.
Before a mature mRNA passes through the nuclear pore complex "gate" between the nucleus and cytosol, it must first be modifies by,
Exon junction complexes, poly-A-binding proteins, and a cap-binding complex
What molecules is normally use for tagging proteins destined for degradation?
Ubiquitin groups
The____radiation in sunlight can cause the formation of___dimers.
Ultraviolet radiation, Thymine
When is the base uracil found in DNA?
After a deamination reaction
Bacteria have____already polymerase whereas you forgot excels have___RNA polymerase, per our book.
1, 3
In a DNA double helix how many bases pairs are contained in one helical turn
10
In a DNA double helix, how many bases pairs are controlled in one helical turn?
10
In a DNA sequence the percentage of Adaline is 35% what is the percentage of cytosine in the sequence?
15%
------- replication forks form at each replication origin and they move ----------- the origin.
2, away from
How many different amino acids are commonly used in making proteins?
20
Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a half-life of less than:
30 minutes
Which site(s) on eukaryotic mRNAs would a translation repressor protein most likely bind?
5' untranslated region
The cells of a multicellular organism contain the same genetic instructions, yet a typical differentiated cell expression about what percent of the total gene is in its repertoire?
50%
A nucleic acid (4 bases) just 3 nucleotides long can have how many possible different combinations?
64
A molecule is best defined as
A cluster of atoms held together by covalent bonds
An induced pluripotent stem cell is:
A differentiated cell induced to become an embryonic stem cell
Molecular identity the figure shows the same molecule extracted from the textbook pages. Which facts below are true of this molecule?
A fatty acid, an amphipathic molecule, a molecule with a saturated hydrocarbon tail
Which situation is most energetically favorable for a relatively significant piece of membrane phospholipid?
A closed spiracle phospholipid bilayer in water
Match the following scenarios with their corresponding membrane fluidity.
A longer hydrocarbon tail -> decrease membrane fluidity A lipid bilayer that contains a large proportion of unsaturated hydrocarbon (double bonds) tail -> increases membrane fluidity A lipid bilayer that contains a small proportion of unsaturated hydrocarbon (double bonds) tail -> decreases membrane fluidity High amounts of cholesterol -> decreases membrane fluidity
One of the sections (again- these were mentioned in chapter 2) mentions pyrophosphate. What is this molecule?
A molecule consisting of just phosphate and oxygen
What do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotes lack?
A nucleus and other internal organelles
Activated carriers store energy in an easily exchangeable form, either as readily transferable chemical____or as readily transferable____.
Group, electrons
Which of the following statements is false?
A water molecule is expelled during both, a condensation and hydrolysis reaction
Considering that a tRNA molecule can bind to mRNA within 3 possible sites of a ribosome -- the A (aminoacyl-tRNA) site, P (peptidyl-tRNA) site, or E (exit) site -- in what order would a tRNA molecule traverse these sites when the ribosome is translating mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction?
A, P, then E
If one had a mutation in enzyme 3 of this metabolic pathway what molecules would you be able to make if you had to start with a? Think about where the block exist and use the analogy of a river and dams!
A,B,C
What type of nucleotide sequences are typically found at replication origins?
A-T rich regions
Most types of protein control occur in the:
Cytosol
Which of the following is a model plant used by scientist?
A. Thaliana
The first gene of the Lac Operon encodes the enzyme B-galactosidase, which breaks down lactose into glucose (and other sugars). This genetic "circuit" is turned on only if two environmental conditions are met, ultimately so that the bacterium doesn't waste energy. What two inputs are necessary to activate the Lac Operon?
Abundance of lactose and deficiency of glucose
The chemical equation C6H1206+6O2->6CO2+6H2O+36ATP represents which process:
Aerobic respiration
The phospholipid by layer is most often respond by which poly peptide arrangements?
Alpha helix, beta sheet, beta barrel
Which allows for one gene to code for multiple gene products?
Alternative splicing
The equilibrium constant of a reaction is
Always the same for that particular reaction under ideal conditions
Generally speaking, what determines the biological activity of a protein?
Amino acid sequence
Which parts of amino acids are involved in a peptide bond?
Amino groups of one amino acid and carboxyl group of the other
Transmembrane proteins, by definition, must be____.
Amphipathic
The condition characterized by low red blood cells count is called
Anemia
What is an atoms called when it has more electrons than protons
Anion (-)
Which of the following are prokaryotes?
Archaea and bacteria
Enhancers:
Are DNA sequences, and can be located quite far from their genes of interest
Anabolic drugs____.
Are capable of adding bulk mass
Hydrogen bonds between which types of atoms have been found to stabilize a polypeptide is folded shape?
Back bone atoms and side-chain atoms
Antibiotics work well on:
Bacterial infections only
Match the following statements with the chemical pathway that they are associated with
Breaks down food stuff into smaller molecules -> catabolism Also call the biosynthetic pathway -> anabolism Generates a useful form of energy as well as building blocks -> catabolism Uses the energy that was generated by catabolism to drive the synthesis of the many molecules that make up the cell -> anabolism These two sets of reactions make up the metabolism of a cell -> anabolism and catabolism
The meshwork of fibrous proteins used to strengthen the cell membrane is called what?
Cell cortex
Which of the following functions can the glycocalyx perform?
Cell-cell lubrication, cell-cell adhesion, cell-cell Recognition, protection from mechanical damage
Which statement is not true of chloroplast?
Chloroplasts are present in essentially all eukaryotic cells and in certain photosynthetic bacteria
In reference to a cluster of bacterial genes, match the following :
Cluster/ Operon-> when one promoter allows for the transcription of many genes at once Promoter sequences -> -35 and -10 are the locations at which RNA polymerase binds Operator -> the regulatory DNA sequence inside of the promoter
The term___refers to the way that groups of transcription regulators work together to determine the expression of a single gene in eukaryotes
Combinational control
What does the complex telomerase do?
Copies the ends of linear chromosomes
Whenever one reaction is tied to another in terms of energy utilization the term_____is used.
Coupled
The stabability of molecules important to cells is manifest as,
Covalent bonds between atoms of small radii
DNA methylation usually occurs on___bases.
Cytosine
This system of protein filaments, called the ____, is composed of three major filament types
Cytoskeleton
A DNA molecule is composed of two DNA strands that are held together by - - - - - Bonds between the paired basis.
Hydrogen
————- it's not involved in the DNA replication.
DNA ATPase
Which of the following DNA Polymerases is involved in DNA Replication?
DNA Polymerase I and DNA Polymerase III
Which of the following statement(s) is TRUE?
DNA Polymerase only synthesizes DNA in the 5' - 3' direction & DNA replication is a semiconservative process
Which of the following mutations can give rise to families of related genes in eukaryotes?
DNA duplications
which of the following are the differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA is usually double-stranded while RNA is usually single-stranded & DNA contains Thymine and RNA instead has Uracil
Which of the following is not involved in DNA replication?
DNA polymerase II
What would happen if the 3' -0H group was missing from the third carbon of the sugar molecule on the 3' end of the growing DNA strand?
DNA replication would come to a standstill
Errors in___can cause there to be errors in peptide formation
DNA sequence and RNA sequence
The definition of a gene is a segment of ---------- that is --------- into RNA.
DNA, transcribed
What is the name of the most common form of mobile genetic elements in bacteria?
DNA-only Transposons
What are the 2 most frequent chemical reactions known to create serious DNA damage in cells?
Depurination and deamination
____Are useful for easily separated membrane bound proteins from the bilayer
Detergents
Different cells make and accumulate different sets of RNA and protein molecules despite all sharing the same DNA this process is known as:
Differentiation
What is entropy a measurement of?
Disorder in a system
Most mutations____.
Do neither harm or good
A ———— Is the general name for a modular unit from which many larger proteins are made. In other words, what are the structural and functional regions of a modular unit of a protein termed?
Domain
The lack operon is part of what model organism's genome?
E. coli
In eukaryotic cells, the phospholipids are manufactured by enzymes bound to the surface of the ———-.
Endoplasmic reticulum
When the free energy change denoted by Delta G is negative this denotes
Energetically favorable reactions
Which one statement is true regarding the first law of thermodynamics
Energy can be converted to other types of energy
Is the following statement true, false, or impossible to determine? A single enzyme commonly catalyzes two or more chemical reactions that like metabolic pathways in cells.
False
True or false: the enzymes responsible for RNA capping, splicing, and polyadenylation ride on the 'tail' a prokaryotic RNA polymerize.
False
Match the following:
Florescence microscopy -> uses colored reagents Reveals the most find detail within cells -> electron microscopy The flow of information in cells from DNA to protein -> central dogma The entire sequence of nucleotides in an organisms DNA -> genome
Cells are made up of a limited number of elements, four of which _____ make up about 96% of the cells mass
Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen
The first antibiotics were isolated from,
Fungi
The N terminal tail of histone H3 can be extensively modified and depending on the number, location, and combination of these modifications, these changes may promote the formation of heterochromatin. What is the result of heterochromatin information?
Gene silencing
In sexually reproducing organisms, only mutations occurring in the___are passed on the progeny where else changes to the___do not get passed on the progeny.___Mutations are responsible for most human cancers.
Germ line cells, somatic cells, somatic
What are phospholipids generally made up of?
Glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate group
Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?
Glycogen, chitin, starch, and cellulose
Match the following elements with the location of the plasma membrane:
Glycolipids -> noncytosolic surfaces Cholesterol -> Distributed almost equally on both sides Phosphatidylserine -> mainly cytosolic Phosphatidylethanolamine -> mainly cytosolic Phosphatidylinositol -> cytosolic
Monosaccharides are linked together to form disaccharides by which type of covalent bonds?
Glycosidic
During depurination, a ——— or an ——— Can be removed from DNA.
Guanine, adenine
Chaperones:
Guide the new polypeptides into the correct conformation.
Histones are made up of core particles. What are the different types of court particles that make up a histone?
H2a, H2b, H3, and H4
The 5' cap on mRNAs:
Helps guide ribosomes to the AUG start site
The___of acetyl co-enzyme a makes it important activated carrier
High energy thioester bond
Which mechanisms change nuclear some organization to facilitate access to DNA sequences?
Histone modifications and chromatin remodeling proteins
Which term describes genes (and gene product) related by a common ancestral gene?
Homologous
Which method below results in the incorporation of foreign genes into an organisms own genome?
Horizontal gene transfer
Islands of conserved DNA sequences generally:
House important functions
Eukaryotic mRNAs are processed:
In the nucleus
Which of the following provides the energy needed to drive the synthesis of an RNA transcript from the DNA template?
Incoming ribonucleoside triphosphates
Where are ribozymes commonly found?
Inside a ribosome
Match the following plasma membrane proteins with examples of the corresponding functions.
Ion channel proteins -> I.e. allows K+ ions to leave cells Anchor proteins -> link intracellular actin filaments to extracellular matrix proteins Receptor proteins -> Fines extracellular PDGF and generates intracellular signals their results and cellular growth and division Enzymes -> Catalyze chemical reaction
match
Ionic interactions -> directional Polar covalent -> uneven sharing of electrons Nonpolar covalent -> even sharing of electrons Van deer Waals -> Coordination of electrical distribution Hydrogen bonds -> One atom must be hydrogen
The core histones are small, basic proteins that have a globular domain at the C terminus and a long, extended confirmation at the N terminus. Which of the following is not true of the end terminal tale of these histones?
It binds to DNA in a sequence-specific manner
Which of the following is true about the role of DNA polymerase in DNA synthesis?
It involves formation of a phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides
What is a nucleosome?
It is a collection of proteins and associated DNA. It permits the DNA to be condensed. It is about 11 nm in diameter. (all of the above)
Select all of the following TRUE statements about the TATA Box:
It is found in many eukaryotic promoters, It is recognized by the TATA-binding protein which is a subunit of the general transcription factor TFIID, It is the site of significant local distortion once bound by TFIID thus serving as a landmark for other transcription factors
What is not a reason scientist study yeast?
It lacks a nucleus so it is easy to genetically manipulate
What is a characteristic of a strong acid?
It loses its protons easily to water
DNA ligase
Joins sections of DNA together
Which of the following are examples of retrotransposons found in the humans?
L1 element and Alu sequence
When considering the lack operon, which of the following is a protein?
Lac repressor
Transcription regulators commonly contain a specific type of protein motif used to bind to DNA as dimers. This motif is formed by two alpha helices. What is the name of this protein motif?
Leucine zipper motif
The inactivation of one X chromosome is established by the directed spreading of heterochromatin. The silent state of this chromosome is_____and the subsequent cell division.
Maintained
A transcriptional regulator most likely interacts with what surface feature of DNA?
Major groove
How many domains is life classified into currently?
Many
Match each of the following laboratory tools with their common uses:
Mass spectrometry -> determining primary structure Chromatography and electrophoresis -> separating/isolating proteins X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy -> determining folding patterns
The number of____determines whether the nucleus of an atom is stable or radioactive
Neutrons
Select the ways in which differentiated cells maintain their cell memory:
Methylation of DNA, Positive feedback loop of a master transcription regulator, and Epigenetic inheritance of histone modifications
Vertebrate cells "remember" what type of cell they are supposed to be due to DNA___on certain___basis.
Methylation, cytosine
Which enzyme is most important in maintaining epigenetic inheritance during DNA replication?
Methyltransferase
Which statement is not true of mitochondria?
Mitochondria are not present in plant cells
Which is false about the molecules in a bilayer?
Molecules are able to freely flip from one layer to the other
Which of the following are genetic changes that are crucial for the evolutionary changes to occur?
Mutation within a gene, gene duplication, mobile genetic elements, exon shuffling
When I saw stand a replication and repair mechanism fails, this results in____, which don't generally have positive or negative affects on an organism, but harmful consequences are usually eliminated from the population through____.
Mutations, natural selection
What is the difference between NADPH and NADH?
NADPH carries an extra phosphate group
The mass of a proton is approximately equal to the mass of a
Neutron
When both DNA strands are broken, they can be repaired quickly by____, a process by which nucleotides are lost in the DNA sequence is____.
Non-homologous end joining, altered
Which DNA strand has an identical sequence as the mRNA molecule created after transcription?
None of the above
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the structure of a natural plasma membrane?
None of the above
Which structure is responsible for degrading proteins?
None of the above
Which of the following statements are FALSE about ribosomes:
None of the above are false
The gray molecule in the figure, is
Nonpolar and hydrophobic
The DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells is separated from the cytoplasm by the:
Nuclear envelope
Broken strands of DNA are "trimmed back" by the enzyme
Nuclease
Match the following and same class with the biological function that they catalyze.
Nuclease -> breakdown of nucleotides Protease -> breakdown of proteins Kinase -> addition of phosphate group Phosphatase -> removal of phosphate groups ATPase -> breakdown of ATP
The process of transcription requires___subunits in the process of translation requires___subunits.
Nucleotide, amino acids
When one promoter allows for the transcription of many genes at once, it is called an___and this process is common in___and rare in___.
Operon, prokaryotes, eukaryotes
Which transmembrane proteins (proteins which pass across a lipid bilayer),the amino acid side chains form alpha helix is as it passes through the lipid bilayer. The hydrophobic side groups of amino acids face which direction?
Outwards
What are the two types of beta sheets?
Parallel and anti-parallel
_______ bonds link amino acids together to form ______
Peptide; proteins
Match the following group carried in the high energy linkage to the respective activated carrier
Phosphate -> ATP Acetyl group -> acetyl CoA Electrons and hydrogen's -> NATH: NADPH: FADH2 Carboxyl group -> carboxylated biotin
There are over 100 types of covalent modification of proteins, but the two most common are___and___.
Phosphorylation and glycosylation
Which statement is true?
Polymer synthesis requires an input of free energy and involves the release of water
Feedback inhibition (also known as feedback inhibition):
Prevents enzymes from acting when not needed
The breakdown of proteins into their constituent amino acids is done by what type of enzyme?
Proteases
Chromatin remodeling complexes are____machines that use the energy of____to change the position of the____wrapped around the nucleosomes
Protein, ATP hydrolysis, DNA
In summary someone the molecular weight of an atom is given by which equation
Protons + # of electrons = molecular weight
What is a great learning aid for remembering the difference between the nucleotides?
Pure as gold
Bacterial genomes have a single replication origin while the human genome has 220 origins per chromosome. What is the benefit of additional replication origins for the human genome?
Quicker replication of a chromosome
What is the name of the structure formed by miRNAs in conjunction with other proteins to silence jeans in the cytoplasm?
RISC
Which of these molecules is thought to be the most ancient?
RNA
Select all of the following TRUE differences between RNA Polymerase (catalyzes transcription) and DNA Polymerase (catalyzes DNA replication):
RNA Pol. pairs Adenine with Uracil; DNA Pol. pairs Adenine with Thymine, RNA Pol. is more error-prone than DNA Pol, and RNA Pol. does not need a primer to start a chain; DNA Pol. needs a primer to start a chain
DNA Polymerase needs an existing 3' to start. When the replication bubble first opens up, there is no 3' end. What enzyme is needed to start replication?
RNA Primer
How do DNA and RNA differ? How are they similar? There may be multiple correct answers.
RNA has a ribose sugar (2' OH) and DNA (No 2' OH) has a deoxyribose sugar, The chemical linkage between the nucleotides in DNA and RNA is the same. They both use covalent phosphodiester bonds, and RNA contains the base Uracil (U)and DNA contains the base Thymine (T)
The promoter region of a gene will blind and correctly orient what enzyme?
RNA polymerase
A ribozyme is a ——- molecule with ——- activity.
RNA, catalytic
Which allows scientists to inactivate specific genes of interest?
RNAi
An activator protein binds to a___sequence of the___and then interacts with the___polymerase to help initiate transcription.
Regulatory, DNA, RNA
Which of the following is a mechanism by which mobile genetic elements are transposed in bacteria cells?
Replicative Transposition
A gene that is commonly used in scientific research because it includes a protein that is easy to monitor is called what?
Reporter gene
Prokaryotic mRNAs are often polycistronic, meaning...
Single mRNA can encode multiple different proteins
Scientists have been able to construct a phylogenetic tree of very early evolutionary divisions by referencing the most highly conserved DNA among all forms of life, which codes for...
Ribosomal RNA
According to the text, which of these amino acids is commonly the target of phosphorylation?
Serine
What is the function of tRNA's
Serve as adapters between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis
Which part of an amino acid gives it its unique properties?
Side chain
In prokaryotes, what region of RNA polymerase recognize the DNA promoter sequence?
Sigma factor
Within a multicellular organism, mutations in the DNA of its___cells can lead to cancer, meanwhile mutations in its___cells can be passed to offspring.
Somatic, germ
Woven just beneath the cell membrane of a red blood cell is a mesh framework made chiefly of which protein?
Spectrin
Most cancers are caused by a -------- accumulation of -------- mutations in a somatic cell and its descendants.
gradual, random
The basic mechanism of DNA repair involves 3 steps:
Step 1 -> excision fo segment of damaged strand step 2 -> repair: DNA polymerase fills in the missing nucleotides step 3 -> DNA ligase seals the nick
Match the following small organic building blocks with the larger organic molecules that they make
Sugars -> polysaccharides Fatty acids + glycerol -> triglycerides Amino acids -> proteins Nucleotides -> nucleic acids
Select all elements that are needed to produce eukaryotic chromosome that can be replicated and segregated at mitosis
Telomere, centromere, replication origin
Repeated nuclear tides at the end of chromosomes are called____.
Telomeres
Catabolism is:
The breakdown of biomolecules
How does a cell regulate the rate of gene expression?
The cell can make many RNA copies from one gene and each RNA copy can be used to make many identical copies of that protein. If the cell needs large amounts of one protein, it will make a lot of RNA copies, it not, it will make a little bit.
MR GREy+ is an acronym to remember
The components shared by all living things
The Michaelis is constant, KM, is:
The concentration of substrate when a reaction occurs at half speed
If the nucleus and the frog skin cell is injected into an unfertilized frog egg that lacks a nucleus, which scenario is/are not possible?
The doctored egg develops into a carrot.
What does the Vmax measure?
The maximum velocity of a reaction
How does phosphorylation control protein activity?
The phosphate group and juice is a change in the proteins conformation
Which of the following is true about plasma membranes?
The phospholipid distribution is not symmetrical
Which of the following statements is false ?(prokaryotes)
The process of transcription in bacteria is identical to the transcription process in humans
The second law of thermodynamics describes:
The universal tendency for disorder to increase, the tendency for your living space to become disordered, shifts towards arrangements of the greatest probability, shifts towards arrangements of greatest entropy
With the FRAP technique, if the cell cortex west holds in place all the labeled proteins, what would the recovery profile look like?
There would be zero fluorescence seen in the patch over time
Which of the following is false about RNA in a typical cell?
They are composed of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
Any cytosolic folded proteins, what orientation and/or interaction do the hydrophobic amino acid tend to have?
They are tucked away inside of the protein
All of the following are characteristics of G protein coupled receptor's except
They assist in RNA replication
MicroRNA's are especially useful regulartors of gene expression because
They can inhibit a whole set of mRNAs as long as a target mRNAs share a common sequence and the genes that code miRNAs take up relatively little space in the genome compared to transcription regulators
Study the image carefully. Which of the following is supported by the data in the figure? Choose one: consider this image depicting of amino acids biosynthetic pathway and then answer the question
Threonine inhibits the production of homoserine
Gene expression is the process by which the nucleotide sequence of a gene is____into the nucleotide sequence of a RNA molecule, which can then be____into the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Transcribed, translated
The flow of genetic information from do you need to RNA___and from RNA to protein___occurs in all living cells.
Transcription, translation
Gene expression in eukaryotic cells can be controlled at 7 different steps. Which of these occur in the nucleus?
Transcriptional control and DNA processing control
Which of the following steps is possible to mRNA once it leaves the nucleus?
Translation and mRNA degradation
Which of the following is an example of gene expression control that occurs outside of the nucleus of a cell?
Translation control, mRNA degradation control, mRNA transport and localization control
Cell membranes play a role in...
Transport of small molecules, cell communication, energy generation, enzymatic activity, adhesion
Bacteriorhodopsin, A plasma membrane protein for the Archean halobacterium halobium, belongs to which functional class?
Transporters
True or false: a pseudo gene in a multicellular species is an inactivated copy of a previously functional gene
True
True or false: although eukaryotes can use several transcription regulators to control the expression of one gene, a single transcription regulator can coordinate the expression of a gene or even many different genes.
True
Homologous recombination:
Uses an invading strand of damage DNA to repair existing damage
Although the chromatin structure of interphase and mitotic chromosomes is very compact, do you need binding proteins and protein complexes must be able to gain access to the DNA molecule. Chromatin remodeling complexes provide this access by_______.
Using the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move nucleosomes
Which one answer (from the following choices) is the correct combination of the two most abundant macro molecules found in a typical living cell with respect to abundance?
Water and proteins
Which of the following is frequently studied as a model vertebrate ?
Zebrafish
What is another name for a break in a single strand of DNA?
a Nick
At present the only way to discover the precise folding pattern of any protein is by experiment using either____or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
X-ray crystallography
Which best characterizes the "cap" placed onto the ends of new RNA transcripts?
a methylated guanosine
All non-living cells obey the same chemical and physical laws as non-living things like all the other forms of matter they are made up of_____which are the smallest unit of a chemical element that retains the distinctive chemical properties of that_____.
atoms, element
Epigenetic inheritance:
does not alter nucleotide sequences.
Mistakes that escape the DNA replication proofreading and repair pathways most often lead to advantageous mutations for the cell.
false
True or False: Prokaryotic transcription regulators may recruit histone acetyltransferases or histone deacetylases to initiate or inhibit transcription.
false
Histones which are made up of___subunits can be pushed away from each other through ATP hydrolysis
four
Most retroviruses:
have an intermediate stage known as a provirus.
A replication site opens. The two "unzippers" are, and they .
helicases; move away from each other
Which of the following proteins is NOT considered to be a "housekeeping" protein?
hemoglobin
Double-stranded breaks that occur during mitosis but before cytokinesis can be repaired via ___.
homologous recombination
Which of the following is not a chemical modification commonly found on core histone N- terminal tails?
hydroxylation
RNA Seq is useful:
in determining which RNAs are being produced by an organism.
An ORF:
is an Open Reading Frame without an apparent stop codon.
Which of the following are compositions of a polyribosome?
mRNA and ribosome
Match each of the following gene expression steps with their definitions:
mRNA transport and localization control -> a cell can control which mRNAs are exported from the nucleus into the cytosol translation control -> a cell can control which mRNAs will be translated into proteins by ribosomes mRNA degradation -> if a cell decides that it no longer needs a protein it can degrade the mRNAs that encode that protein Protein degradation control -> a cell can control how fast proteins get destroyed when they are no longer needed protein activity control -> a cell can control other ways of modifying proteins once they are made. proteins can activated or inactivated.
Transcriptional regulators interact with the ---------- groove of a -------- double helix.
major, DNA
If the isotope 32S has 16 protons and 16 neutrons, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons will the isotope 39S have, respectively? Select one: a. 16, 20, 15 b. 16, 19, 15 c. 16, 19, 16 d. 16, 19, 17
none of the above
Which repair process(es) might result in the loss of gene function?
nonhomologous end joining
Cell-memory mechanisms transmit ----- of gene expression from parent to daughter cell ---------- altering the nucleotide sequence of the DNA, and this is why they are considered ------- inheritance.
patterns, without, epigenetic
A diagram depicting the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms is called a...
phylogenetic Tree
the -------- RNA polymerase is able to initiate transcription with sigma factor, whereas ------- RNA polymerases require the assistance of accessory proteins.
prokaryotic, eukaryotic
The codon CCA encodes for the amino acid proline during translation in Eukaryotes. What amino acid does this codon encode for during translation in prokaryotes?
proline
Which of the following noncoding RNAs is used in the process of RNA interference (RNAi) - an evolutionarily ancient defense mechanism organisms use to eliminate "foreign" RNA molecules?
small interfering RNAs
Mass spectometry is useful in measuring:
total cell protein content.
True or False: The long noncoding RNA called Xist, which is responsible for X chromosome inactivation in humans, is only produced in female cells.
true
A pseudogene:
used to be a full gene but now is not.