Theories of Human Development

Erikson's stage for adolescence?

-Identity vs. Role Confusion -12-18 years -Important Events: Social Relationships -Positive Outcome: Teen develops sense of self and ability to stay true to oneself. -Negative Outcome: Teens doesn't know who they are and doesn't know their self.

Nutrition for school aged children?

-1200 to 1800 kcal/day -Concerns are junk foods and school lunch programs -Risk for obesity

Erikson's stage for young adults?

-Intimacy vs. Isolation -19-40 years old -Important Events: Relationships -Positive Outcome: Young adult forms strong intimate and loving relationships. -Negative Outcome: Young adult has issues with developing intimate relationships.

The nurse assessing a female preschooler in a well-child clinic. Which of the following behaviors demonstrated by the child is commonly seen at this stage of growth and development? 1. The child kicks and screams whenever a mother tells her child to finish her food. 2. The child refuses to eat unless her yellow dish is used at meal time. 3. The child uses her mother's make up and pretends to leave home for work. 4. The child plays alone with her toys next to another child.

3. Preschoolers like to imitate activities that they see their parents performing. Option A shows temper tantrums, option B exhibits a ritualistic behavior and option D demonstrates parallel play-these are commonly seen in toddlers.

The nurse is conducting a teaching plan for groups of individuals who have the highest risk for suicide. Which age groups should the nurse consider a priority? 1) Adolescents, young adults, and older adults. 2) Adolescents and middle aged adults. 3) Children and adolescents. 4) Young adults and older adults.

1) Adolescents, young adults, and older adults. Rationale: The risk of suicide is highest in adolescents, young adults, and older adults, so the nurse should make these groups a priority. The other options are not correct.

When the nurse cares for individuals across the life span, which age group generally demonstrates an inefficiency of adaptation? 1. 60 plus years 2. 40 to 60 years 3. 12 to 19 years

1. 60 years plus Rationale: When a person reaches 60 years of age and older, all physiologic systems are less efficient, which reduces compensatory reserve.

The nurse identifies that an individual who nurtures, teaches, and gives to others reflects which stage of Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development? 1. Generativity vs. Stagnation 2. Ego integrity vs. despair 3. Industry versus inferiority 4. Initiative vs. guilt

1. Generativity vs. Stagnation Rationale: (25-45 year olds) strives to fulfill life goals associated with family, career, and society as as well as being able to give to and care for others. A positive resolution of the conflict associated with this age group is often displayed in teaching, counseling, and community volunteer work.

Which comment best demonstrates agism? "He is 75 years old and: 1. Has outlived his usefulness 2. Reads the newspaper with difficulty. 3. Reminisces about past work experience. 4. Is most happy when working in his home workshop.

1. Has outlived his usefulness Rationale: This statement is a clear example of agism whereby older adults are systematically stereotyped and discriminated against because they are old. This is a form of prejudice, an unfavorable opinion without concrete information about the individual. Agism is based on the misconceptions that older adults are no longer productive, are narrow minded, are unable to learn, are dependent, experience memory loss, live in a nursing home, are ill, boring etc.

Which of the following is a limitation of Piaget's stage of Formal Operations? 1. None 2. Lack of abstract thinking 3. Lack of logical thinking 4. Object permanence

1. None

The nurse understands that according to Erickson, establishing relationships based on commitment mainly occurs in which stage of psychosocial development? 1. Generativity vs. Stagnation 2. Identity vs. Role Confusion 3. Intimacy vs. Isolation 4. Trust vs. Mistrust

3. Young Adults (Intimacy vs. Isolation) Rationale: Young adults (Intimacy vs. Isolation) strive to establish mature relationships, commit to suitable partners, and develop social and work roles acceptable to society. Unsuccessful resolution results in self-absorption, egocentricity, and emotional isolation.

The nurse identifies that the behavior in an adult indicates an unresolved developmental conflict associated with adolescence is: 1. Being overtly concerned about following daily routines. 2. Requiring excessive attention from others. 3. Relying on oneself rather than others. 4. Failing to set goals in life.

4. Failing to set goals in life. Rationale: The main developmental is forming a sense of personal identity as a foundation for the tasks of young adulthood, making decisions regarding career choices, and selecting a mate. An adult who has difficulty setting goals in life or who is unable to make a commitment to others indicates an unresolved conflict of Identity vs. Role Confusion.

The following situations show that an infant is gaining the concept of object permanence except: 1. The infant cries every time the mother leaves for work. 2. The infant enjoys playing peek-a-boo 3. The infant searches for a block dropped on the floor. 4. The child brings thumb to mouth to suck it.

4. The child brings thumb to mouth to suck it. Rationale: The child gains the concept of permanence once the child learns that objects in the environment are permanent and they continue to exist although they are not seen. Brining the thumb to suck it is the beginning of intention of behavior.

Which of the following is NOT true concerning behavior change? A) Willpower is the most important factor in changing a behavior. B) It is a learned skill. C) It involves conscious strategies. D) Having a reward system is helpful. E) Living in a supportive environment is advantageous.

A) Willpower is the most important factor in changing a behavior.

During which stage of cognitive development does the individual's thinking move to abstract and theoretical subjects and possibly venture into such topics as achieving world peace, finding justice, and seeking meaning in life? A. Sensorimotor B. Pre-Operational C. Formal Operations D. Concrete Operations

C. Formal Operations During the formal operations stage of development, the individual's thinking moves from abstract to theoretical subjects. During the concrete operations stage, children achieve the ability to perform mental operations. During the sensorimotor stage, infants develop the schemas or action patterns for dealing with the environment. During the pre-operational stage, children learn to think using symbols and mental images.

Piaget Concrete Operations

Age: 7-11 years old Achievement: Understands mass, numbers, volume and time. Reason logically with objects that can be seen or touched. Literal thinking. Limitation: Can't reason abstract concepts or hypothetical situations.

Erikson Stage for Early Childhood

Autonomy vs. Shame and Guilt 2-3 years Important event: Toilet training Good outcome: Personal control skills. Bad outcome: Lack of control in skills.

Which of the following is Erikson's stage for school age children? A. Initiative vs. guilt. B. Industry vs. inferiority. C. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt D. Identity vs. Role Confusion

B. Industry vs. inferiority.

A 10-year-old fifth-grader enjoys having his artwork displayed on the family refrigerator. This behavior is indicative of which developmental stage as described by Erikson? A. Initiative versus guilt B. Intimacy versus isolation C. Industry versus inferiority D. Identity versus role confusion

C. Industry versus inferiority School children 6 to 10 years old are eager to work and play and thrive on their accomplishments and praise, a characteristic of the industry versus inferiority stage. The initiative versus guilt stage applies to children 3 to 6 years of age, when children begin to develop a conscience. The identity versus role confusion stage applies to young people at the time of puberty. The intimacy versus isolation stage applies to young adults, who begin to develop close meaningful relationships.

Erickson School Age Children

Conflict: Industry vs. inferiority Age: 6-11 years old Important events: School Good outcome: Child is able to adapt to school role and expectations leads to success. Bad outcome: Child not able to adapt to school role and expectations which leads to feeling inferior.

The nurse teaches parents how to help their children learn impulse control and cooperative behaviors. This would occur during which of the stages of development defined by Erikson? A. Trust versus mistrust B. Initiative versus guilt C. Industry versus inferiority D. Autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt

D. Autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt

A 47-year-old woman expresses dismay to the nurse that her young adult children are unemployed. Her husband is working and near retirement. She is not working and feels bored with her life and unneeded. She is experiencing which of Erikson's stages of development? A. Integrity versus despair B. Intimacy versus isolation C. Identity versus confusion D. Generativity versus stagnation

D. Generativity versus stagnation

Piaget's 11+ years of age

Formal Operations Achievement: Can reason logically about abstract and hypothetical concepts, develop strategies, plan actions in advance.

Erikson Stage for Preschool

Initiative vs. Guilt Ages: 3-5 years old Important event: Exploration Good outcome: Control of environment which leads to sense of purpose. Bad outcome: Too much trying to control environment, feel responsible for things they are not responsible for.

Piaget stage 2-7 years old

Preoperational Achievements: Language develops, remember things by symbols, remember objects not present. Limitations: Can't have full conversation, one thing at a time, issues with reality and fantasy.

Piaget stage Birth-2 years old

Sensorimotor Achievements: Uses reflexes, react to sensory stimuli. Limitations: Little use of language, no object permanence.

Erikson Stage for Infancy

Trust vs. Mistrust- Birth to 18 months Achievements: Uses reflexes, react to sensory stimuli. Important event: Feeding. Good outcome: Have trust if caregiver is dependable. Bad outcome: Lack of trust.

Which of the following have successfully completed Erikson's stage for school aged children? a. A child who is able to independently pick out their clothes and dress themselves. b. A child who is able to determine what they want to be when they grow up. c. A child who is able to adjust to school responsibilities like homework. d. A child who is now more influenced by peers vs. parents.

c. A child who is able to adjust to school responsibilities like homework.

The nurse is caring for an 80-year-old client shares with the nurse how satisfied he is for raising 5 kids who each have their careers and families of their own. The nurse assesses that the client is in a stage of: a. Generativity b. Stagnation c. Identity d. Ego integrity

d. Ego integrity The client is in a stage of ego integrity, where the client looks back on life with a sense of fulfillment. Ego integrity vs. despair is the basic conflict in individuals during maturity, between 65 years and death. Failure to resolve this conflict results in despair, regret, and bitterness.

Based on Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development, the nurse recognizes that a 35-year-old male client with HIV has to resolve which basic conflict? a. Identity vs. Role Confusion b. Industry vs. Inferiority c. Generativity vs. Stagnation d. Intimacy vs. Isolation

d. Intimacy vs. Isolation In young adulthood, which is between 19 and 40, the developmental crisis is achieving a sense of intimacy vs. isolation.