312 Exam Review 1

Adoption of which type of innovation requires relatively minor changes in behavior or changes in behaviors that are unimportant to the consumer? A. continuous innovation B. dynamically continuous innovation C. discontinuous innovation D. technological innovation E. nontechnological innovation

A. continuous innovation

A __________ has at least two members related by birth, marriage, or adoption, one of whom is the householder (i.e., the one who owns or rents the residence). A. family household B. blended family household C. consumption unit D. household E. nontraditional family household

A. family household

Perception is a process that begins with consumer exposure and attention to marketing stimuli and ends with consumer A. interpretation. B. attitudes. C. action. D. acceptance. E. behavior.

A. interpretation.

The minimum amount that one stimulus can differ from another with the difference still being noticed is referred to as the A. just noticeable difference. B. perceptual difference. C. discriminatory difference. D. inferential difference. E. minimal difference

A. just noticeable difference.

Which of the following is considered an individual factor affecting attention? A. motivation B. intensity C. clutter D. attractiveness E. isolation

A. motivation

Using one marketing strategy across various cultures is referred to as A. standardization. B. optimization. C. cross-culturalization. D. marketing imperialism. E. cross-fertilization.

A. standardization.

A family purchase decision differs from an organizational decision in A. the level of emotion involved. B. the involvement of multiple people in the decision. C. the absence of time pressure. D. the fact that different people play different roles in the purchase. E. All of these choices are correct.

A. the level of emotion involved.

Which of the following refers to how children learn with respect to consumption? A. the process of consumer socialization B. the rate of consumer socialization C. the impact of consumer socialization D. the content of consumer socialization E. the influence of consumer socialization

A. the process of consumer socialization

CARU guidelines allow for the use of price minimizations such as "only $19.99." A. TRUE B. FALSE

B. FALSE

Cultures are static and rarely change. A. True B. False

B. FALSE

Weber's Law is an example of a contribution to consumer behavior that comes from pharmacology. A. TRUE B. FALSE

B. FALSE

While culture heavily influences marketing strategy, culture is not influenced by marketing strategy. A. TRUE B. FALSE

B. FALSE

Which of the following statements is false regarding marketing practices? A. Society has declared that some marketing actions are clearly inappropriate. B. Regulating marketing activities requires a higher level of understanding of consumer behavior than does managing marketing programs. C. There are laws and regulations that prohibit or require specific marketing actions. D. There are many issues where the appropriate ethical action for marketers is not clear-cut. E. Marketing practices are sometimes controversial.

B. Regulating marketing activities requires a higher level of understanding of consumer behavior than does managing marketing programs.

______ is the lowest intensity of a stimulus that consumers are capable of perceiving. A. The just noticeable difference B. The absolute threshold C. Weber's Law D. The relative threshold E. none of the above

B. The absolute threshold

The type of socialization where a person learns a culture other than their native culture: A. democratization B. acculturation C. assimilation D. enculturation E. none of the above

B. acculturation

How can an organization provide superior customer value to customers? A. by conducting market research B. by doing a better job of anticipating and reacting to customer needs than the competition does C. by offering extended warranty coverage on products D. by offering their products at the lowest price E. by offering more variations of a product

B. by doing a better job of anticipating and reacting to customer needs than the competition does

____ is the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. A. marketing B. consumer behavior C. psychographics D. demographics E. psychology

B. consumer behavior

Which type of training occurs when a parent or sibling specifically and directly attempts to bring about certain responses through reasoning or reinforcement? A. consumer training B. instrumental training C. modeling D. mediation E. coercion

B. instrumental training

The product, price, communications, distribution, and services provided to the target market is referred to as the ______. A. need set B. marketing mix C. marketing set D. decision set E. value proposition

B. marketing mix

Which type of reference group influence occurs when an individual fulfills group expectations to gain a direct reward or to avoid a sanction? A. informational B. normative C. identification D. transient E. permanent

B. normative

An image of the product or brand in the consumer's mind relative to competing products and brands is referred to as the product's A. equity. B. position. C. message. D. placement. E. extension.

B. position.

A(n) __________ is anything a consumer acquires or might acquire to meet a perceived need. A. end state B. product C. satisfier D. outcome E. value proposition

B. product

Which type of reference group involves relatively weak ties and less frequent interaction among its members? A. primary group B. secondary group C. tertiary group D. cohort group E. work group

B. secondary group

All of the following are elements of a marketing ethnography except. A. emergent themes B. statistical generalizations C. thick descriptions D. field notes E. analytical observations.

B. statistical generalizations

__________ is the process by which decisions that directly or indirectly involve two or more family members are made. A. Household decision making B. Consumer decision making C. Family decision making D. Joint decision making E. Group decision making

C. Family decision making

__________ is the assignment of meaning to sensations. A. Attention B. Perception C. Interpretation D. Hemispheric lateralization E. Information processing

C. Interpretation

__________ occurs when a child learns appropriate, or inappropriate, consumption behaviors by observing others. A. Consumer training B. Instrumental training C. Modeling D. Mediation E. Parroting

C. Modeling

Which of the following is the American advertising industry's primary self-regulatory body? A. Congress B. media C. National Advertising Division of the Council of Better Business Bureaus D. Food and Drug Administration E. Federal Trade Commission

C. National Advertising Division of the Council of Better Business Bureaus

Which dimension of self-concept refers to the individual's perception of who I am now? A. private self-concept B. present self-concept C. actual self-concept D. social self-concept E. ideal self-concept

C. actual self-concept

______ is best defined as a physiological dependency on the consumption of a product. A. compulsive consumption B. problematic consumption C. addictive consumption D. illegal consumption E. none of the above

C. addictive consumption

Two or more individuals who share a set of norms, values, or beliefs and have certain implicitly or explicitly defined relationships to one another such that their behaviors are interdependent is known as a(n) A. family. B. organization. C. group. D. cohort. E. generation

C. group.

Jennifer sees herself as a loving, caring mother and wife. She also sees herself as an accomplished professional. Finally, she sees herself as a good citizen and devoutly religious person who takes the concerns of others seriously and tries to make the world a better place for those less fortunate than she and her family. This totality of Jennifer's thoughts and feelings about herself is known as her ______. A. inner peace B. inner self C. self-concept D. personal identity E. self-identity

C. self-concept

The segment(s) within the larger market on which an organization will focus its marketing effort is referred to as the A. customer set. B. strategic market. C. target market. D. need set. E. primary market.

C. target market.

In studying reference groups, identification influence is also called __________ influence. A. informational B. normative C. value-expressive D. affective E. utilitarian

C. value-expressive

Which of the following is typically included in a psychographic or lifestyle study? A. demographics B. activities and interests C. attitudes D. All of these choices are correct. E. values

D. All of these choices are correct.

The allowable practice of making exaggerated claims about products is called. A. Overpromising B. Cross-selling C. Deceptive advertising D. Puffery E. Hard-selling

D. Puffery

What is the ethical concern regarding the limited ability of children to comprehend advertising messages? A. do children understand the selling intend of commercials B. can children understand specific aspects of commercials C. do children like commercials D. a and b E. a, b, and c

D. a and b

A distinctive subgroup of society that self-selects on the basis of a shared commitment to a particular product class, brand, or consumption activity is known as a A. cohort group. B. clone group. C. dissociative reference group. D. consumption subculture. E. purchase consortium.

D. consumption subculture.

According to the Modern Marketing Concept, what is required for an organization to provide superior customer value to customers? A. conducting market research B. offering their products at the lowest price C. offering extended warranty coverage on products D. doing a better job of anticipating and reacting to customer needs than the competition does E. offering more variations of a product

D. doing a better job of anticipating and reacting to customer needs than the competition does

Which of the following is the primary source of consumer socialization? A. school B. advertising C. friends D. family E. government

D. family

ALL of the following are advantages of interpretive research EXCEPT A. it is more flexible and open-ended B. it avoids the artificialness of some other forms of research C. the activity being studied is immediate and physically present D. interpretation is subjective E. greater trust between the researcher and consumer is possible leading to more sincere answers.

D. interpretation is subjective

Some individuals have information about many different kinds of products, places to shop, and other aspects of markets. They can be considered a special type of opinion leader and are known as A. product experts. B. shopping experts. C. personal shoppers. D. market mavens. E. market leaders.

D. market mavens

Which is not an external influence on consumer behavior? A. culture B. marketing activities C. social status D. perception E. family

D. perception

Attempts to develop quantitative measures of lifestyle were initially referred to as _____, which is a term that is frequently used interchangeably with lifestyle by consumer researchers. A. demographics B. lifeographics C. household life cycle D. psychographics E. personality

D. psychographics

_____ is the field of science that studies characteristics of human sensation/perception A. psychology B. pharmacology C. marketing D. psychophysics E. none of the above

D. psychophysics

The form of consumer research that focuses on understanding and interpreting, and that is characterized by researchers generating hypotheses from data collected is known as the ___. A. quantitative perspective B. consumer focused research technique C. dissociative participant research D. qualitative perspective E. modern marketing perspective

D. qualitative perspective

J&J Produce is a distributor of fresh produce. It conducted a thorough analysis of its market and identified groups of consumers that had similar product-related needs. One particular market identified wanted fresh and unique produce, such as Swiss chard, radicchio, and exotic fruits, and they were willing to pay higher prices for these choices. J&J Produce decided to focus its marketing effort on this segment of the total market. This segment is J&J's _____. A. need set B. primary market C. customer set D. target market E. market focus

D. target market

Which of the following statements is true regarding culture? A. Culture is a relatively simple concept. B. Culture is acquired. C. Culture often provides detailed prescriptions for appropriate behavior. D. The nature of cultural influences is such that we are consciously aware of them. E. All of these choices are correct.

B. Culture is acquired.

Which of the following is NOT an outcome of studying consumer behavior? A. improved marketing strategy B. better human resource management C. guidance on regulatory policy D. better informed consumers E. improved social policies

B. better human resource management

Charles was examining his perception of himself as whom he would like to be. Charles is examining his A. social self-concept. B. ideal self-concept. C. actual self-concept. D. present self-concept. E. private self-concept.

B. ideal self-concept.

One of the major distinctions of self-concept is between __________ and __________—which is also related to an important value dimension in the United States and abroad. A. personal self-concept; interpersonal self-concept B. independent self-concept; interdependent self-concept C. actual self-concept; past self-concept D. private self-concept; public self-concept E. present self-concept; future self-concept

B. independent self-concept; interdependent self-concept

Which type of influence occurs when an individual uses the behaviors and opinions of reference group members as potentially useful bits of information? A. transient B. informational C. normative D. identification E. substantive

B. informational

According to the Census Bureau, a __________ household is a householder living alone or exclusively with others to whom he or she is not related. A. family B. nonfamily C. traditional D. blended E. consumption

B. nonfamily

The type of socialization where a person learns his or her native culture is referred to as: A. democratization B. acculturation C. assimilation D. enculturation E. none of the above

D. enculturation

Which type of self-concept emphasizes the individual, self-reliance, and is more often associated with Western cultures? A. group self-concept B. individual self-concept C. interdependent self-concept D. independent self-concept E. connected self-concept

D. independent self-concept

Richard is reassessing his life and asking himself, "How am I seen by others?" He is also asking himself, "How would I like to be seen by others?" Richard is seeking his A. real self-concept. B. ideal self-concept. C. private self-concept. D. social self-concept. E. actual self-concept.

D. social self-concept.

Which of the following is not an adopter category? A. innovators B. early adopters C. early majority D. late majority E. procrastinators

E. procrastinators

Which of the following refers to what children learn with respect to consumption? A. the process of consumer socialization B. the rate of consumer socialization C. the impact of consumer socialization D. the content of consumer socialization E. the influence of consumer socialization

D. the content of consumer socialization

It is critical that a firm consider value from the customer's perspective. A. TRUE B. FALSE

A. TRUE

Which of the following is a cultural factor that affects consumer behavior and marketing strategy? A. demographics B. values C. language D. nonverbal communications E. All of these choices are correct

E. All of these choices are correct

Stages of the household life cycle are based on A.age of the adult members. B. marital status of the adult members. C. presence of children. D. age of children. E. All of these choices are correct.

E. All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following is a factor determining a reference group's influence on a consumer? A. whether or not the product is a necessity B. whether the use of the product or brand is visible to the group C. the degree of commitment the individual feels to a group D. the individual's confidence in the purchase situation E. All of these choices are correct.

E. All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following is considered a symbol that has varying meaning across cultures? A. colors B. animals C. numbers D. music E. All of these choices are correct.

E. All of these choices are correct.

__________ occurs when a stimulus is placed within a person's relevant environment and comes within range of their sensory receptor nerves. A. Perception B. Attention C. Interpretation D. Perceptual offense E. Exposure

E. Exposure

Which of the following act as limits on marketers' activities? A. political constraints B. legal and regulatory constraints C. competitive constraints D. a and b E. a, b, and c

E. a, b, and c

A part of the larger market whose unique needs & characteristics differ from other parts of the market is referred to as a (n) _____. A. consumptive market B. niche C. subgroup D. ancillary market E. market segment

E. market segment

Changing the channel when a radio commercial comes on, flipping past the ads in a newspaper or magazine, and avoiding a salesperson at BestBuy are all examples of ways for consumers to selectively avoid exposure to marketing messages, often referred to as A. exposure avoidance. B. selective perception. C. selective interpretation. D. perceptual lateralization. E. selective exposure.

E. selective exposure.

______ suggests that when consumers perceive a match between their self-concept and a brand/product image, positive outcomes (e.g., positive evaluations, greater satisfaction) are more likely. A. balance theory B. consumer socialization C. assimilation theory D. self-actualization theory E. self-congruity theory

E. self-congruity theory

Attention is determined by which factor? A. the stimulus B. the individual C. the situation D. the stimulus and the individual E. the stimulus, the individual and the situation

E. the stimulus, the individual and the situation

__________ are rules that specify or prohibit certain behaviors in specific situations. A. Norms B. Precepts C. Sanctions D. Prescriptions E. Values

A. Norms

__________ values reflect a culture's view of the appropriate relationships between individuals and groups within that society. A. Other-oriented B. Environment-oriented C. Self-oriented D. Externally-oriented E. Internally-oriented

A. Other-oriented

Advertising is frequently criticized as fostering overly materialistic, self-focused, and short-term values in children. A. TRUE B. FALSE

A. TRUE

In the VALS typology, individuals are classified according to their primary motivations, which are ideals motivation, achievement motivation, or self-expression motivation. A. TRUE B. FALSE

A. TRUE

Marketing practices are sometimes controversial. A. TRUE B. FALSE

A. TRUE

Wardrobing is an example of a consumer ethical misbehavior. A. TRUE B. FALSE

A. TRUE