Zionism & Anti-Semitism late 19th century Europe

Theodore Herzl (1860-1904)

-"Father of Modern Zionism" -publish The German State in 1896 -called for formation of a Jewish nation-state. -Herzl organized the first International Zionist Congress in 1897, and is known as "The Founder of Modern Zionism.

Dreyfus Affair (started 1894)

-French military found documents in a wastebin pointing out spying for Germany -Jewish captain in the French army, Alfred Dreyfus, was charged with spying for Germany in 1894 -The military produced "evidence" (later determined to be false) to convict him and exile him to Devil's Island in French Guinea. (French republic supported the conviction and held it up even when the spying continued.) -Several newspapers got proof that the army had falsified the evidence used to convict Dreyfus. -1898, French novelist Emile Zola publish "J'accuse" noting military lies and government cover-ups that had falsified Dreyfus' guilt, and named the actual guilty parties while calling for the French government to reevaluate. -The government pardoned Dreyfus in 1899, NOT PROVEN INNOCENT -They dismissed the actually-guilty Catholic officers (who were aristocrats), but exonerated Dreyfus completely in 1906 -The government also ended religious teaching orders to ensure a secular public education system promoting tolerance and honored the rule of the law. **Dreyfus Affair made anti-Semitism a common tool in politics as it showed how effective hate-filled slogans were in shaping public opinion.**

Why were the agrarian elites and the industrialists at odds in early 20th century Germany? What was the result of increasing anti-Semitism in Germany?

-at odds in early 20ths century Germany because the power of the agrarian elites, who had controlled the highest reaches in government, was quickly diminishing as sudden German industrialization occurred and agriculture responsible for less of national income while industrialists grew wealthier, drawing workers to cities. Agrarian elites grew to resent industrialists for challenging their traditional authority and taking their power/wealth. The increasing anti-Semitism in Germany fueled the actions of radical right-wing conservative and changed the way politics worked. Radical right wings claimed Jews were responsible for destroying traditional society and called them unpatriotic and internationalistic, and agrarian conservatives accused Jews of causing agricultural booms and bursts. Politics became filled will hate-filled speeches against groups instead of rational programs to solve economic problems of change and invented a modern politics replacing liberal values of parliamentary consensus with mouthing slogans and inventing enemies.

anti-Semitism in Russia under Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917) (he was Russian Orthodox)

-blamed Jews for any failure in Russian policy (which high officials supported to gain the czar's favor). -pogroms or violent attacks on Jews became a regular threat to Jews. -Nicholas II also limited where Jews could live and the jobs they could hold.

How was Vienna (In Austria) mayor Karl Luger's anti- Semitism radical even by the standards of early 20th century Europe?

-blamed Jews for the growing power of Hungarians and Czechs. -He used hate-politics filled with anti-Semitic and ethnic nationalistic methods to spread hateful speeches and get votes. His methods were so effective at receiving votes that a group of politicians began to use anti-Semtisim as a necessary part of their campaigns. Jews were called the "sucking vampire" of modernity and blamed for migration tumult, economic problems, and much else.

Leading up to World War I how did politicians use anti-Semitism and militant nationalism to win elections?

They told voters that Jews were responsible for the difficulties of everyday life and that anti-Semitism and increased patriotism would fix all problems. *played key role in MASS POLITICS, gave those on radical right a platform to gain support and working class votes and combat radical left social democracy. Made politics loud, emotional, hatefull

Zionism (and development)

arose in the late 19th century with the aim of creating a Jewish state in Palestine (motivated by Dreyfus Affair) -Leon Pinsker (a Ukrainian physician) contributed by claiming that Jewish persecution was being fueled by Jews lacking national territory, and calling for Jewish migration to Palestine. -Influences Theodore Herzl to publish The German State in 1896. In this work, Herzl called not only for Jewish migration to Palestine but for the formation of a Jewish nation-state. Herzl organized the first International Zionist Congress in 1897, and is known as "The Founder of Modern Zionism.

2 reasons eastern European & Russian Jews fled their home areas in the late 19th century? What are 'pogroms?'

fled for economic reasons (especially rural eastern European Jews) and to flee from vicious anti-Semitism. Russian Jews, in particular, faced brutal attacks, the destruction of their homes, villages, and businesses, and even murder during this time. 'Pogroms' are violent attacks on Jews/organized persecutions against Jews used in some nations like Russia.

How did Hungarians and Magyarization disrupt the politics of Austria-Hungary in the early 1900's?

-using militarism and anti-Semitism to win votes. Competition nationalism amongst the many ethnic groups in Austria-Hungary fueled more hate-politics. Hungarians nationalists (mostly agrarian wealth) wanted autonomy (to self-govern) and impose Hungarian culture and language on all other "inferior" ethnic groups in Hungary. (Magyarization was the nationalist claims for a greater Hungarian influence, Magyars were the principal ethnic group.) A nationalist Independence Party formed and disrupted the functioning of the government as it disrupted the Hungarian parliament. The chauvinist Hungarian policies towards other ethnic groups and the imperial government in Vienna caused instability and led to more nationalities like Czechs intensifying their demands for rights.

well-educated and accomplished Jewish vs less-educated and less-prosperous Jews

By 1900, many Jews were prominent in cultural and economic affairs in cities across the continent even as far more were discriminated against and victimized elsewhere.

Emile Zola

Famous author Published "J'accuse!" in newspaper 1898, noting military lies and government cover-ups that had falsified Dreyfus' guilt, and named the actual guilty parties while calling for the French government to reevaluate. (Key in resolving Dreyfus Affair)

Context Zionism/Anti-Semitism 19th c

While during the 19th century western European Jews became more socially and politically acculturated, Zionism, a form of Jewish nationalism, developed late in the century as a response to growing anti-Semitism throughout Europe.

Jewish nationalism develops

in the late 19th century Europe as Jews began to organize resistance to pogroms and anti-Semitic politics. Intellectuals utilized aspects of Jewish culture: folklore, language, customs, and history, to establish a national identity like various European nations were doing simultaneously.

In the late nineteenth century, large Jewish migrations to other parts of the world because?

increasingly violent anti-Semitism throughout Europe, pogroms in eastern Europe, and a desire for more opportunities Some of the largest Jewish migration took place from Russia, and Jews migrated to European cities, the Americas, and eventually Palestine (with the growth of Zionism).