1-1 Stages of Development

the first translation of the ______ into English was made during the 1300s by John Wycliffe, a scholar and religious reformer.

Bible

During the 1700s Samuel Johnson compiled a ________ of the English language, while Noah Webster did the same in the united States.

Dictionary

Scholars and the clergy introduced ________ and Greek words. At first these words were not used by the common people.

Latin

In the eleventh century the _________ French invaded the British Isles and brought many new words, especially words dealing with government, law, fashion, and food.

Norman

Two Germanic tribes that invaded the British Isles in the fourth century were the Anglos and the_________, whose language became the basis of Old English.

Saxons

The Norsemen, or _______, arrived later and left fragments of their language behind.

Viking

Words were added to English by ________ from neighboring languages, such as Flemish, Dutch, and German. Through trade with distant lands other words also entered the language.

borrowing

Thousands of new words are created every year, many using _______ already in existence, but only a small number of them endure over a period of time.

elements

Many of the ________ letters in words such as light and knife were originally sounded

silent

Gradually words already in use were being used in new ways-as different parts of ______, in different contexts, or with entirely new meanings.

speech

There were several different dialects of Middle English. Eventually the dialect of the East Midlands became ______ English.

standard

At the present time English may be considered the closest thing to a _______ language that the world had ever known, since it is spoken around the globe with many dialectal variations.

universal