of the war. Lexington was the first one, in which a shot suddenly rang out as minutemen were leaving the scene at Lexington. Fighting then occurred. The British won the brief fight. In the second battle, Concord, the British had gone onto Concord and, finding no arms, left to go back to Boston. On the bridge back, they met 300 minutemen. The British were forced to retreat, and the Americans claimed victory.

Anti-Federalists

They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. Many wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation. The Antifederalists were instrumental in obtaining passage of the Bill of Rights as a prerequisite to ratification of the Constitution in several states. After the ratification of the Constitution, the Antifederalists regrouped as the Democratic-Republican (or simply Republican) party.

National Banking Act

This act, passed in 1863 to help finance the Union war effort, gave the country a uniform currency. The federal currency soon drove state bank notes out of circulation.

the "three Rs"

Three components of the New Deal. The first "R" was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance. The second "R" was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health, achieved by 1937. Finally, the third "R" let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor. There was no major anti-trust program. (Relief, Recovery, Reform)

Tenskwatawa- "the Prophet"

Told Indians to be scared of white culture's corruption. Caused indian religious revival, and united the Indians.; dies at the Battle of Tippecanoe. His brother was Tecumseh. United all tribes of Mississippi Valley in Tecumseh Confederacy to protect what was left of indian lands.

pentagon papers

Top-secret documents, published by The New York Times in 1971, that showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States into the Vietnam War.

Middle Passage

Transatlantic sea voyage that brought slaves to the colonies. Close quarters allowed disease to easily spread. Many slaves did not survive the 20% death rate.

treaty of 1818

Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.

The Impending Crisis of the South

Trouble-brewing book written in 1857 by Hinton R. Helper, attempting to prove that slavery hurt non-slaveholding whites the most

Oklahoma City bombing

Truck-bomb explosion that killed 168 people in a federal office building on April 19, 1995. The attack was perpetrated by anti-government militant Timothy McVeigh.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Laird rams

Two confederate warships being constructed in British shipyards, they were eventually seized by the British for British use to remain neutral in the Civil War.

Arthur and Lewis Tappan

Two wealthy New York merchants that paid Weld's way through Lane Theological Seminary

Safety-valve theory

When a depression hits the city,, you can always move west and start over

Cuban missile crisis

When intelligence revealed that the Soviets were installing nuclear weapons in Cuba, the United States ordered a naval "quarantine" of the island and demanded immediate removal of the missiles; JFK announced that any attack from Cuba would be met with nuclear retaliation against the Soviet Union; as Soviet ships approached the US naval patrol line, the world stood on the brink of nuclear war; ultimately, Khrushchev agreed to pull the missiles out of Cuba; in return, the US ended the quarantine and agreed not to invade Cuba.

Protestant Reformation

When this began, England had very little intrest in colonizing overseas because of the religious tension caused by this event.

Eleanor Roosevelt

Wife of FDR; one of the most active First Ladies, she supported the impoverished and oppressed and commanded enormous popularity and influence during FDR's presidency.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

"Little Brown Brothers"

William Howard Taft's belittling term of endearment for his strong attachment to the Filipinos

New Freedom

Wilson's domestic policy that promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters

Dawes Severalty Act

Wiped out Tribal ownership of land and set up individual Indian family heads to 160 acres. Any land not used for reservations were sold to whites and the railroad

Fist Anglo-Powhatan War

With much tension between the settlers of Jamestown and the Natives, the Virginia Company gave orders to declare war on the natives in 1610 led by Lord de La Warr.

Alice Paul

Woman's suffrage leader who helped form the National Woman's Party. Organized many walks and rallies

Big Four

Woodrow Wilson (USA), Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Britain), Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

Immigration Quota Act

cut the quota down to 2% and the origins base was shifted to that of 1890, when few southeastern Europeans lived in America (old immigrants out, new immigrants in)

Black Tuesday

day when prices took the steepest dive yet, that day almost 16 million shares of stock were sold, the stock market lost between $10 billion and $15 billion in value (October 1929)

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

declared full constitutional equality for women. Although it passed both houses of Congress in 1972, a concerted grassroots campaign by anti-feminists led by Phyllis Schlafly persuaded enough state legislatures to vote against ratification. The amendment failed to become part of the Constitution

Californios

descendants of the Spanish and Mexicans that once ruled California; 13,000 remained at the end of the war; seized the land/assets of missions and ruled California before the Mexican War

"Beat" poets

describes a group of authors who became famous in the 1950's. Composed of new experimentation with drugs and different types of sexuality. Followers were anti-war activists and peace promoters, similar to the hippie era

Muscle Shoals Bill

designed to dam the Tennessee River and sell government-produced electricity in competition with citizens in private companies, Vetoed by President Herbert Hoover in 1931, Congress had drafted the bill to harness energy from the Tennessee River, but Hoover refused to lower steep tariffs or support any "socialistic" relief proposals such as the Muscle Shoals Bill.

flexible response

developed an array of military options that could match the gravity of whatever crises came to hand. One of these was the Green Berets, AKA, the "Special Forces".

George F. Kennan

diplomat, responded to the Soviet's refusal to cooperate with what came to be the Long Telegram, a 5,540-word message explaining his views of the Soviets

"big stick"

diplomatic policy to use military forces if necessary, intimidates other countries without harming them

John Slidell

dispatched as minister to Mexico City in late 1845; instructed to offer $25 million for California but the Mexican people wouldn't even hear his offer

Kamikazes

in World War II, Japanese pilots who loaded their aircraft with bombs and crashed them into enemy ships

postmodernism

in general the era that follows Modernism, it frequently serves as an ambiguous overarching term for skeptical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism

Maine

in the early 1840s, there was a dispute between GB and the U.S. over the Maine-Canada boundary; Maine claimed an area on the Halifax-Quebec road that GB claimed too; GB sent Lord Ashburton to Washington and he and Webster negotiated the treaty; U.S. got 7,000 square miles of the disputed territory and GB got the Halifax-Quebec route

Winfield S. Hancock

in the presidential election of 1880, the Democrats nominated this Civil War general who was wounded at Gettysburg

"self-determination"

independence to the oppressed minority groups

Henry Clay

influential Speaker of the House who greatly influenced the election of 1824; hated Jackson United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852)

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

raised the average tariff rate to the highest level in American history, in the end it failed to help American businesses, fewer American products were sold overseas

George Clemenceau

leader of France during WW1, wanted revenge on Germany during peace talks in Paris

Osama bin Laden

leader of the Al-Qaeda who was responsible for majority of the terrorist attacks, including 9/11

Osceola

leader of the Seminole Indians who was seized by the American field commander under a flag of truce; this broke the Seminole's spirit

Nikita Khrushchev

leader of the Soviet Union, delivered a secret speech to Soviet officials and attacked Stalin's policies and insisted that there were many ways to build a communist society, expressed his intent to strengthen Cuba militarily

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

leading U.S. group advocating American support for Britain in the fight against Hitler, 1940. advocated American military support for Britain to keep the U.S. out of conflict in Europe

Stephen W. Kearny

led a detachment of 1700 troops over the Santa Fe trail in 1846 from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe; was completely successful in capturing Santa Fe

National Republicans

led by Adams; Clay also belonged to this party; had many advantages (Bank)

Free Speech Movement

led by Mario Savio it protested on behalf of students rights. It spread to colleges through out the country discussing unpopular faculty tenure decisions, dress codes, dormitory regulations, and appearances by Johnson administration officials.

irreconcilables

led by Senator William Borah and Hiram Johnson, this was a hard-core group of militant isolationists who opposed the Wilsonian dream of international cooperation in the League of Nations after WW1. Their effort played an important part in preventing American participation in the international organization

Democratic party

led by T. Jefferson; feared centralized political power, supported states' rights, opposed Hamilton's financial plan, and supported ties with France; heavily influenced by agrarian interests in Southern states

John C. Freemont

led groups into southwestern Mexico to claim California as an independent nation

John L. Lewis

led the United Mine Workers Union, worked with several other unions to organize industrial workers, they formed the Committee for Industrial Organization in 1935

Seminole Indians

lived in FL as runaways from other tribes; waged a 7 year war against the Americans to try and remain in the east

nationalism

love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

sectionalism

loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Seward's Folly

many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly.

Glasnost

meaning "openness," a cornerstone along with Perestroika of Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev's reform movement in the USSR in the 1980s, these policies resulted in greater market liberalization, access to the West, and ultimately the end of communist rule

19th Amendment

ratified in 1920, gave ALL women the right to vote

Teapot Dome

most famous scandal, began in early 1922, when Albert B. Fall secretly allowed private interests to lease lands containing USA Navy oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California

Civilian Conservation Corps

most highly praised New Deal work relief program, offered unemployed young men 18 to 25 years old the opportunity to work under the direction of the forestry service planting trees, fighting forest fires, and building reservoirs

Fundamentalists

movement that pushed that the teachings of Darwin were destroying faith in God and the Bible. It consisted of the old-time religionists who didn't want to conform to modern science.

Ida Tarbell

muckraker; published a series of articles critical of the standard oil company

Lincoln Steffens

muckraker; reported on vote stealing and other corrupt practices of urban political machines

Mosquito fleet

name for the navy of Jefferson's presidency. Trying to avoid a overly-strong army, he had the navy dwindled down to a few tiny boats.

Checkers speech

nationally televised address by vice-presidential candidate Richard Nixon. Using the new mass medium of television shortly before the 1952 election, the vice presidental candidate saved his place on the ticked by defending himself against accusations of corruption

Thomas Macdonough

naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814; He saved the upper New York from conquest.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union that were aimed at curtailing the manufacture of strategic missiles capable of carrying nuclear weapons.

"King Mob"

nickname for all the new participants in Jackson's government; negative and proposed that Jackson believed in too much democracy, perhaps leading to anarchy

"normalcy"

normal life

Carpetbaggers

northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction

Civic Virtue

notion that democracy depended on unselfish commitment to the public good

Fidel Castro

overthrew the corrupt Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959, established ties with the Soviet Union, instituted drastic land reforms and seized foreign-owned businesses, many which were American

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

on March 25 19111, young women struggled against locked doors to escape from the burning building, the single elevator stopped running, some women jumped from the windows of the 9th floor while others died from the fire, some were able to escape through the fire exit

Leland Stanford

one of the chief financial backers (part of the Big Four) of the Central Pacific Railroad. enterprise ex-governor of California that had useful political connection

Clarence Darrow

one of the country's most celebrated trial lawyers who defend Scopes in the Scopes Trial

Al Capone

one of the most successful and violent gangsters of the era and had many police officers, judges, and other officials on his payroll, dominated organized crime in Chicago

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

one of the principal organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. It emerged from a series of student meetings led by Ella Baker held at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina in April of 1960. SNCC grew into a large organization with many supporters in the North who helped raise funds to support SNCC's work in the South, allowing full-time SNCC workers to have a $10 a week salary. Many unpaid volunteers also worked with SNCC on projects in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas, and Maryland. played a major role in the sit-ins and freedom rides, a leading role in the 1963 March on Washington, the Freedom Summer, and the MFDP. young people.

Macon's Bill No. 2

opened trade with britain and france, said if either nation repealed its restrictions on neutral shipping the US would halt trade with the other, didn't work

Admiral de Grasse

operated a powerful French fleet in the West Indies. He advised America he was free to join with them in an assult on Cornwallis at Yorktown. Rochambeau's French army defended British by land and Admiral de Grasse blockaded them by sea. This resulted in Cornwallis's surrender on October 19, 1781.

American or Know-Nothing Party

opposed immigration and Catholic influence. They answered questions from outsiders about the party by saying "I know nothing".

Specie Circular

order that all new land be bought with metallic money; issued by Jackson as an attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that wasn't backed by anything; required land speculation in spec; provided that in payment for public lands, the government would only accept gold or silver

Zachary Taylor

ordered to lead 4,000 men from the Nueces River to the Rio Grande on January 13, 1846; known as "Old Rough and Ready" because of his unsoldierly appearance; fought his way over the Rio Grande into Mexico with several victories; became the "Hero of Buena Vista" when his force of 5,000 difficultly repulsed 20,000 Mexicans

Grant Army of the Republic

organization of several hundred Union veterans of the Civil War who primarily voted Republican

Cesar Chavez

organized a group that fought for farm workers (grape growers), in 1965 the group went on strike in California to demand union recognition, increased wages, and better benefits, he was an activist who was instrumental in improving conditions for Latino migrant workers

National Labor Relations Board

organized factory elections by secret ballot to determine whether workers wanted a union

Freedom Rides

organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort by northern young people to challenge racism proved a political and public relations success for the Civil Rights Movement

Charles Lindbergh

outspoken advocate of isolationism, felt America should not be involved with the war. However, he supported the war effort after the attack on Pearl Harbor, member of America First Committee

Shandong (Shantung) Peninsula

peninsula in Shandong China, Wilson opposed Japanese control of Shandong (which Japan captured in WW1) Japan threatened to walk out of the League of Nations so Wilson compromised so Japan kept German holdings in Shandong and pledged to return the peninsula to China at a later date

popular sovereignty

people hold the final authority in all matters of government

nullifiers

people who tried to get the 2/3 vote for nullification in South Carolina; wore palmetto ribbons on their hats

Thomas Alva Edison

perfected the invention of the light bulb in 1879

Oregon Fever

pioneers began rushing to the Williamette Valley in the early 1840s; by 1846 about 5,000 Americans settled south of the Columbia River

Philadelphia Plan

plan that required government contractors in Philadelphia to hire minority workers.

10 Percent Plan

pledged loyalty to union by ten percent of the southern states votes towards the union and emancipation.

"White Man's Burden"

poem by Rudyard Kipling about the Philippine-American War

"Ohio Gang"

poker-playing group including Harding and his friends, they drank and smoked, but some members also used their positions to sell government jobs, pardons, and protection from prosecution

iron curtain

politically separated the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West, this ended the World War ll era

Boxer Rebellion

popular peasant uprising in China that blamed foreign people and institutions for the loss of the traditional Chinese way of life

Civil Rights Act of 1968

popularly known as the Fair Housing Act-prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin and sex.

Implied Powers

powers that congress has that are not stated explicitly in the constitution

Nicholas Biddle

president of the Bank of the U.S.; held an immense power over the nation's finances and was called "Czar Nicholas I" by enemies; gave $50,000 to the National Republican party; called in his bank's loans to produce a minor financial crisis ("Biddle's Panic")

Winston Churchill

prime minister of Britain, a noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West

Jay Cooke

private banking house that marketed the bonds of the federal government during the war; bank collapsed in 1873 set off an economic depression

Bessemer Process

process that allowed for the price of steel to drop dramatically and for its production to be done with relative ease.

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

proclaimed the government neutrality in the widening conflict but sternly warned the American citizens to be impartial toward both armed camps. Proved to be a major prop of spreading isolation tradition

18th amendment

prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcohol

Eugene W Debs

prominent labor leader and member of the American socialist party,, ran for presidents times

Margaret Sanger

public health nurse, believed that families could improve their standard of living by limiting the number of children they had, founded the American Birth Control League in 1921 to promote knowledge about birth control.

Dingley Tariff Act

raised tariff in US to counteract the Wilson-German Tariff act which had lowered rates

Hudson's Bay Company

the most important colonizing agency in the Oregon Territory; traded profitably with the Pacific Northwest Indians; became an unpopular monopoly

"corrupt bargain"

the name given to the deal between J.Q. Adams and H. Clay; when the vote went to the House, Clay (Speaker) convinced Congress to vote for Adams; Adams made Clay his Secretary of State

Church of England

the national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs)

populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

Information Age

the post-industrial economic order is driven by the computer's capacity to store and manipulate data. this common term is used to describe this new era

appeasement

the practice of giving in to aggression in order to avoid war, during the war, both Germany and Japan were attempted to be appeased to avoid war

Horizontal Intergration

the practice perfect by John D. Rockefeller of domination a particular phase of the production process in order to monopplize a market, often by forming trusts and alliances with competitors

Vertical Integration

the practice perfected Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition

globalization

the process of extending social relations across world-space, such extensions arise from the movements of people, things and ideas

Whigs

the real leaders of the Whig party used Harrison as a puppet (Webster and Clay); Tyler was also a Whig but acted more like a Democrat; got rid of an independent treasury and wanted a Fiscal Ban; tried to pass a tariff but it was vetoed by Tyler

impoundment

the refusal of a President of the United States to spend money that has been appropriated by the U.S. Congress. The power was available to all presidents up to and including Richard Nixon

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

treaty that granted the US land to build the Panama canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occurred shortly after Panama's independence

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

turning point during War of 1812 when General Andrew Jackson defeated 1,000 Red Sticks, killing 800

The Second Great Awakening

this occurred a century after the first Great Awakening, and this was the largest American religious movement, and it left many older churches destroyed, while it gave rise to new church segments. this evangelic movement gave rise to such moves for societal changes such as prison reform, the women's rights movement, and the slavery abolition movement. the meetings for this awakening included large masses of people meeting together, twenty-five thousand people at once sometimes, gathered together for multiple days on end listening to steamy forms of the gospel by a traveling preacher. despite the "saved" becoming sinful again, church membership raised, philanthropic reforms occurred, some eastern missionaries went to the West to promote the cause to the Indians, while others traveled as far as Hawaii and Asia. Methodism and Baptism were the two major religions that gained strength from this movement, and the conversion was personal, with a democratic outlook on church affairs, and the occurrence of emotionalism as well.

Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls

this occurred in 1848, in New York, where a group of determined women met, and made a statement following that of the Declaration of Independence, but was titled the "Declaration of Sentiments," and stated that "all men AND women are created equal, and another resolution demanded ladies' representation on the ballot. this conference inspired the modern women's rights movement.

American Temperance Society 1826

this organization was founded in Boston, and and made drinkers sign temperance pledges, and the members of this society also established children organizations, one of them being "The Cold Water Club." pictures, pamphlets, and lectures (some given by reformed drunks), were all means by which the society could express their points. some of the most famous peices were "Ten Nights in a Barroom and What i Saw," written by T.S. Arthur, and expresses how Sam Slade's tavern ruined a happy village; the other piece was "Uncle Tom's Cabin," written by Stowe, which was the best seller in 1850. there were two ways in which members of this society attacked, the first being, intensifying the individual will to resist, and the other (Neal S. Dow being the most famous) was to bring matters to legislation to make alcohol illegal, which would remove temptation all together.

Dorthea Dix (1802-1887)

this passionate, but respiratory-challenged New England lady, was very compassionate and will-powered, and wrote reports on her observations of insanity and asylums. she traveled sixty thousand miles in eight years, and although she never spoke aloud, her 1843 petition to the Massachusetts legislature changed the hearts (and stomachs) of the legislatures when she described that the smell of the cells was so foul, that visitors repudiated it. her writings showed that demented people were truly mentally ill.

Peninsula Campaign

this series of battles between March and July 1862, was a major Union operation in Southeastern Virginia commanded by George McClellan; its goal was to capture Richmond; Confederate Victory

"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"

this statement attacked the Democratic party, rebellion referred to civil war, romanism referred to catholicism(anti), rum referred to drinking, anti immigrant party

second-wave feminism

this term refers to the 1960s Women's Liberation Movement that campaigned for equal rights on issues such as employment, marital relationships, and sexual orientation

Alliance for Progress

this was a Marshall Plan for Latin America that was suggested by President Kennedy to help the Good Neighbors close the gap between the rich and the poor and to help quiet the communist agitation. It was unsuccessful because there was little alliance and no progress.

Hudson River School

this was a school in America that excelled in the art form of painting romantic local landscapes, which was a nationalistic art form that arose after the War of 1812.

Deists

this was an ideology that arose during the late Second Great Awakening, in which people focused on reasoning instead of revelation, and science over the Bible. these people did not accept the Divinity of Christ or original sin, they also believe that a great Supreme Being created the universe with the intention of human beings being able to interpret it, in a moral aspect as well as intellectual one. Thomas Paine's "The Age of Reason" (1794) supports this ideology.

Nixon Doctrine

this was created during the Vietnam War, it stated that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

American Peace Society 1825

this was led by a man named William Ladd, and the people within the society fought against war, and the movement also spread to Europe, but was postponed by the Crimean War in Europe and the Civil War in America. William Ladd led the group during a period in which ulcers overtook his legs, and he was forced to sit while giving his speeches, twentieth century international collective security groups were founded due to this society.

Peter Cartwright (1785-1827)

though poorly educated, he was the most well known Methodist traveling preachers of the Second Great Awakening period. he called sinners to repent, spoke violently of the devil, and violently handled those that tried to break up the transformation meetings, throughout his half-century trip that spanned from Tennessee to Illinois.

Natural Aristocracy

to maintain social heirarchy; meaning ppl rise to pwr based on natural talent not heridity

Modernists

took a historical and critical view of the Bible and believed they could accept Darwin's theory of evolution without abandoning their religion.

Old Right

traditional bastion where residents harbored suspicions of federal power

Lyceum Lecture Associations

traveling lecturers spoke to masses of adults, and by 1835, the number of associations reached to three thousand people. speakers spoke on topics of science, literature, and moral philosphy, and journeyed thousands of miles to speak on civilization to adults who supported the topic; Ralph Waldo Emerson was a member of these associations.

Louisana Purchase

treaty between the USA and France where the US bought territory that stretched from the west bank of the MIssissippi River to the Rocky Mountains