Anatomy Exam 1

Scheuranmann's excess kyphosis

congenital condition abnormal growth of spine more common in males often surgical also common with scoliosis

intermediate intrinsic muscles of the back

erector spinae divided into 3 columns- spinalis (most medial), longissimus (middle column), and iliocostalis (most lateral) chief extensor of vertebral column local DPR supplies unilaterally- laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side bilaterally- extend the vertebral column

thoracic characteristics

facets are located on sides of the bodies and on transverse processes for articulation with ribs 1-10 slender spines project inferiorly articular processes are nearly vertical, in a transverse plan (for stability)

Deep

farther from the surface

superficial fascia

fat, blood vessels, and cutaneous nerves

intervertebral disc structure

fibrocartilage in between bodies of vertebrae (mobile) symphysis joint made up of annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

C2

axis dens/ odontoid process

Flexion

bending a joint, decreases the angle

subarachnoid space

between the arachnoid mater and Pia mater; primary area of CSF

Intermediate

between the superficial and deep structure

protection and covering of spinal cord

bone dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater epidural space subarachnoid space denticulate ligaments filum terminale CSF

osteoporosis-related excess kyphosis

bone shape is affected compression fractures in the vertebral body more common in women dowager hump

iatrogenic excess kyphosis

caused by some sort of medical procedure

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

Superficial

nearer the surface

Inferomedial

nearer to the feet and closer to the median plane

abnormal curvatures of the spine

not normal to have curvatures from an anterior or posterior view scoliosis excess kyphosis excess lordosis

Unilateral

occurring on one side only (spleen)

Ipsilateral

occurring on same side of the body

Contralateral

occurring on the opposite side of the body

nutritional excess kyphosis

occurs when not receiving adequate nutrition, vitamin d deficiency

adult degenerative scoliosis

often a result of physical trauma ex. car accident especially a lateral blow, football players

Regional Anatomy

organization of the body into parts: head, neck, trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis, back), and paired upper and lower limbs surface anatomy is essential (provides knowledge or visible and palpable structures)

curvatures

primary- born with- thoracic and sacral (kyphosis) secondary- cervical and lumbar- happen with age (rooting and crawling) (Lordosis)

developmental dysplasia of the hip

problem during development after birth displaces head of the femur so ligaments do not form properly commonly caused by swaddling

transverse processes

project laterally from junction of lamina/pedicle, rib attachment in thoracic vertebrae

laminae

project obliquely from the pedicles to fuse with each other posteriorly

pedicles

project posteriorly from the body, location of vertebral notches/ intervertebral foramen

process

projecting spine-like part

protuberance

projection of bone

spinous process

projects posteriorly from junction of lamina, part we can palpate

Elevation

raising a body part

function of fascia

wrap, pack, and insulate deeper structures

bones of coccyx

1 originally 4 bones fused into one usually only distal 3 fuse non-mobile

bones of sacrum

1 originally 5 bones fused into one non-mobile

blood supply arteries

1 anterior spinal artery 2 posterior spinal artery

arachnoid mater

2nd layer

bones of thoracic

12 ribs attach to these least mobile

bones of lumbar

5 lower back much larger vertebral bodies

sacral characteristics

5 fused elements anterior and posterior foramina for exit of ventral and dorsal rami articulates with the ilium of the hip bones and is tightly attached by strong scar-iliac ligaments sacral hiatus

variation of bone

5% have more or fewer lumbarization- S1 not fused, so it looks like a sixth lumbar sacralization- L5 fused to sacrum

bones of cervical

7 includes atlas (C1) and axis (C2) smallest least weight-bearing highest mobility

rectus sheath

CT covering overlying and underlying rectus abdominis

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Protraction

Moving a part forward

Protrusion

Moving a part of the body anteriorly (as in sticking the chin out)

Bilateral

Paired structures, one on each side (kidneys)

Extension

Straightening of a joint, increasing the angle

Superolateral

above and to the outside

traumatic excess kyphosis

accident that changes the shape of the vertebral body or disc structure

splenius action

acting alone- laterally flexes the neck and rotates the head to side of active muscles acting together- extend head and neck

interspinales action

aid in extension and rotation of vertebral column

Intertransversarii action

aid in lateral flexion of vertebral column; acting bilaterally, stabilize vertebral column

herniated disc

annulus has failed to hold nucleus in place all cartilage fibers have torn much less likely after 45 common with brushing teeth more severe than bulging disc

discitis

antalgic posture- leaning in a way to avoid pain

spondylolisthesis

anterior slippage of a vertebrae (usually L4 or L5) congenital or trauma related very common in football players and eskimos

white matter in cross section

anterior/lateral/posterior funiculi anterior median fissure posterior median sulcus fasciculus= tract= ascending (sensory up) or descending (motor down)

tendons

aponeurosis rectus sheath linea alba

C1

atlas wide open ring no vertebral body side portions are weight bearing no spinous process

intrinsic muscles of the back

attach to and move the vertebral column 3 layers- superficial, intermediate, deep (major and minor) suppled by local DPR enclosed within the thoracolumbar fascia functions: extend, rotate, flex vertebral column; act with opposing muscle group (abdominal muscles) for stability and maintenance of positions

congenital excess kyphosis

born with it developmental issue in utero often requires surgery

rotatores action

brevis and longus may function as organs of proprioception; possibly stabilize vertebrae and assist with local extension and rotatory movements of vertebral column

aponeurosis

broad, flat, thin tendon

function of spinal cord

continuation of the brain transit impulses to and from the brain process info without help from the brain in reflexes

neuromuscular excess kyphosis

could be related to ant neurological condition spinobifida

fascial planes

creates potential spaces, allows for surgical access without disturbing other areas

short bones

cuboidal only found in tarsus and carpus

degenerative excess kyphosis

degenerative arthritis affecting the bones and IV discs weight-bearing joints

Oblique Plane or Sections

do not align with the other planes

idiopathic scoliosis

do not know the cause most common type of scoliosis (almost 80%)

levatores costarum

elevates ribs, assisting respiration; assist with lateral flexion of vertebral column

epicondyle

eminence superior to condyle

Clinical (Applied) Anatomy

emphasizes aspects of the structure and function of the body important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and the allied health sciences; used both regional and systemic anatomy approaches

transversospinalis group

fill in groove between transverse process and spinous process a. semispinalis (transverse process to spinous process six up) b. multifidus (transverse process to spinous process three up) c. rotatores (ascend only one or two) supplied by local DPR

C7

first prominent palpable sinus process (vertebra prominens) is used as a landmark to identify vertebrae above and below

Palmar Surface

flat anterior respect of the hand, excluding five digits

Gray matter in cross section

gray commissure central canal ventral horn- anterior portion, motor, efferent dorsal horn- posterior, afferent, sensory lateral horn- integration center; small part that sticks out the sides

congenital scoliosis

happens during development in utero usually due to a malformation

irregular bones

have various shapes other than long, short, or flat ex. bones in the face

Anatomical Position

head, eyes, and toes directed anterior upper limbs by sides and palms facing anterior lower limbs close together with feet parallel and toes directed anterior

fossa

hollow or depressed area

excess kyphosis

hunchback exaggerated curvature in the thoracic spine types- postural, Scheurmann's, osteoporosis-related, congenital, degenerative, neuromuscular, nutritional, traumatic, iatrogenic

notch

indentation at the edge of a bone

Sole (plantar surface)

inferior aspect or bottom of foot

transversus abdominis muscle

innermost whole length of abdominal wall nerve- thoraco-abdominal nerve action- compress and supports the abdominal viscera

pia mater

innermost layer, attached to cord and brain, like shrink wrap, thin layer

internal oblique muscle

intermediate muscle nerve- thoraco-abdominal nerve action- flexion an rotation of the trunk

Retraction

moving a part backward

lumbar characteristics

large bodies large intervertebral foramen square spinous processes spinal taps anf anesthesia in between L2-3 or L3-4 L4- prominence at iliac crest articular processes are vertical, nearly in a sagittal plane

trochanter

large, blunt elevation

tuberosity

large, rounded elevation

scoliosis

lateral curvature of the spine often there is a leg imbalance 7% of population most common in the thoracic vertebrae and in women types- congenital, neuromuscular, adult degenerative, idiopathic

linea alba

line straight down the middle; where all fibers come together an attach in the midline

line (linea)

linear elevation

aging with IV discs

lose turgor in disc (become dehydrated) cartilage stiffens

Retrusion

moving a part of the body posteriorly (as in tucking in the chin)

neuromuscular scoliosis

muscular dystrophy due to muscular imbalances polio cerebral palsy

Depression

lowering a body part

external oblique muscle

most superficial inguinal ligament is inferior border attaches to anterior superior iliac spine(ASIS) nerve- thoraco-abdominal nerve action- flex an rotate the trunk

Abbduction

move appendage away from middline

extrinsic muscles of the back

move upper limb and ribs (NOT vertebrae) include superficial and intermediate layers of back muscle all except trapezius are all supplied by nerves derived from the VPR

Transverse Plane

pass through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes; divide body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)

foramen

passage through a bone

filum terminale

peak point of conus medullaris

organization of nervous system

receptors -> PNS afferent (sensory) -> CNS -> PNS efferent (motor) -> effectors

crest

ridge of bone

condyle

rounded articular area

malleolus

rounded prominence

intermediate layer of extrinsic muscles of the back

serrates posterior inferior serrates posterior superior

intervertebral disc function

shock absorption and motion

Spinal cord description

slightly flattened cylinder with diameter varying at different levels extends from foramen magnum to LV1 LV2 or LV3 cord tapers as conus medullaris 2 enlargements- cervical (C4-T1) and lumbosacral (T11-S1) cauda equina- extension of spinal cord; horse-like tail

tubercle

small, raised eminence

facet

smooth, flat are, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone

erector spinae action

spinalis, longissimus, and ilocostalis muscles acting bilaterally- extend vertebral column and head; as back is flexed, control movement gradually lengthening their fibers unilaterally- laterally flex the vertebral column

superficial intrinsic muscles of back

splenius (capitis and crevicis) deep to the trapezius in the back of the neck from ligamentum niche and spinous processes to skull/transverse processes supplied by local DPR unilaterally- flex to the same side laterally at the neck bilateral- extend at the neck

Systemic Anatomy

study organized by organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions; no organ system functions in isolation

layers of fascia

superficial fascia deep fascia fascial planes

articular processes

superior and inferior form synovial joints between adjacent vertebrae articular surfaces (facets) are covered by hyaline cartilage and a capsule surrounds the joint

Dorsum

superior or dorsal surface of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body (foot, hand, penis, or tongue)

boundaries of anterolateral wall

superior- cartilage of ribs 7-10 and diploid process of sternum inferior- inguinal ligament, pelvic bones

segmental muscles / minor group

supplied by local DPR a. interspinales b. intertransversarii c. levatores costarum

lumbosacral plexus

supplies lower extremity and its girdle

cervical plexus

supplies neck and part of shoulder region

brachial plexus

supplies the upper extremity and its girdle

body of vertebrae

support weight, larger toward sacrum, most anterior portion of vertebrae

denticulate ligaments

suspend the cord, attachment on right and left side

excess lordosis

sway back or hollow back enhanced curvatures in the lumbar region causes- developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), increased weight in abdominal region, discitis, kyphosis (compensation), spondylolisthesis

dura mater

thick, outermost layer, tough

deep fascia

think, dense, connective tissue, no fat, runs parallel to skin, compartmentalization of muscles, envelopes muscles and neurovascular bundles

semispinalis action

thoracic, crevices, and capitis extends head and thoracic and cervical regions of vertebral column and rotates them contralaterally

fascia of the back

thoracolumbar fascia mid lower back girdle like structure of aponeurotic layer enveloping back muscles to help compartmentalize latissimus dorsi arises from this fascia

spine

thorn-like process

cervical characteristics

transverse foramen for transmission of the vertebral artery most have bifid spinous processes C7, C1, and C2 are special

deep intrinsic muscles of the back

transversospinalis group and segmental muscles/ minor group

superficial layer of extrinsic muscles of the back

trapezius latissimus dorsi rhomboid major rhomboid minor levator scapulae

coccygeal characteristics

triangular fusion with age provides ligament attachment and small amount of muscle attachment doesn't bear weight except when sitting

long bones

tubular structures humerus, phalanges, etc.

Pronation

turning the palm downward

Supination

turning the palm upward

multifidus action

unilateral contraction rotates to contralateral side; stabilizes vertebrae during local movements of vertebral column

blood supply veins

usually 3 anterior and 3 posterior

flat bones

usually serve got protection ex. cranial bones that protect brain

Median Plane

vertical plane passing longitudinally through the center of body; equal right and left

frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane passing through the body at right angles to median planes; divide into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

Sagittal Planes

vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane

rectus abdominis muscle

vertical strap- the whole structure rectus sheath tendinous intersections nerve- thoraco-abdominal nerve action- flexion of the trunk and tilt of the pelvis (antilordosis)

ligamentum nuchae

very large ligament (attaches bone to bone) between/covering spines of cervical vertebrae