A&P Final
Which activity would be most dependent upon creatine?
Diving
Which generalization concerning movement by skeletal muscles is not true?
During contraction the two articulating bones move equally.
The trochlear notch helps to stabilize which joint?
Elbow
The collateral ligaments are found in which of the following joint(s)?
Elbow and knee
The biceps brachii is a prime mover for which action?
Elbow flexion
The muscles of the back that are most susceptible to injury during heavy lifting belong to the ______ muscle group.
Erector spinae
What can cause gouty arthritis?
Excessive blood levels of uric acid depositied as crystals in the soft tissue joints
The muscle is primary responsible for preventing foot drop
Extensor digitorum longus
All joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight. True or False
False
True/False: Hip flexion increases the angle between the hip joint and the torso.
False
Dislocations in the TMJ almost always dislocate posteriorly with the mandibular condylesending up in the infratemporal fossa. True or False
False; joint in the body
After about 30 minutes of exercise, which substance becomes the major source of fuel?
Fatty acid
Which of the following correctly lists the three structural types of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
The anterior fibers of the deltoid ____.
Flex the arm at shoulder
Of the deep posterior muscles of the forearm and from the posterior view of the forearm, which muscle is most lateral?
Flexi carpi ulnaris
What movement has occurred when you bend your fingers to make a fist?
Flexion
Which of the following is a true statement regarding gliding movements?
Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
Which is not part of synovial joint
Tendon sheath
What is the significance of the muscle fiber triad relationship?
The T tubules conduct electrical impulses that stimulate calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Which of the following is a true statement?
The anular ligament surrounds the head of the radius.
Which of the following muscles inserts by calcaneal tendon?
The gastrocnemius
What would be the first response of a muscle fiber treated with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor?
The muscle fiber would continue to contract in the absence of additional nervous system stimulation.
Three discrete types of muscle fibers are identified on the basis of their size, speed, and endurance. Which of the following athletic endeavors best represents the use of red fibers?
a long, relaxing swim
Most skeletal muscles contain ____________.
a mixture of fibre types
The term aponeurosis refers to
a sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element
Muscle tone is ________.
a state of sustained partial contraction
The main effect of the warm-up period of athletes, as the muscle contractions increase in strength, is to ________.
enhance the availability of calcium and the efficiency of enzyme systems
The ligamentum teres represents a very important stabilizing ligament for the hip joint. True or False
false
The only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae is flexion. True or False
false
The wrist joint can exhibit adduction and eversion movements. True or False
false
True/False: Abduction of the hip requires the same muscles regardless of the hip position (flexed or non-flexed).
false
True/False: Both adduction and abduction require the deltoid muscle for action.
false
True/False: Both the teres minor and the teres major muscles act on the humerus.
false
True/False: Keeping the humeral head centered within the glenoid cavity requires that the muscle and the head of the humerus be kept in separate planes.
false
True/False: The forearm muscles can be divided into anterior flexors and posterior extensors, but only the anterior flexors contain a superficial and a deep layer.
false
True/False: The posterior compartment of muscles that act on the ankle and foot contains deep leg muscles only.
false
True/False: The primary function of the pectoral girdle is to provide the only connection between the arm and the axial skeleton.
false
True/False: The rotator cuff is a term used to describe the group of muscles and tendons that stabilize and reinforce the pectoral girdle.
false
True/False: The rotator cuff muscles are not considered part of the shoulder joint.
false
True/False: The teres major muscle is one of the two posterior muscles that cross the glenohumeral joint.
false
True/False: The three gluteal muscles, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius and gluteus maximus, are considered lateral rotators.
false
True/False: The various muscles of the leg that act on the ankle and foot are found within two compartments.
false
True/False: Wrist abduction occurs through the flexor carpi ulnaris while wrist adduction is a function of the flexor carpi radialis.
false
Sprinters typically possess more ______ muscle fibers.
fast oxidative
The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________.
feet
Vastus lateralis is a member of the quadriceps femoris group and is innervated by the ____ nerve.
femoral
The lateral compartment of muscles that act on the ankle and foot contains the _____________.
fibularis brevis muscle, fibularis longus muscle (not fibularis tertius)
The deep posterior compartment does not contain the _____________.
fibularis longus
The _____________ muscle inserts on metatarsal 5.
fibularis tertius
What muscle is responsible for keeping your toes from dragging when walking?
fibularis tertius
Scissors demonstrate which type of lever?
first-class lever
When the hip is already flexed, abduction requires the addition of _____________ more muscle(s).
five
Biceps brachii ____ and supinates the forearm.
flexes
Flexor digitorum longus ____.
flexes all joints of digits 2-5
A reduction in the anterior angle of the glenohumeral joint in relation to the anatomical position would be _____________.
flexion
Movement at the elbow joint is summarized as _____________.
flexion and extension
Muscles that act on the knee joint exhibit two actions _____________.
flexion and extension
Brachioradialis is a(n) ____ of the forearm.
flexor
Finger flexion is NOT a function of the _____________.
flexor carpi radialis
The prime movers of wrist flexion are the _____________.
flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, and flexor digitorum superficialis
the superficial anterior flexor muscles consist of all of the following except _____________.
flexor polices longus
Of the following muscles of the wrist and fingers, which muscle is considered a deep anterior flexor?
flexor pollicis longus
Flexor carpi radialis arises from the common ____.
flexor tendon of the humerus
Brachialis is a flexor of the ____.
forearm
A major cellular feature in smooth muscle that contributes to its rhythmicity and ability to participate in peristalsis is the presenceof ______.
gap junctions
Identify the superficial posterior muscle that acts on the ankle and foot from the following:
gastrocnemius
The ______ muscles comprise the triceps surae that inserts onto the calcaneal tendon and are prime movers of plantar flexion.
gastrocnemius and soleus
A cute, little curly haired child is sitting behind you in church. You turn around for a moment and she sticks her tongue out at you. Which tongue muscle did she use?
genioglossus
An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATPs per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is ________.
glycolysis
A fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a ________ joint.
gomphosis
Which of the following is not a member of the hamstrings?
gracilis
All muscles termed the lateral rotators insert on or near the ______________ trochanter of the femur.
greater
Trapezius acts on the ____.
head, neck, and scapula
Rectus femoris acts on both the ____
hip and knee
The tendons of all four muscles of the rotator cuff combine at the _____________.
humoral head
In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________.
hyaline cartilage
Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________.
hyperextension
The prime movers of hip flexion are the _____________.
ilicus muscle, psoas major muscle
Which of the following is NOT considered a medial muscle?
iliopsoas
First-class levers ________.
in the body can operate at a mechanical advantage or mechanical disadvantage, depending on specific location
Which of the following is not a usual result of resistance exercise?
increase in the number of muscle cells
What is the primary function of wave summation?
increase muscle tension
Which of the choices below does not describe how recovery oxygen uptake (oxygen deficit) restores metabolic conditions?
increases the level of lactic acid in the muscle
The strongest muscle contraction are normally achieved by
increasing the stimulation up to maximal stimulus
A muscle located on the dorsal side of the body is the ________.
infraspinatus
Fatigue muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of
intense exercise of short duration
To exhale forcibly, one would contract the:
internal intercostals and diaphragm.
All of the following are synovial joints except ______.
intervertebral
Medial rotation represents this movement of the hip:
inward, towards the center
The popliteus muscle is included as a knee flexor because _____________.
it unlocks the knee to allow flexion to occur
______ serve as a fulcrum on your body.
joints
The most important function of the rotator cuff muscles is to _____________.
keep the hemural head within the glenoidal cavity
The time period between action potential initiation and mechanical activity of a muscle fiber is called the ______.
latent period
The biceps femoris is the ____ member of the group of muscles known as the hamstrings.
lateral
The knee joint is most susceptible to injury when ______ blows are applied to the knee.
lateral
Extracapsular ligaments stabilizing the knee include ________.
lateral and medial collateral ligaments preventing lateral or medial angular movements
Acting unilaterally, the external oblique muscles ____.
laterally flex and rotate the vertebral column
A muscle that is antagonistic to the pectoralis major would be the ______.
latissimus dorsi
The larger of the axial muscles, both anterior and posterior, that cross the glenohumeral joint is the _____________.
latissimus dorsi
The posterior axial muscle that crosses the glenohumeral joint is the _____________ muscle.
latissimus dorsi
Vastus medialis extends the ____.
leg at the knee
The four muscles that comprise the posterior group of the pectoral girdle are the _____________.
levator scapulae, rhomboideus minor, rhomboideus major and trapezius
If a lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage, it means that the ________.
load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applies near the fulcrom
The most common form of chronic arthritis is ______.
osteoarthritis
Which of the following conditions is generally considered a noninflammatory type of arthritis?
osteoarthritis
The anterior axial muscle that crosses the glenohumeral joint is the pectoralis major muscle.
pectoralis major
Anterior muscles of the pectoral girdle include the _____________.pectoralis minor &
pectoralis minor & serratus anterior
Forearm supination is the result of the __________, but is assisted by the ____________.
supinator muscle, biceps brachii muscle
Downward dislocation of the humerus from the glenohumeral joint when carrying weight is prevented by the _____________ muscle.
supraspinatus
Fibrous joints are classified as ________.
sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
A fibrous joint connected by ligaments is classified as a ______.
syndesmosis
Extension of the glenohumeral joint results from the contraction of one synergist, the _____________.
teres major
The posterior scapular muscle that crosses the glenohumeral joint is the _____________ muscle(s).
teres major
Which muscle is not considered a prime mover of the shoulder joint?
teres major
Which of the following muscles would not be considered part of the rotator cuff?
teres major
During a muscle contraction, the sliding filament theory would be apparent in a sarcomere because ______.
the H zone becomes less obvious and the Z discs move closer together
The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle in that ________.
the site of calcium regulation differs
A muscle that allows us to shrug our shoulders is the ______.
trapezius
The warm-up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called
treppe
The amount of movement permitted by a particular joint is the basis for the functional classification of joints. True or False
true
The articular surfaces of synovial joints play a minimal role in joint stability. True or False
true
The gripping of the trochlea by the trochlear notch constitutes the "hinge" for the elbow joint. True or False
true
The major role of ligaments at synovial joints is to help direct movement and restrict undesirable movement. True or False
true
The structural classification of joints is based on the composition of the binding material and the presence or absence of a joint cavity. True or False
true
True/False: All muscles of the anterior compartment that act on the ankle and foot show origin sites on the interosseous membrane.
true
True/False: Ankle joint movements include plantar flexion and dorsiflexion.
true
True/False: Contraction of the pronator teres and the pronator quadratus results in forearm pronation.
true
True/False: Finger flexion occurs though the combined actions of the flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and flexor digitorum superficialis.
true
True/False: Muscle of extension for the forearm is located posteriorly.
true
True/False: Muscles that act on the knee joint from most of the mass of the thigh.
true
True/False: The anconeus muscle is the smallest of the posterior extensors.
true
True/False: The iliacus and psoas major are known as the iliopsoas muscle because they share a common insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur.
true
True/False: The inflammation that can occur within the flexor retinaculum is called carpal tunnel syndrome.
true
True/False: The longest muscle of the medial muscles that cross the hip is the gracilis.
true
True/False: The muscles of the lower limb, as a group, are the largest muscles in the body.
true
True/False: The rotator cuff muscles act to stabilize the humerus.
true
True/False: The superficial posterior extensors include the extensor digitorum.
true
True/False: The teres minor muscle provides for external rotation of the humerus.
true
Hinge joints are classified as ______.
uniaxial
Movement allowed in a pivot joint is known as ________.
uniaxial rotation
The extensor digitorum longus has which type of fascicle arrangement?
unipennate
Electrical coupling by gap junctions is present in ______.
unitary smooth muscle
A single contraction in response to a single threshold stimulus is defined as _________.
a twitch
After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction?
acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh
Which of the following statements defines synchondroses?
cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of bones
Which joint in your body is the most easily dislocated?
Temporomandibular
The serratus anterior muscle is associated with which of the following scapular movement(s)?
protraction and depression
Articular cartilage found at the ends of long bones serves to
provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
Biting into food involves which of the following types of movement?
Depression and elevation
The action that moves the scapula towards the head is called _____________.
elevation
Without lateral rotation of the humerus by the teres minor and infraspinatus muscles, the maximum angle of abduction would be _____________.
90 degree
Rank the medial muscles that cross the hip by point of insertion from lateral to medial: (1) adductor magnus, (2) pectineus, (3) adductor brevis, (4) adductor longus, (5) gracilis.
2,1,3,4,5 Pectineus, Adductor Magnus, Adductor Brevis, Adductor Longus, Gracilis.
The giant protein titin maintains the organization of the ________ assisting in muscle stretching.
A band
Thick filaments are found in the _______ of the sarcomere.
A band
What substance must bind to myosin heads in order for the heads to detach from the thin filaments?
ATP
What is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal plane called?
Abduction
How does calcium reenter the terminal cisterns after muscle contraction is finished?
Active transport
Which of the following muscles is a flexor of the thigh?
Adductor magnus
______ is the length of time a muscle can continue to contract using aerobic pathways.
Aerobic endurance
What do the genioglossus, hyoglossus, and styloglossus muscles have in common?
All act on the tongue
In the classification of joints, which of the following is true?
All synovial joints are freely movable
Articulation permitting only slight degree of movement are
Amphiarthroses
These are the most freely movable type of synovial joint.
Ball and socket
What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?
Binding to regulatory sites on troponin to remove contraction inhibition
Tennis players often complain about pain in the arm (forearm) that swings the racquet. What muscle is usually strained under these conditions?
Brachioradialis
Which of the following is not a factor that stabilizes joints?
Bursae
Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?
endomysium
Excitation-contraction coupling requires which of the following substances
Ca2+ and ATP
Which ion links excitation to contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber?
Calcium
What is calcium's function during muscle contraction?
Calcium binds to troponin, changing its shape and removing the blocking action of tropomyosin
What is the role of calcium ions in the contraction of skeletal muscle?
Calcium ions bind to the troponin-tropomyosin complex and remove their inhibitory action on actin/myosin interaction.
Calcium binds to this substance in smooth muscle contraction.
Calmodulin
Which of the following statements is false or incorrect?
Cardiac muscle fibers depend mostly on anaerobic cellular respiration to generate ATP.
Saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. Identify the saddle joint of the skeleton.
Carpometacarpal joint of the thummp
Which of the following is true about smooth muscle contraction?
Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers.
The levator ani and ______ muscles form the pelvic diaphragm.
Coccygeus
Paralysis of which of the following muscles will make an individual unable to flex the knee?
Hamstring muscle
Which of the following is a characteristic of slow oxidative muscle fibers?
High myoglobin content
This type of synovial joint is used when you bend your fingertips to hang onto a cliff.
Hinge
Presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint?
Hinge joint
Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the thigh?
Iliopsoas and rectus femoris
Which muscle is are contracted to exhale forcibly?
Internal intercostals and rectus abdominus
What would happen to intracellular calcium levels if a skeletal muscle fiber were treated with a calcium channel-blocking drug that acts only on the SR?
Intracellular calcium levels would increase.
Synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. Which of the followingstatements is true about this fluid?
It contains hyaluronic acid.
Which of the following is a correct statement about development of joints?
Joints develop in parallel with bones.
in symphysis
Joints of the articular surface of the bones are covered with fibrocartilage
Which body joint is the most susceptible to sports injuries?
Knee
Which of the following is not a fatigue-producing factor in moderate exercise?
Lack of ATP
During vigorous exercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________.
Lactic acid
Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period during which the events of excitation-contraction coupling occur.
Latent
Which of the following is not muscle primarily involved in breathing process
Latissimus dorsi
Which of the following is not a rotator cuff muscle
Levator scapulae
Contraction of which sheet of smooth muscle results in dilation?
Longitudinal layer
The subscapularis muscles ____ the arms.
Medially rotate
Which is not a factor that affects the force of muscle contraction?
Method of muscle stimulation
Which of the following statements is most accurate?
Muscle tension remains relatively constant during isotonic contraction.
What provides the effort in the lever system in a human body?
Muscles
The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cell is
Myoglobin
Which of the following statements is true?
None of the above statements are true.
Which muscle is the prime mover for flexion of the arm?
Pectoralis major
Which fascicular arrangement tends to be found in the most powerful muscles?
Pennate
The proximal ends of the radius and ulna form which type of joint?
Pivot
The carpals form this type of joint with each other.
Plane
Pointing your toes downward is described as which type of movement?
Plantar flexion
Pointing the toes is an example of?
Plantar flexion.
Which of the following muscles does not act in plantar flexion?
Popliteus
Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are ________.
Rare because of the ligament reinforcement.
What type of exercise can convert fast oxidative fibers to fast glycolytic fibers?
Resistance exercise
What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle called?
Sarcomere
In which class of levers is the load between the fulcrum and the effort?
Second Class
What are menisci?
Semilunar cartilage pats.
Muscle that is the Prime mover to protract and hold the scapula against the chest wall; rotates scapula so that its inferior angle moves laterally and upward.
Serratus anterior
The tendon of the long head of the biceps strengthens which joint?
Shoulder
An amphiarthrotic joint exhibits which level of movement?
Slightly movable
When you lie on your back, your ______ muscles contract to lift your head.
Sternocleidomastoid
What unique characteristic of smooth muscle allows your stomach to stretch as you eat and not contract immediately to expel food?
Stress-relaxation response
Which of the following is not a component of standard treatment for muscle strain
Stretching of the muscle
Which of the following statements is true?
Striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei.
Of the following types of joints, which type occurs only in the skull?
Suture
Which of the following is an example of a synarthrosis?
Suture
Which of the following forms of exercise is best for joints?
Swimming
A joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement.
Symphysis
When someone has "slipped a disc" of the vertebral column, which type of joint is disrupted?
Symphysis
Which of the following is a cartilaginous joint?
Symphysis
________ are cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses
Which of the following joints is a site of long bone growth?
Synchondrosis
On the basis of structural classification which joint is fibrous connective tissue?
Syndesmoses
Which of the following synovial joint components is responsible for secreting synovial fluid?
Synovial membrane
Which of the following statements is true regarding muscles of the forearm?
The pronator quadratus muscle originates on the ulna and inserts on the radius.
An example of interosseous fibrous
The radius and ulna along its length.
Which of the following muscles in involved in crossing one leg over the other while in sitting position
The sartorius
Saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. Name the two bones of the hand that articulate to form a saddle joint.
The trapezium of the carpal bone and the thumb's metacarpal.
What is the functional role of the T tubules?
enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction
Which of the following statement best describes angular movemetns?
They change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones.
What is the function of T tubules?
They conduct action potentials from the sarcolemma to the interior of the muscle cell.
Which of the following describes the cells of single-unit visceral muscle?
They exhibit spontaneous action potentials.
Which muscle group is involved when a "pulled groin" occurs?
Thigh adductors
Flexing the forearm with the biceps brachii is an example of which class of lever system?
Third class
Which of the following muscles is involved in inversion of the ankle joint?
Tibialis anterior
The thin filaments are not comprised of which of the following components?
Titin
The elastic components of muscle consist of which elements?
Titin, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
One tranverse tubule plus two adjacent terminal cisternae form a ___________.
Triad
What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles?
Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules
Theoretically, contraction would not occur if _______.
Z discs contact the thick myofilaments & actin and myosin filaments do not overlap
This muscle is the primary muscle used in smiling.
Zygomaticus
Supraspinatus acts with the deltoid to ____ the arm.
abduct
Movement of the shoulder away and laterally from the body is called _____________.
abduction
The principal neurotransmitter of skeletal muscle is acetylcholine. The major neurotransmitter(s) of smooth muscleis (are) _______.
acetylcholine, epinephrine & norepinephrine
Tendon sheaths
act as friction-reducing structures
The sliding filament model of contraction involves ________.
actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping
During muscle contraction myosin cross bridges attache to which actives sites?
actin filaments
Which of the following is not a role of ionic calcium in muscle contraction?
activates epinephrine released from adrenal gland
The internal intercostal muscles are used during ____.
active expiration
Pectineus is a hip ____.
adductor
The primary mover of hip adduction is the _____________.
adductor Magnus
Flexor carpi ulnaris flexes and ____ the wrist.
adducts
Extensor hallucis longus extends ____.
all joints of the big toe
Calcium is released from the terminal cisterns in response to ______.
an action potential
What is a muscle that provides the major force for producing movement called
an agonist
A muscle that opposes, or reverses, a particular movement is a(n) ________.
antagonist
The supinator muscle supinates the forearm such that the palm turns ____.
anterior
Muscles that act on the knee are divided into _____________ groups.
anterior and posterior
The deep fascia separates the lower leg muscles into a(n) _____________.
anterior compartment, lateral compartment, posterior compartment
The muscles of the shoulder joint are divided into all of the following groups except the:
anterior flexors
Muscles of the lower limb can be separated into three groups: _____________.
anterior, medial, posterior
Which ligament holds the radius to the ulna at the proximal end?
anular
A sheetlike extension of the epimysium is called a(n) ______.
aponeurosis
The suprahyoid muscles ________.
are a group of muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the oral cavity
The muscles of the leg that control ankle and foot movement are called extrinsic because they _____________.
are located in the leg but exert actions in the ankle and foot
The site where two or more bones meet is called a(n) ______.
articulation site
Hyperextension of the elbow would result in damage to the _____________.
biceps brachii
The hamstring muscle(s) consist of the _____________.
biceps femurs, semimembranosis, semitendinosis
At the neuromuscular junction, the muscle contraction initiation event is ______.
binding of acetylcholine to membrane receptors on the sarcolemma
The most powerful muscle of the flexors is the _____________.
brachalis
A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that adults also use for whistling called the ________.
buccinator
Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where friction develop are
bursae
Much of the friction associated with synovial joints is reduced by the presence of ______.
bursae
The soleus muscle inserts on the _____________.
calcaneus
During muscle contraction, all of the following occur EXCEPT ________.
calcium concentrations in the sarcoplasm decrease
A major difference between smooth muscle fibers and skeletal muscle fibers in terms of calcium influx is that ______.
calcium ion influx occurs mostly from the extracellular fluid in smooth muscle
As action potentials travel down a T tubule, a voltage-sensitive protein changes shape. This shape change opens a ____________.
calcium release channel
In an isotonic contraction, the muscle ________.
changes in length and moves the "load"
Which of the following is not a way muscle contractions can be graded?
changing the type of muscle fibers involved in the contraction
The muscles that are found at openings of the body are collectively called
circular muscles
The components of the pectoral girdle include _____________.
clavicle and scapula
Temporalis, along with the masseter, ____.
closes the jaw
Orbicularis oris ________.
closes, purses and protrudes the lips
Which of the following does not compress the abdomen?
coccygeus
The anterior scapular muscles include the _____________ muscle(s).
coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and deltoid
The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit themovement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________.
cruciate ligaments
During exercise, the _____________ aids venous return of the blood.
deep fascia
The muscle that mey extend and laterally rotate the arm
deltoid
The prime mover in abduction of the arm is the ______.
deltoid
Which of the following muscles is involved in abduction?
deltoid
The prime movers of glenohumeral joint flexion are the _____________ muscles.
deltoid and the pectoralis major
Smooth muscle contains ______ that correspond to the Z discs of skeletal muscle.
dense bodies
In a muscle fiber, the key intracellular event that stimulates muscle contraction is known as ______.
depolarization
The ______ is (are) the most important muscle(s) for inspiratory breathing.
diaphragm
The hip joint is an example of a(n) ______.
diarthrosis
All synovial joints are ______.
diarthrotic
The first thing that occurs when the axon terminal releases ACh is ________.
diffusion across the synaptic cleft
Flexor hallucis longus acts on ____.
digit 1 of the foot
Muscles of the shoulder can be divided into three separate groups based on _____________ relationships.
distribution and functional
Tibialis anterior ____.
dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle and flexes the interphalangeal joints of digits 2-5
The latissimus dorsi ____ the arm at the shoulder.
extends
The extensor carpi radialis brevis ________.
extends and abducts the wrist and is short
Spinalis thoracis is a major ____of the vertebral column in the thoracic area.
extensor
The prime mover of wrist extension is _____________.
extensor digitorum
The tendons of the ____________ can be easily seen on the back of the hand when the fingers are extended.
extensor digitorum
The anterior compartment contains the _____________
extensor digitorum longus muscle and the extensor hallucis longus muscle
Gluteus maximus is a powerful ____.
extensor of the thigh at the hip
Extensor carpi ulnaris arises from the common ____.
extensor tendon of the humerus
A person who has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis would be suffering loss of the synovial fluids. True or False
false
Cruciate ligaments are important ligaments that stabilize all ball-and-socket joints. True or False
false
Hinge joints permit movement in only two planes. True or False
false
Symphyses are synarthrotic joints designed for strength with flexibility. True or False
false
Which of the following is a factor that affects the velocity and duration of musclecontraction?
load on the fiber
The ______ the ligament fibers of a syndesmoses, the ______ the degree of movement.
longer; greater
Isometric contractions come into play when an individual is ________.
maintaining an upright posture
Football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. which of the ligaments is/are damage as a result?
medial collateral, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate
Adductor magnus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis are parts of a large muscle mass of the ________.
medial compartment of the thigh
As an axon enters a muscle, it branches into a number of axon terminals, each of which makes contact with a single muscle fiber. The portion of the sarcolemma in contact with the axon terminals is called the ________.
motor end plate
What part of the sarcolemma contains acetylcholine receptors?
motor end plate
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for muscle contractions?
motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments
Which of the following would be recruited later in muscle stimulation when contractile strength increases?
motor units with larger, less excitable neurons
The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint.
multiaxial
The greatest degree of motion that synovial joints display is described as ______.
multiaxial movement
What controls the force of muscle contraction?
multimotor unit summation
Smooth muscles that act like skeletal muscles but are controlled by autonomic nerves and hormones are
multiunit muscles
Of the following muscle types, which has only one nucleus, no sarcomeres, and rare gap junctions?
multiunit smooth muscle
The force exerted by a contracting muscle is _______.
muscle tension
In a pennate muscle pattern ________.
muscles look like a feather
The contractile units of skeletal muscle are
myofibriles
Rigor mortis occurs because____________.
no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules
Hypothetically, if a muscle were stretched to the point where thick and thin filaments no longer overlapped, ________.
no muscle tension could be generated
Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to keeping the articular surfaces of diarthroses in contact?
number of bones in the joint
Synarthrotic joints ________.
permit essentially no movement
The gliding motion of the wrist is accomplished because of the ________ joint.
plane
Soleus ____.
plantar flexes foot
The most powerful movement of the ankle is _____________.
plantar flexion
The smallest of the posterior or flexor muscles of the thigh is the _____________. (Bad question, and incorrect answer, slide 263)
popliteus (This is incorrect. Popliteus does not flex the thigh, p 373)
Levers that operate at a mechanical advantage are called ______ levers.
power
The cruciate ligament of the knee
prevent hyperextension of the knee
Movement of the forearm is summarized as _____________.
pronation and supination
The prime mover of pronation is the ______.
pronator quadratus
Muscles of the forearm that function in pronation and supination are the _____________.
pronator quadratus, pronator teres, and supinator
The most powerful muscle in the body is
quadriceps femoris
The interosseous membrane is located between the _____________.
radius and ulna
Skeletal muscle contractions increase in strength due to ______.
recruitment of motor units
Which of the following muscles fixes an represses the ribs and stabilized the pelvis during walking
rectus abdominus
When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods?
refractory period
The major function of the sacrcoplasmic reticulum in the muscle contraction is to ______.
regulate intracellular calcium concentrations
At the neuromuscular junction, calcium ions act to ________.
release synaptic vesicles from the axon terminal
Serratus anterior arises from ____.
ribs 1 through 8
Acting unilaterally, the internal oblique muscle laterally flexes and ____ the vertebral column.
rotates
The rotator cuff muscles provide what type of movement?
rotational
The muscle cell membrane is called the ________.
sarcolemma
When a muscle cell is at rest, most of the intracellular calcium is found stored in the _________.
sarcoplasmic reticulum
The four heads of the quadriceps femoris muscle include all of the following except the _____________. vastus medialisvastus lateralisvastus intermediusrectus femorissartorius
sartorius
The longest muscle in the body is the _____________.
sartorius
Rhomboid major acts on the ____.
scapula
Injured cardiac muscle is repaired mostlyas _________.
scar tissue
Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________.
secretion
The ______ muscles are antagonistic to each other when moving the scapula forward and backward.
serratus anterior and trapezius
Lateral rotation of the scapula results from the contraction of _____________ and _____________ muscles.
serratus anterior, trapezius
Medial rotation results from the combined actions of ___________ muscles.
seven
To allow movement of the tendons within the carpal tunnel zone, each tendon is enclosed in a _____________.
sheath
An injury common to baseball players is a torn rotator cuff. This collection of muscles and tendons is associated with the________ joint.
shoulder
The most flexible joint in the body is the_____________.
shoulder
Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate
smooth
During depolarization, the sarcolemma is most permeable to ______.
sodium ions
The most common joint injuries include ________.
sprains and dislocations
The main action of tensor fasciae latae is to ____.
stabilize the hip and knee joints
Spasms of this straplike muscle often result in wryneck or torticollis.
sternocleidomastoid
Myoglobin __________.
stores oxygen in muscle cells
Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________.
storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP
In contrast to the upper limb, muscles of the lower limb are adapted more for _____________.
strength then precision
What is the most distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue?
the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy
What produces the striations of a skeletal muscle cell?
the arrangement of myofilaments
What does oxygen deficit represent?
the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic muscle activity and the amount actually used
What is the major factor controlling how levers work?
the difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum
What is the major factor controlling the manner in which levers work?
the difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum
With regard to muscle fiber arrangement in a pennate muscle
the fascicles are short and attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of a muscle
To produce horizontal wrinkles in the forehead, which of the following muscles is involved?
the frontal belly of the epicranius
The muscles that move the fingers and wrist located in the forearm allow _____________.
the hand to maintain fine motor control and strength without the interference of the bulky muscles
The angle of the subscapularis muscle prevents _____________.
the hemural head from sliding upwards out of the joint as the arm is raised
Multiaxial joints of the body include ________.
the hip and shoulder
When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscleʹs name, you can assume that ________.
the muscle has two, three, or four origins respectively
Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped?
the patellar ligament
Which group of muscles flexes and rotates the neck?
the scalenes
What is the main factor that determines the power of a muscle?
the total number of muscle cells available for contraction
What primarily determines the power of a muscle?
the total number of muscle cells available for contraction
Which of these is not a way of classifying muscles?
the type of muscle fibers
Which of the following muscles serves as a common intramuscular injection site, particularly in infants?
the vastus lateralis
Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except ________.
there are more thick filaments than thin filaments
Which of the following statements is true regarding the total number of skeletal muscles in the human body?
there are over 600 muscles in the body
Which of the following are composed of myosin?
thick filaments
During a muscle contraction, muscle fibers shorten when ________.
thin myofilaments are pulled toward the center of the sarcomere by the pivoting of the myosin heads
Most of the skeletal muscles in our bodies are part of ______ lever systems.
third-class
Levers that operate with great speed, and are always at a mechanical disadvantage, are the ______.
third-class levers
How many distinct sets of fibers compose the deltoid muscle?
three
The deep posterior extensors of the wrist and fingers are specific for the _____________.
thumb and index finger
The supraspinatus is named for its location on the posterior aspect of the scapular above the spine, what is the action?
to stabilize the shoulder joint and help prevent downward location of the humerus and assist in abduction.
In flexing the forearm at the elbow, the ________.
triceps brachii acts as antagonist
Calcium ions in the sarcoplasm will bind to ________.
troponin
A ball-and-socket joint is a multiaxial joint. True or False
true
A person who has been diagnosed with a sprained ankle has an injury to the ligaments that attach to that joint. True or False
true
Bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion. True or False
true
Flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin is called dorsiflexion. True or False
true
Movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the shoulder joint. True or False
true
Synovial fluid is a viscous material that is derived by filtration from blood. True of false.
true
Dorsiflexion is most important during _____________.
walking
Extensor carpi radialis brevis extends the ____.
wrist