6.1-6.2
Motivations for Imperialism
-Economic -Nationalism -Military -religious -exploratory -ideological
Ideological motive for imperialism
-Europe and US believed superior -The "white man's burden" is to bring civilization to others
Religious motive for imperialism
-Europe drives Christianity and missionaries -These ideas was that if they convert people to Christianity then they would be easier to take over
Military motive for imperialism
-Ex: The US wanting the philippines and they could protect there navy in the Pacific
Nationalism motive for imperialism
-French and Britain had nationalistic pride in their culture and language -It was the duty to bring culture everywhere
Economic motive for imperialism
-Industrial revolution mass producing (not by hand) which led to competition -They need new markets for manufacture goods -They need to find new colonies and new consumers
Exploratory motive for imperialism
-medicine to cure cholera -"Exoic" places have new medicine
How did the Monroe Doctrine give the US power in the Americas?
1823, James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine which stated that European nations should not intervene in the affairs of the countries in the Western Hemisphere. Essentially, the US wanted to be able to imperialize the Americas
By 1900 which countries were unclaimed by Europe? Why were they able to resist? Imperialism in South Asia
Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia) and Liberia, a country founded by formerly enslaved people from the US. Liberia was still dependent on the US and tied to US and when Italy tried to take over Abyssinia in 1895, the native forces were too strong
Ghana and the Gold Coast
Acquired parts on Ghana in stages Gold Coast--crown colony in 1874 Asante Empire (Under British control in 1901)
Taiping Rebellion
Began in 1850. Failed civil servant applicant, starving peasants, workers, and miners attempted to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. Qing enlisted the help of warlords, British and French and were able to stop the rebellion in 1864
Boxer Rebellion
Between 1899 and 1901, an anti imperialist group called the Boxers (martial arts), were attacking Chinese Christians and Western missionaries. Empress Cixi encouraged the boxers and in 1900 ordered that all foreigners be killed. Most of those who were killed were Chinese Christians, not foreigners.
What was the impact or result of the Boer Wars?
British eventually drove the Afrikaners and Africans from their lands and forced many of them into refugee camps. Settlements, which were segregated by race, came to be known as concentration camps. Conditions were terrible and many died. 15,000 Africans died.
Plague
Bubonic Plague broke out while China was dealing with the yellow river crisis and due to the Bubonic Plague, Yellow River Crisis, and Rebellion, more than 20 million people died
How did the US imperialize American lands?
By the 19th century, the US continued taking land from Indigenous people. Created the new Indian Territory of Oklahoma
China had a different experience than South Asia or Africa - describe how they were imperialized.
China's kept their own government, but had to deal with spheres of influence within China--Europeans had exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources in China
Lagos
Crown Colony (under the control of the British monarchy) in 1861 and helped annex (or bring in) Nigeria
The French in Southeast Asia
Defeated China in the Sino-French War of 1883-1885, France gained control of northern Vietnam. France then gained control of the modern day Laos and by the 1890's, France controlled Cambodia, Laos and all of modern day Vietnam. These countries became known as Indochina. Desired cash drops from here
Summarize the expansion of Russia - where did they go, when?
During her reign (1762-1796), Catherine the Great Annexed half of Poland from Ottoman Empire Grandson, Alexander I, annexed Finland, Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and part of Armenia during his reign (1815-1825)
What was the role of the East India Company?
East India Company eventually controlled the entirety of India (India is a subcontinent. Meaning a smaller landmass that juts out from a continent). EIC recruited Indian soldiers, called Sepoys, to join the British colonial army.
Where is Japan imperializing/setting up colonies? How could this help them successfully colonize further?
Established colonies in Mexico and Latin America Gain money from these colonies and create an empire in East Asia that included parts of China, Korea, and Southeast Asia
Sierra Leone
Established in 1787--Home for freed people from the British Empire who had previously been enslaved
Gambia
Established in 1816. Along with Sierra Leone, it was used as bases to try to stop the export of enslaved people from the region
European presence was specifically limited in Africa at first. Why did this change?
Europeans were, at the beginning, limited to just establishing trading posts in Africa. The French eventually seized (took) Algeria in 1830 and said they wanted to prevent pirate attacks on trade. This was essentially a way for France to gain more territory.
How did British rule impact Australia and New Zealand?
For decades, Australia's main purpose was to house convicts, but later they discovered they could get wool and copper from this colony. With this new discovery, in 1830, free settlers began to arrive. British then annexed the settler colony of New Zealand in 1839. Maori were guaranteed that their rights would be protected by British government, but war did break out. Sheep grazing and dairy farming provided the base of New Zealand's colony.
Summarize the presence of the French in Africa (by the way, a 'settler colony' is where a country sends its people to live there permanently rather than just temporarily).
French drove the Ottomans out of Algeria in 1830 and by 1870, Algeria became a settler colony for French immigrants. In 1870, the French also established trading posts in Guinea, the Ivory Coast, and Niger to compete with British West African colonies
List the locations of and impact on those imperialized overseas.
Hawaii became a US territory in 1900 after US planters overthrew the monarch After Americans won the Spanish American War in 1898, we gained Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines Eventually, the Roosevelt Corollary stated that if countries in Latin America demonstrated instability, the US would intervene. Opposite of the Monroe Doctrine
Describe the point of view of King Leopold toward imperialism based on the quote at the start of 6.2
He believes imperialism is dependent on the total submission and obedience of the indigenous people. He does not support educating the natives beyond basic skills because he does not want them to reason for themselves
Describe Leopold's treatment of the Congolese. What was the impact of his leadership?
He was horrible and ruthless to the Congolese. He forced them to harvest rubber and ivory and terrorized them into submission through torture. 8 million Congolese died under his leadership and in 1908, Belgium took over control of the Congo as a regular colony
The Dutch in Southeast Asia
In 1641, Dutch seized control of the Spice Islands (now part of Indonesia) Dutch East India Company took over the spice trade from the Portuguese When DEIC went bankrupt, the Dutch government took control of the Dutch East Indies and these islands produced cash crops to support the Dutch economy
The British in Southeast Asia
In 1824, British found the port of Singapore. Chinese immigrants soon made it the most important seaport in Southeast Asia. British then controlled all of the Malay Peninsula. By end of 19th century, Malaya was the world's greatest producer of natural rubber
Explain what led to the Boer War conflict. Why was there tension between these groups?
In the late 18th and early 19th century, British replaced the Dutch in the Cape Colony in the S. tip of Africa. British introduced the use of English but allowed people to use the Dutch language as well. Many Dutch-speaking Afrikaners (descendants of 17th century Dutch settlers) moved east of the Cape Colony and came into conflict with indigenous groups like the Zulus. British and Afrikaners continued to fight over land. Conflict resulted in the Boer Wars (1880-1881) (1899-1902).
Why did Japan end its isolation in 1853 - what impact did this have on the country?
Japan ended its isolation due to US pressure from naval ships to trade and in order to protect their culture. They were able to industrialize rapidly with the Meiji Restoration and began to look for new territorial gains
Why was King Leopold's rule of the Congo different or unique compared to other colonies?
King Leopold owned the colony personally instead of the Beligan government
Explain what happens at the Berlin Conference - who is involved? WHO ISN'T?
Otto von Bismarck of Germany wanted to keep the peace in Europe in the midst of the "scramble for Africa." Between 1884-1885, he hosted the Berlin Conference--a meeting of European powers to provide the "orderly" colonization of Africa. No Africans were invited to the conference
In general, summarize the relationship Europe had with Africa prior to this point
Relationship was essentially linked to the slave trade. Importation of slaves from Africa was made illegal by the 1800's, but Europeans continued to export guns, alcohol, and other manufactured goods to Africa and import African natural resources
What was the Great Game - explain Russia's role in it.
Russia continued to push into Central Asia in the 19th century leading to a rivalry with the British over dominance in Afghanistan. This was unsuccessful, but they were able to Annexed large portion of Manchuria from China
Siam
Siam (Modern Day Thailand) was not affected by 19th century European imperialism. Siam's monarchs handled diplomatic relations with the British and French and Siamese government instituted a series of modernizing reforms, like the Meiji Restoration. Country industrialized by setting up railroads and western styler schools in order to educate. (Reference map above for Thailand)
What items do Europeans want from South Asia? How does this lead to the Seven Years' War?
Spices and gems. France lost to Great Britain in the 7 years war and France was driven out of India due to this defeat. The British wanted more trading power in India with less competition from other European countries
What was the significance of the Suez canal - how did they build it? How did it impact Egypt?
Suez Canal provided Europe easier access to Asia so they would not have to go around the entire African continent. France managed the project and forced Egyptian laborers to work long hours and usually for no pay. Many of them died in the process. Egypt was impacted because when unrest started in the region, the British seized Egypt in order to protect their trading interests in the Suez Canal. The Ottomans lose Egypt to the British
Explain what the 'Scramble for Africa' was
Tension and competition started among industrialized European nations as they competed for natural resources in Africa. They were essentially scrambling to get a piece of the pie. Scrambling to get a piece of Africa. Many worried that this would led to war
Why did the British decide to colonize Australia?
They lost their American colonies and considered the possibility of establishing various kinds of settlements in Australia. Established a penal colony (prison colony). Prisoners and free settlers arrived in Australia in 1788.
How does Manifest Destiny connect to imperialism?
US believed it was a natural and inevitable right to expand to the Pacific Ocean. In order to achieve this goal, the US acquired territory, purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 and in 1869, we built a transcontinental railroad that connected eastern US to the west.
How does Britain expand its empire in West Africa?
Used both diplomacy and warfare Diplomacy--IN 1873--signed a treaty with King Jaja in present day Nigeria. Recognized him as the ruler and agreed to trade terms that were favorable to both sides. Wanted palm oil from this region Military--used overpowering military strength when competition became extreme among European powers and Africans resisted to give up land or trade
What three things is Britain bringing to these colonies
Western education, English language, and Christianity
Yellow River
While the rebellion was happening, their Yellow River changed course and flooded farmland in some areas and leaving others open to drought. Famine followed and many Chinese starved to death.