Anatomy Exam 1
Scheuranmann's excess kyphosis
congenital condition abnormal growth of spine more common in males often surgical also common with scoliosis
intermediate intrinsic muscles of the back
erector spinae divided into 3 columns- spinalis (most medial), longissimus (middle column), and iliocostalis (most lateral) chief extensor of vertebral column local DPR supplies unilaterally- laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side bilaterally- extend the vertebral column
thoracic characteristics
facets are located on sides of the bodies and on transverse processes for articulation with ribs 1-10 slender spines project inferiorly articular processes are nearly vertical, in a transverse plan (for stability)
Deep
farther from the surface
superficial fascia
fat, blood vessels, and cutaneous nerves
intervertebral disc structure
fibrocartilage in between bodies of vertebrae (mobile) symphysis joint made up of annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
C2
axis dens/ odontoid process
Flexion
bending a joint, decreases the angle
subarachnoid space
between the arachnoid mater and Pia mater; primary area of CSF
Intermediate
between the superficial and deep structure
protection and covering of spinal cord
bone dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater epidural space subarachnoid space denticulate ligaments filum terminale CSF
osteoporosis-related excess kyphosis
bone shape is affected compression fractures in the vertebral body more common in women dowager hump
iatrogenic excess kyphosis
caused by some sort of medical procedure
Circumduction
circular movement of a limb at the far end
Superficial
nearer the surface
Inferomedial
nearer to the feet and closer to the median plane
abnormal curvatures of the spine
not normal to have curvatures from an anterior or posterior view scoliosis excess kyphosis excess lordosis
Unilateral
occurring on one side only (spleen)
Ipsilateral
occurring on same side of the body
Contralateral
occurring on the opposite side of the body
nutritional excess kyphosis
occurs when not receiving adequate nutrition, vitamin d deficiency
adult degenerative scoliosis
often a result of physical trauma ex. car accident especially a lateral blow, football players
Regional Anatomy
organization of the body into parts: head, neck, trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis, back), and paired upper and lower limbs surface anatomy is essential (provides knowledge or visible and palpable structures)
curvatures
primary- born with- thoracic and sacral (kyphosis) secondary- cervical and lumbar- happen with age (rooting and crawling) (Lordosis)
developmental dysplasia of the hip
problem during development after birth displaces head of the femur so ligaments do not form properly commonly caused by swaddling
transverse processes
project laterally from junction of lamina/pedicle, rib attachment in thoracic vertebrae
laminae
project obliquely from the pedicles to fuse with each other posteriorly
pedicles
project posteriorly from the body, location of vertebral notches/ intervertebral foramen
process
projecting spine-like part
protuberance
projection of bone
spinous process
projects posteriorly from junction of lamina, part we can palpate
Elevation
raising a body part
function of fascia
wrap, pack, and insulate deeper structures
bones of coccyx
1 originally 4 bones fused into one usually only distal 3 fuse non-mobile
bones of sacrum
1 originally 5 bones fused into one non-mobile
blood supply arteries
1 anterior spinal artery 2 posterior spinal artery
arachnoid mater
2nd layer
bones of thoracic
12 ribs attach to these least mobile
bones of lumbar
5 lower back much larger vertebral bodies
sacral characteristics
5 fused elements anterior and posterior foramina for exit of ventral and dorsal rami articulates with the ilium of the hip bones and is tightly attached by strong scar-iliac ligaments sacral hiatus
variation of bone
5% have more or fewer lumbarization- S1 not fused, so it looks like a sixth lumbar sacralization- L5 fused to sacrum
bones of cervical
7 includes atlas (C1) and axis (C2) smallest least weight-bearing highest mobility
rectus sheath
CT covering overlying and underlying rectus abdominis
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
Protraction
Moving a part forward
Protrusion
Moving a part of the body anteriorly (as in sticking the chin out)
Bilateral
Paired structures, one on each side (kidneys)
Extension
Straightening of a joint, increasing the angle
Superolateral
above and to the outside
traumatic excess kyphosis
accident that changes the shape of the vertebral body or disc structure
splenius action
acting alone- laterally flexes the neck and rotates the head to side of active muscles acting together- extend head and neck
interspinales action
aid in extension and rotation of vertebral column
Intertransversarii action
aid in lateral flexion of vertebral column; acting bilaterally, stabilize vertebral column
herniated disc
annulus has failed to hold nucleus in place all cartilage fibers have torn much less likely after 45 common with brushing teeth more severe than bulging disc
discitis
antalgic posture- leaning in a way to avoid pain
spondylolisthesis
anterior slippage of a vertebrae (usually L4 or L5) congenital or trauma related very common in football players and eskimos
white matter in cross section
anterior/lateral/posterior funiculi anterior median fissure posterior median sulcus fasciculus= tract= ascending (sensory up) or descending (motor down)
tendons
aponeurosis rectus sheath linea alba
C1
atlas wide open ring no vertebral body side portions are weight bearing no spinous process
intrinsic muscles of the back
attach to and move the vertebral column 3 layers- superficial, intermediate, deep (major and minor) suppled by local DPR enclosed within the thoracolumbar fascia functions: extend, rotate, flex vertebral column; act with opposing muscle group (abdominal muscles) for stability and maintenance of positions
congenital excess kyphosis
born with it developmental issue in utero often requires surgery
rotatores action
brevis and longus may function as organs of proprioception; possibly stabilize vertebrae and assist with local extension and rotatory movements of vertebral column
aponeurosis
broad, flat, thin tendon
function of spinal cord
continuation of the brain transit impulses to and from the brain process info without help from the brain in reflexes
neuromuscular excess kyphosis
could be related to ant neurological condition spinobifida
fascial planes
creates potential spaces, allows for surgical access without disturbing other areas
short bones
cuboidal only found in tarsus and carpus
degenerative excess kyphosis
degenerative arthritis affecting the bones and IV discs weight-bearing joints
Oblique Plane or Sections
do not align with the other planes
idiopathic scoliosis
do not know the cause most common type of scoliosis (almost 80%)
levatores costarum
elevates ribs, assisting respiration; assist with lateral flexion of vertebral column
epicondyle
eminence superior to condyle
Clinical (Applied) Anatomy
emphasizes aspects of the structure and function of the body important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and the allied health sciences; used both regional and systemic anatomy approaches
transversospinalis group
fill in groove between transverse process and spinous process a. semispinalis (transverse process to spinous process six up) b. multifidus (transverse process to spinous process three up) c. rotatores (ascend only one or two) supplied by local DPR
C7
first prominent palpable sinus process (vertebra prominens) is used as a landmark to identify vertebrae above and below
Palmar Surface
flat anterior respect of the hand, excluding five digits
Gray matter in cross section
gray commissure central canal ventral horn- anterior portion, motor, efferent dorsal horn- posterior, afferent, sensory lateral horn- integration center; small part that sticks out the sides
congenital scoliosis
happens during development in utero usually due to a malformation
irregular bones
have various shapes other than long, short, or flat ex. bones in the face
Anatomical Position
head, eyes, and toes directed anterior upper limbs by sides and palms facing anterior lower limbs close together with feet parallel and toes directed anterior
fossa
hollow or depressed area
excess kyphosis
hunchback exaggerated curvature in the thoracic spine types- postural, Scheurmann's, osteoporosis-related, congenital, degenerative, neuromuscular, nutritional, traumatic, iatrogenic
notch
indentation at the edge of a bone
Sole (plantar surface)
inferior aspect or bottom of foot
transversus abdominis muscle
innermost whole length of abdominal wall nerve- thoraco-abdominal nerve action- compress and supports the abdominal viscera
pia mater
innermost layer, attached to cord and brain, like shrink wrap, thin layer
internal oblique muscle
intermediate muscle nerve- thoraco-abdominal nerve action- flexion an rotation of the trunk
Retraction
moving a part backward
lumbar characteristics
large bodies large intervertebral foramen square spinous processes spinal taps anf anesthesia in between L2-3 or L3-4 L4- prominence at iliac crest articular processes are vertical, nearly in a sagittal plane
trochanter
large, blunt elevation
tuberosity
large, rounded elevation
scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine often there is a leg imbalance 7% of population most common in the thoracic vertebrae and in women types- congenital, neuromuscular, adult degenerative, idiopathic
linea alba
line straight down the middle; where all fibers come together an attach in the midline
line (linea)
linear elevation
aging with IV discs
lose turgor in disc (become dehydrated) cartilage stiffens
Retrusion
moving a part of the body posteriorly (as in tucking in the chin)
neuromuscular scoliosis
muscular dystrophy due to muscular imbalances polio cerebral palsy
Depression
lowering a body part
external oblique muscle
most superficial inguinal ligament is inferior border attaches to anterior superior iliac spine(ASIS) nerve- thoraco-abdominal nerve action- flex an rotate the trunk
Abbduction
move appendage away from middline
extrinsic muscles of the back
move upper limb and ribs (NOT vertebrae) include superficial and intermediate layers of back muscle all except trapezius are all supplied by nerves derived from the VPR
Transverse Plane
pass through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes; divide body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)
foramen
passage through a bone
filum terminale
peak point of conus medullaris
organization of nervous system
receptors -> PNS afferent (sensory) -> CNS -> PNS efferent (motor) -> effectors
crest
ridge of bone
condyle
rounded articular area
malleolus
rounded prominence
intermediate layer of extrinsic muscles of the back
serrates posterior inferior serrates posterior superior
intervertebral disc function
shock absorption and motion
Spinal cord description
slightly flattened cylinder with diameter varying at different levels extends from foramen magnum to LV1 LV2 or LV3 cord tapers as conus medullaris 2 enlargements- cervical (C4-T1) and lumbosacral (T11-S1) cauda equina- extension of spinal cord; horse-like tail
tubercle
small, raised eminence
facet
smooth, flat are, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone
erector spinae action
spinalis, longissimus, and ilocostalis muscles acting bilaterally- extend vertebral column and head; as back is flexed, control movement gradually lengthening their fibers unilaterally- laterally flex the vertebral column
superficial intrinsic muscles of back
splenius (capitis and crevicis) deep to the trapezius in the back of the neck from ligamentum niche and spinous processes to skull/transverse processes supplied by local DPR unilaterally- flex to the same side laterally at the neck bilateral- extend at the neck
Systemic Anatomy
study organized by organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions; no organ system functions in isolation
layers of fascia
superficial fascia deep fascia fascial planes
articular processes
superior and inferior form synovial joints between adjacent vertebrae articular surfaces (facets) are covered by hyaline cartilage and a capsule surrounds the joint
Dorsum
superior or dorsal surface of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body (foot, hand, penis, or tongue)
boundaries of anterolateral wall
superior- cartilage of ribs 7-10 and diploid process of sternum inferior- inguinal ligament, pelvic bones
segmental muscles / minor group
supplied by local DPR a. interspinales b. intertransversarii c. levatores costarum
lumbosacral plexus
supplies lower extremity and its girdle
cervical plexus
supplies neck and part of shoulder region
brachial plexus
supplies the upper extremity and its girdle
body of vertebrae
support weight, larger toward sacrum, most anterior portion of vertebrae
denticulate ligaments
suspend the cord, attachment on right and left side
excess lordosis
sway back or hollow back enhanced curvatures in the lumbar region causes- developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), increased weight in abdominal region, discitis, kyphosis (compensation), spondylolisthesis
dura mater
thick, outermost layer, tough
deep fascia
think, dense, connective tissue, no fat, runs parallel to skin, compartmentalization of muscles, envelopes muscles and neurovascular bundles
semispinalis action
thoracic, crevices, and capitis extends head and thoracic and cervical regions of vertebral column and rotates them contralaterally
fascia of the back
thoracolumbar fascia mid lower back girdle like structure of aponeurotic layer enveloping back muscles to help compartmentalize latissimus dorsi arises from this fascia
spine
thorn-like process
cervical characteristics
transverse foramen for transmission of the vertebral artery most have bifid spinous processes C7, C1, and C2 are special
deep intrinsic muscles of the back
transversospinalis group and segmental muscles/ minor group
superficial layer of extrinsic muscles of the back
trapezius latissimus dorsi rhomboid major rhomboid minor levator scapulae
coccygeal characteristics
triangular fusion with age provides ligament attachment and small amount of muscle attachment doesn't bear weight except when sitting
long bones
tubular structures humerus, phalanges, etc.
Pronation
turning the palm downward
Supination
turning the palm upward
multifidus action
unilateral contraction rotates to contralateral side; stabilizes vertebrae during local movements of vertebral column
blood supply veins
usually 3 anterior and 3 posterior
flat bones
usually serve got protection ex. cranial bones that protect brain
Median Plane
vertical plane passing longitudinally through the center of body; equal right and left
frontal (coronal) plane
vertical plane passing through the body at right angles to median planes; divide into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Sagittal Planes
vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane
rectus abdominis muscle
vertical strap- the whole structure rectus sheath tendinous intersections nerve- thoraco-abdominal nerve action- flexion of the trunk and tilt of the pelvis (antilordosis)
ligamentum nuchae
very large ligament (attaches bone to bone) between/covering spines of cervical vertebrae
