240 Final Key Points

A patient with a large thermal burn has been admitted to the burn intensive care unit. Because the leading cause of death in burned patients after the initial care period is infection, what is the nurse's priority action?

Ensure compliance with hand hygiene protocols by all health care team members.

A patient with chronic renal failure also has chronic anemia, arteriosclerotic disease, and diabetes mellitus. The patient asks the nurse why the anemia is persisting. In answering the patient's question, what should the nurse most consider?

Erythropoietin is produced solely in the kidney

A patient admitted with nephrotic syndrome is being cared for on your unit. When writing this patient's care plan, based upon the major clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome, what nursing diagnosis would you include?

Excess fluid volume related to generalized edema

The diuretic phase of intrinsic acute renal injury is characterized by which of the following?

Excessive diuresis

The underlying pathophysiology of a burn trauma centers around what?

Extent of cellular injury and death

The nurse is teaching a patient with chronic renal failure and diabetes mellitus about nutrition. What should be included?

Moderate protein restriction is recommended while otherwise healthy

Pertinent nursing interventions for a patient with an acute kidney injury would include which of the following?

Monitor ABGs and continuous pulse oximetry. Assess vital signs every 15 minutes during dialysis. Administer fluids and diuretics to maintain intravascular volume.

A patient with ESRD is scheduled for his first hemodialysis treatment. The patient asks the nurse what common complications may occur from the treatment. What would be the nurse's best reply?

"Hypotension and cramping may occur."

A patient waiting for a kidney transplant asks the nurse what signs and symptoms most likely indicate rejection. What would be the nurse's best response?

"Oliguria is a sign of rejection."

A male patient, 16 years old, comes to the emergency department (ED) after burning his right hand and arm while working on a friend's car. The injury is determined to be a superficial burn and it is treated. What would the nurse teach the patient before discharging him home to return on a daily basis for dressing changes?

"The burned area will start to swell in about 4 hours and blisters will form. If you think the dressing is too tight come back to the ED."

A burn patient is transitioning from the acute phase of the injury to the rehabilitation phase. The patient tells the nurse "I can't wait to have surgery to reconstruct my face so I look normal again." What would be the nurse's best response?

"You know, nothing can be done until your scars mature. It is something the doctor will talk to you about in the first few years after discharge."

A nurse taking care of a burn patient is asked why the patient is losing so much weight. What would be the nurse's most appropriate answer?

"Your body has used your fat deposits for fuel because you haven't been eating very much."

A patient with a healing burn wound involving several joints is being evaluated at a patient care conference. What would indicate an effective collaborative plan of care and functioning of the health care team?

Conference discussion focuses on patient and family goal achievement.

A patient, status post resection of renal tumor, is being discharged home. You are planning discharge for this patient. What would you include in a teaching plan for this patient?

Continuing care

The patient you are caring for has just returned to the unit after having kidney surgery. How would you assess this patient's circulatory status

Monitor arterial or central venous pressure Monitor drainage from incision and drainage tubes Assess skin color and urine output

In a patient with acute ischemic tubular necrosis, urine output has increased from below normal to very high. What is the nursing priority of care during this phase of renal failure?

Monitor serum potassium

A patient is admitted to the intensive care unit after a motor vehicle accident. On the second day of the hospital admission, the patient develops acute renal failure. The patient is hemodynamically unstable, but renal replacement therapy is needed to manage the patient's hypervolemia and hyperkalemia. Which of the following therapies will the patient's hemodynamic status best tolerate?

Continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD). facilitates the removal of uremic toxins and fluid

A patient arrives in the emergency department after being burned in a house fire. The patient's burns cover the face and the left forearm. What percentage of burn does the patient have?

18%

The nurse on a burn unit is caring for a patient in the acute phase of burn care. While performing an assessment during this phase of burn care, the nurse recognizes that airway obstruction related to upper airway edema may occur up to how long after the burn injury?

2 days

Systemic effects of burns that result in vascular permeability leads to the formation of interstitial edema and peaks within which of the following time frames?

24 to 48 hours of injury

The emergency department nurse has just admitted a patient with a burn. The nurse recognizes that the patient is likely to experience a local and systemic response to the burn when the burn exceeds a total body surface area (TBSA) of what?

25%

A critical care nurse is caring for a trauma patient who has gone into acute renal failure. The critical care nurse knows that he can set up, initiate, maintain, and terminate what system of dialysis for this patient?

Continuous venovenous hemofiltration

The nurse is teaching a patient with a partial-thickness wound how to wear his elastic pressure garment. How would the nurse instruct the patient to wear this garment?

Continuously

A burn victim is admitted to the Intensive Care Unit to stabilize and begin fluid resuscitation before transport to the burn center. If inadequate fluid resuscitation occurs what happens to the patient?

Distributive shock

An adult has a thermal burn injury involving all of one leg and the entire posterior trunk. There are also three scattered areas on the anterior trunk, each approximately the size of the patient's palm. As part of initial assessment, the nurse calculates the size of the burn using a combination of the Rule of Nines and the Rule of Palm. What is the result of this calculation in the percentage of total body surface area (TBSA)?

39%

You have just reported to the burn unit to start your shift. Four new patients have been admitted in the past 12 hours. Which patient is most likely to have life-threatening complications?

A 4-year-old scald victim burned over 24% of the body

A patient weighing 65 kg has a deep partial-thickness burn that totals 45% total body surface area (TBSA) and is ordered to receive fluid resuscitation with volumes calculated by the maximum amount from the American Burn Association consensus formula. The burn occurred at 0800 and intravenous fluids are initiated at 1000. For the first 8 hours after the burn, the nurse plans to administer what amount of intravenous lactated Ringer's solution in mL/hour?

975 mL/hour

The nurse is planning patient teaching for a patient with end-stage renal disease who is scheduled for the creation of a fistula. The nurse would include which of the following in teaching the patient about the fistula?

A vein and an artery in your arm will be attached surgically.

The critical care nurse is monitoring her patient's urine output and drainage from tubes inserted intraoperatively. What would the nurse promptly report to the physician?

Absent drainage

The nursing instructor is going over burn injuries. The instructor tells the students that the nursing care priorities for a patient with a burn injury include wound care, nutritional support, and prevention of complications such as infection. Based upon these care priorities, the instructor is most likely discussing a patient in what phase of burn care?

Acute

The nurse is caring for a patient who has sustained a deep partial-thickness burn injury. In prioritizing the nursing diagnoses for the plan of care, the nurse will give the highest priority to what nursing diagnosis?

Acute pain

A 45-year-old man is brought in by Life-Flight after a motor vehicle accident is which he was trapped in a burning vehicle. The burn team is estimating the patient's likelihood of survival based on the severity of the burn injury. The emergency department nurse knows that the severity of the injury is based on what factors?

Age Depth of the burn Presence of inhalation injury

A patient is brought to the ED by paramedics who report the patient has partial-thickness burns on the chest and legs. The patient has also suffered smoke inhalation. What is a priority in the care of a patient who has been burned and suffered smoke inhalation?

Airway management

Peritonitis is a common and dangerous complication of peritoneal dialysis. What is a nursing action that helps these patients fight peritonitis?

Aminoglycosides are added to the dialysate for subsequent exchanges.Antibiotic agents (aminoglycosides or cephalosporins)

You are caring for a patient who has just returned to his room following renal surgery. The patient has tubes that were inserted during surgery for drainage. What would your assessment parameters be for urine output and drainage from the tubes inserted during surgery?

Amount Color Type

What physiologic abnormalities indicate the development of chronic renal disease

Anemia, Metabolic acidosis, Hypercalcemia

The acute phase of the burn begins 48 to 72 hours after the burn. What begins at this time?

Diuresis As capillaries regain integrity, 48 or more hours after the burn, fluid moves from the interstitial to the intravascular compartment and diuresis begins. Cardiac output should increase and renal output should increase.

A patient has sustained a severe burn injury and is thought to have an impaired intestinal mucosal barrier. Since this patient is considered at an increased risk for infection, what intervention will assist in avoiding increased intestinal permeability and prevent early endotoxin translocation?

Early enteral feeding

Which of the following is a top nursing consideration in a patient with an inhalation injury admitted to the Burn Unit?

Early intubation

Where do most burn injuries occur?

At home

A patient is admitted to the Burn Unit with a chemical burn. Which of the following actions would be one of the indications for delaying hydrotherapy?

Attempt to neutralize the burn

A patient has a large burn injury that occurred in an enclosed space. On initial assessment, the patient is found to have erythema and blistering of the mouth and pharynx, hoarse speech, and tachypnea. What immediate therapy addressing these symptoms does the nurse anticipate?

Endotracheal intubation

An emergency department nurse learns from the paramedics that they are transporting a patient who has suffered injury from a scald from a hot kettle. What factors does the nurse know are considered when determining the depth of burn?

Causative agent

A primary survey of a patient newly admitted to the Burn Unit includes airway, breathing, and ventilation along with which of the following? Select all that apply.

Circulation Disability Exposure

A nurse is caring for a patient during the acute phase of the burn. The nurse knows he is responsible for what?

Closely scrutinizing the burn wound to detect early signs of infection

An emergency department nurse has just received a burn victim brought in by ambulance. The paramedics have started a large-bore IV and covered the burn in cool towels. The burn is estimated as covering 24% of the patient's body. The nurse knows that pathophysiologic changes resulting from major burns during the initial burn-shock period include what?

Decreased cardiac output

A nurse is caring for a renal patient in the dieresis period of ARF. What must the patient be observed closely for during this phase?

Dehydration

A patient has a large thermal burn injury and is receiving large amounts of intravenous crystalloid fluid as part of initial therapy. What is the best explanation of the purpose of this therapy?

Development of third spacing reduces renal perfusion.

The nurse coming on shift is taking a report on four patients. What patient does the nurse know is at the greatest risk of developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?

Diabetes mellitus with poorly controlled hypertension

Oliguric Phase

Fluid and electrolyte abnormalities and uremia occur. Initial manifestation is oliguria. neuro changes can occur.

A patient has been admitted to a burn intensive care unit with extensive full-thickness burns over 25% of the body. What would be the nurse's priority concern about this patient?

Fluid status

A patient with chronic renal disease is involved in a motor vehicle crash and experiences severe hypovolemia. In caring for this patient in the CCU, which of the following is the most important for the nurse to monitor?

Fluid volume recovery

A patient has a superficial partial-thickness (second-degree) burn. What characteristic unique to this type of burn does the nurse expect to find?

Fluid-filled blisters

A patient is brought to the Emergency Department from the site of a chemical fire. The paramedics report that the patient has a burn that involves the epidermis, dermis, and the muscle and bone of the right arm. When you assess the patient he verbalizes no pain in the right arm and the skin appears charred. Based upon these assessment findings, what is the depth of the burn on the patient's right arm?

Full-thickness

Recovery Phase

GFR increases. BUN and creat plateau and decrease. Renal fx may take up to 12 months to stabilize

A 16-year-old is admitted to the renal unit with a diagnosis of postinfectious glomerular disease. What is a cause of postinfectious glomerular disease?

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection of the throat that precedes the onset of glomerulonephritis by 2 to 3 weeks

The nurse caring for a patient with acute glomerulonephritis would expect the patient's urine to what

Have a cola-color. The primary presenting features of acute glomerulonephritis are hematuria, edema, azotemia, and proteinuria. The hematuria may be microscopic, macroscopic, or gross. The urine may appear cola-colored because of red blood cells and protein plugs or casts

Renal failure can have prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes. A patient presents with acute renal failure and is being assessed to determine where, physiologically, the cause is. If the cause is found to be prerenal, which condition most likely caused it?

Heart failure.

A nursing instructor is talking with her clinical group about patients with acute glomerulonephritis. The instructor tells the students that the patient may exhibit which of the following clinical manifestations?

Hematuria

A college football player is brought to the emergency room by paramedics after a blunt trauma injury received during a game. There is a high suspicion that the patient has sustained an injury to his kidneys from being tackled from behind. The emergency room nurse caring for the patient reviews the initial orders written by the physician and notes that an order has been written to collect all voided urine and send it to the laboratory for analysis. The nurse understands that this nursing intervention is important because:

Hematuria is the most common manifestation of renal trauma and blood losses may be microscopic, so laboratory analysis is essential.

A 45-year-old man with diabetic nephropathy has end-stage renal failure and is starting dialysis. He asks for information about hemodialysis. What would the nurse include in the teaching for this patient?

Hemodialysis is a treatment option that is required three times a week.

A burn patient is brought to the emergency department. The nurse knows that the first systemic event after a major burn injury is what?

Hemodynamic instability

Grafts taken from one body and grafted onto another body are called what?

Homograft

A patient in the emergent/resuscitative phase of a burn injury has had her lab work drawn. Upon analysis of the patient's laboratory studies, the nurse will expect the results to indicate what?

Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, elevated hematocrit, and metabolic acidosis

The nurse is caring for a patient in acute renal failure. The nurse should expect hypertonic glucose, insulin infusions, and sodium bicarbonate to be used to treat:

Hyperkalemia.

A patient has been diagnosed with chronic renal failure. What most closely associated pathophysiologies should the nurse assess for?

Hypertension Arteriosclerotic disease Type 2 diabetes mellitus Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A nurse on the burn unit is caring for a patient who has gone into the acute phase of her burn. What would be important for the nurse to monitor the patient for?

Hyponatremia

The triage nurse in the emergency department (ED) receives a phone call from a frantic father who saw his 4-year-old child tip a pot of boiling water onto her chest. The father has called an ambulance. What would the nurse in the ED receiving the call instruct the father to do?

Immerse the child in a cool bath.

A patient with a history of diabetes mellitus has had a procedure using radiocontrast dye. The patient's laboratory results include high urine sodium, urine with muddy-brown granular casts and tubular epithelial cells, and increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine. Renal ultrasonography is normal. Urine volume is normal. Which treatment does the nurse anticipate?

Increased fluids

A patient in the rehabilitation phase of the burn injury is setting goals with the nurse. What goals would be appropriate at this time?

Increased participation in activities of daily living Increased understanding of the planned follow-up care Adjustment to alterations in lifestyle

A patient with a large thermal burn injury is found to have depressed cardiac contractility and a resultant low cardiac index. What is the underlying, primary, physiologic rationale for this situation?

Inflammation-triggered release of nitric oxide

A patient is admitted to the burn unit after being transported from a facility 1000 miles away. The patient has burns to the groin area and both legs. The burns to the lower legs are circumferential. The nurse knows to monitor closely for what as the edema in this patient increases?

Ischemia

A 71-year-old patient has ESRD and has been told by the physician that it is time to consider hemodialysis until a transplant can be found. The patient tells the nurse she is not sure she wants to undergo a kidney transplant. What would be an appropriate response for the nurse to make?

Kidney transplants in patients your age are as successful as they are in younger patients

The nurse is caring for a postoperative kidney surgery patient. The nurse is aware that bleeding is a major complication of kidney surgery and that if it goes undetected and untreated the result can be hypovolemia and hemorrhagic shock in the patient. What assessment parameters are necessary to assess for bleeding in this postoperative patient?

Level of consciousness

The patient you are caring for has an electrical burn and has developed thick eschar over the burn wound. Which of the following topical antibacterial agents will the nurse expect the physician to order for the wound?

Mafenide acetate 10% (Sulfamylon) hydrophilic-based cream. is the agent of choice for electrical burns because of its ability to penetrate thick eschar.

A patient is brought to the renal unit from the PACU status post resection of a renal tumor. What would be a priority nursing action in the care of this patient?

Management of postoperative pain

Posthemodialysis, the nurse notices the patient to have a decreased respiratory rate. The nurse knows this is due to which one of the following?

Metabolic alkalosis

A specific disease process is a major cause of CKD and ESRD. It is a disease that develops usually after prolonged hypertension and diabetes. What disease process is this?

Nephrosclerosis(hardening of the renal arteries) . Azotemia is an abnormal concentration of nitrogenous wastes in the blood. Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomerular capillaries that can occur in acute and chronic forms. Acute nephritic syndrome is the clinical manifestation of glomerular inflammation.

An adult patient with a large thermal burn has been receiving intravenous fluid resuscitation calculated by the maximum amount according to the American Burn Association consensus formula. What symptom or result would indicate the onset of a complication secondary to rapid fluid resuscitation?

New coarse crackles auscultated at lung bases

An 84-year-old female diagnosed with cancer is admitted to your unit for surgical treatment. The patient has been on chemotherapeutic agents to decrease the tumor size prior to the planned surgery. The nurse caring for the patient is aware that what precipitating factors in this patient contribute to acute renal failure?

Normal aging, Chronic systemic disease

You are caring for a patient with acute renal failure. What is the most common clinical manifestation of acute renal failure?

Oliguria

What is a priority in the rehabilitation phase of the burn injury?

Patient and family education

As the patient begins the acute phase of a burn, cautious administration of fluids and electrolytes continues. The nurse knows that this caution is because of what?

Patient's physiologic responses to the burn injury Losses of fluid from large burn wounds Shifts in fluid from the interstitial to the intravascular compartment

A patient is receiving patient education prior to beginning continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. What would the nurse teach the patient that the most common complication associated with this procedure is?

Peritonitis

What disease of the kidney is genetic in nature and leads to kidney failure?

Polycystic kidney disease

A patient has an acute burn injury. What might be the cause of the burn trauma? Select all that apply

Pot of boiling water pulled off a stove Crockpot full of beans spilled House or room fire Exposure to anhydrous ammonia Contact with white phosphorus

A patient is scheduled for a CT scan of the abdomen with contrast. The patient has a baseline creatinine of 2.3 mg/dL. In preparing this patient for the procedure, the nurse anticipates what orders?

Preprocedure hydration and administration of acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) Baseline levels of creatinine greater than 2 mg/dL identify the patient as being high risk

Hypotension can cause what type of acute kidney injury?

Prerenal injury

You are caring for a burn patient who is in the later stages of the acute phase of the burn injury. What is an important factor in your care of the patient?

Prevention of DVT

Your patient is in the acute phase of a burn injury. One of the nursing diagnoses on the plan of care is ineffective coping due to burn injury and altered body image. What interventions can you institute to help this patient cope more effectively?

Promote truthful communication Assist the patient in practicing appropriate strategies Give positive reinforcement when appropriate

In a motor vehicle crash, a patient suffers a skull fracture, possible cervical spine injury, multiple extremity fractures, and a large thermal burn. On initial admission to the emergency department, what is the nursing priority of care?

Protection of airway and cervical spine

The nurse is caring for a patient status post MVA. The patient has developed ARF. What is the nurse's role in caring for this patient?

Provides emotional support for the family Monitors for complications Participates in emergency treatment of fluid and electrolyte imbalances Provides nursing care for primary disorder

A patient is in hypovolemic shock, with mean arterial pressures below 90 mm Hg and a very low urine output. An IV drip of norepinephrine is prescribed to keep blood pressure above 90 mm Hg. No other therapy is initiated. What effect on kidney function does the nurse expect?

Reduction in urine output secondary to constriction of renal arteries

The nurse is caring for a patient with chronic glomerulonephritis. What can cause chronic glomerulonephritis?

Repeated episodes of acute nephritic syndrome. Chronic glomerulonephritis may be due to repeated episodes of acute nephritic syndrome, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, chronic tubulointerstitial injury, or hemodynamically mediated glomerular sclerosis.

A patient with oliguric renal failure is receiving IV furosemide (Lasix). What nursing assessment has the highest priority?

Serum potassium

A patient has been diagnosed with prerenal acute renal failure. What condition most likely caused this situation?

Severe sepsis and shock

A living organ donor is 1 hour postoperative after donating a kidney. The critical care nurse caring for the patient notes that the patient is clammy and pale. The nurse knows the patient is exhibiting symptoms of what

Shock

The prudent nurse working in a Burn Unit utilizes which of the following in an ongoing assessment? Select all that apply.

Skin integrity Nutritional needs Pain management Mobility/safety needs

A patient with chronic renal disease has mild metabolic acidosis with a pH 7.3 and bicarbonate level 16 mEq/L. What treatment does the nurse anticipate?

Sodium citrate and citric acid (Bicitra)

The nursing instructor is teaching about the emergent/resuscitative phase of burn injury. During this phase, what would the nursing instructor tell the students they should closely monitor in the laboratory values?

Sodium deficit

A patient has a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 43 mL/min/1.73 m2. Based upon this GFR, the nurse interprets that the patient's chronic kidney disease is at what stage?

Stage 3. Stage 1 is defined by a GFR > 90 mL/min/1.73 m2. Stage 2 is defined by a GFR of 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m2. Stage 3 is defined by a GFR in the range of 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2 Stage 4 is a GFR in the range of 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m2

A patient has just been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. During teaching, what strategy should the nurse emphasize as protective of kidney cells?

Strict control of serum glucose levels with diet and medication

A patient has a large burn wound that is mostly a full-thickness (third-degree) injury. Wound care included surgical excision and grafting with a variety of materials. The patient and family ask the nurse to explain why repeated surgical procedures are necessary. What is the best explanation the nurse can give the family?

Successful autografting requires preparation of the wound bed.

The nurse is caring for a patient with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus who has been recently diagnosed with ESRD. The patient has an elevated phosphorus level and has been prescribed calcium acetate to bind the phosphorus. What is an important instruction that the nurse should give the patient about how to take the prescribed phosphorus-binding medication?

With each meal

The occupational health nurse is called to the floor of the factory where a patient has sustained a flash burn to the right arm. The nurse arrives and the flames have been extinguished. The next step is to "cool the burn." How will the nurse cool the burn?

Wrap cool towels around the affected extremity intermittently

The nurse is caring for a patient receiving hemodialysis treatments. The patient has had surgery to form an arteriovenous fistula. What is most important for the nurse to be aware of when providing care for this patient?

Taking a blood pressure reading on the affected arm can cause clotting of the fistula.

A nurse on the renal unit is caring for a patient who gets peritoneal dialysis. The family of the patient asks the nurse to explain about the peritoneal dialysis catheter that has been placed in the patient's peritoneum. The nurse explains the three sections of the catheter and talks about the two cuffs on the dialysis catheter. What would the nurse explain about the cuffs?

The cuffs are made of Dacron polyester. The cuffs stabilize the catheter. The cuffs prevent the dialysate from leaking. The cuffs provide a barrier against microorganisms.

It is time to change the dressings on a burn patient. What does the nurse do to reduce pain and discomfort at this time?

The nurse changes dressings as quickly as possible.

You are writing a teaching plan for a patient you are caring for status post resection of a renal tumor. What would you include in that teaching plan?

To inspect and care for the incision

The nursing students are doing clinical hours on the burn unit. A nurse is developing a care plan for a patient with a partial-thickness burn, and determines that an appropriate goal is to maintain position of joints in alignment. A nursing student asks why this goal is important when the patient is fighting for his life. What should the burn nurse respond?

To prevent contractures

What is the nursing goal during the acute phase of a burn?

To ultimately prevent or control infection in the burn population

A patient in intensive care with acute tubular necrosis from a toxic ingestion has been started on renal replacement therapy. The family expresses concern that the patient will not be able to afford dialysis after discharge from the hospital. In responding to the family, what should the nurse consider?

Toxic acute tubular necrosis has a higher likelihood of complete healing.

A patient with a partial-thickness burn injury had Biobrane applied 2 weeks ago. The nurse notices that the Biobrane is separating from the burn wound. What is the appropriate nursing intervention when this separation occurs?

Trim away the separated Biobrane.

A patient is admitted with postrenal acute kidney injury. The nurse is aware that this is caused by which one of the following?

Ureteral obstruction

A patient presents at the walk-in clinic complaining of edema around the eyes and flank tenderness bilaterally. Acute glomerular inflammation is suspected. What tests would the nurse expect to be ordered to confirm the diagnosis?

Urinalysis

The nurse is preparing the patient for mechanical debridement and informs the patient that this will involve:

Use of surgical scissors, scalpels or forceps to remove the eschar until the point of pain and bleeding occurs

The nurse is working on the renal transplant unit. To reduce the risk of infection in a patient with a transplanted kidney, it is imperative for the nurse to do what?

Wash hands carefully and frequently.

Prerenal

causes are factors external to the kidneys (hypovolemia) that reduce renal blood flow and lead to decreased glomerular perfusion and filtration

Intrarenal

causes include conditions that cause direct damage to the renal tissue. Acute tubular necrosis accounts for most cases.

Postrenal

causes involve mechanical obstruction of urinary outflow. Common causes are BPH, prostate ca, calculi, trauma

AKI

develops over hours or days with progressive elevations of BUN, creatinine, K, with or without oliguria.

Diuretic Phase

gradual increase in daily output of 1-3L/day. nephrons still not fully functional. Low creatinine clearance- uremia may still be severe.

RIFLE classification

used to describe the stages of AKI. Risk Injury Failure Loss End-Stage