Anatomy Exam 4: Digestive System

A __________ is an enzyme that digests proteins.

Trypsin

Match each macromolecule below with the monomer(s) to which it is broken down by chemical digestion.

Amino Acids : Proteins Monosaccharides : Carbohydrates Monoglycerides and Fatty Acids : Fats Nucleotides : Nucleic Acid

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. Then, rearrange the sentences into a logical order of digestive processes.

1. A ZYMOGEN is an inactive or pro-enzyme that is only activated after it has been secreted and had some of its amine acids cleaved. 2. The chief cells of the stomach secrete PEPSINOGEN into the stomach lumen; which in the presence of HCl becomes PEPSIN, the active form of the enzyme. 3. The pancreas produces a number of zymogens that are released in the GI tract at the duodenum including procarboxypeptidase, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN, and trypsinogen. 4. After contacting the intestinal enzyme enteropeptidase, TRYPSINOGEN is converted into TRYPSIN. 5. Trypsin then works on converting both chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase into CHYMOTRYPSIN and carboxypeptidase, respectively.

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order to explain protein digestion and absorption.

1. Electrolytes : Salts, phosphate, and bicarbonate 2. Lingual Lipase : Disgests fats 3. Lysozyme : Kills bacteria 4. Mucus : Binds and lubricates the food bolus. 5. Salivary Amylase : Digests starch. 6. Immunoglobulin A : Antibacterial antibody.

Explaining the Production and Action of Pepsin. Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order.

1. In the gastric gland, the CHIEF cells secrete pepsinogen. 2. Also in the gastric gland, the parietal cells will secrete HCL 3. HCl will remove some amino acids from pepsinogen and turn it into PEPSIN 4. Pepsin will then be used in an AUTOCATALYTIC effect and aid in the conversation of more pepsinogen. 5. The build up of pepsin will then digest PROTEINS

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange the sentences to accurately describe the process of starch digestion from beginning to end.

1. The entire process of starch digestion begins in the MOUTH with amylase. 2. Amylase digests starch first into OLIGOSACCHARIDES, which are up to 8 glucose residues long. 3. Oligosaccharides are catabolized into maltose, which is a disaccharide. 4. Maltose is then converted into glucose, which can be absorbed by the small intestine.

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. Then, rearrange the sentences in order from proximal to distal through the digestive tract.

1. The first sphincter of the digestive system, called the ORBICULARIS ORIS muscle, surrounds the entrance to the oral cavity. 2. The UPPER ESOPHAGEAL sphincter separates the pharynx from the esophagus and regulates the passage of food into the esophagus. 3. At the terminal end of the esophagus, is the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL sphincter, which subconsciously controls the entrance of food into the stomach. 4. The PYLORIC sphincter regulars the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine. 5. The junction of the small and large intestines is marked by a pronounced muscular swelling known as the ILEAL PAPILLA, which regulates the movement into the large intestine. 6. The involuntarily controlled INTERNAL ANAL sphincter is composed of smooth muscle that relaxes at the onset of defecation. 7. The final step in allowing defecation is the voluntary relaxation of the EXTERNAL ANAL sphincter, which is composed of skeletal muscle.

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order describing the activation of pancreatic enzymes.

1. When stimulated, the PANCREAS will secrete trypsinogen. 2. The duodenum, in turn, will secrete enterokinase which will convert trypsinogen into TRYPSIN. 3. Trypsin will digest dietary PROTEINS and also catalyzes the conversion of more trypsinogen into trypsin. 4. Finally, trypsin will also activate two other pancreatic ZYMOGENS, called chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase.

Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify which type of macromolecule is the target of each digestive enzyme or compound.

Carbohydrate- pancreatic amylase, dextrinase, glucoamylase, lactase, salivary amylase, maltase, sucrase Lipid- bile salts, lecithin, lingual lipase, pancreatic lipase, gastric lipase Protein- HCl, trypsin, dipeptidase, aminopeptidase, pepsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify whether the structure is an actual part of the digestive tract or an accessory structure.

Digestive Tract ● Buccal cavity ● Duodenum ● Jejunum ● Ileum ● Colon ● Rectum Accessory Organ ● Teeth ● Salivary glands ● Liver ● Gallbladder

Click and drag the labels to match each enzyme with its function.

Dipeptidase - Breaks apart the final two amino acids resulting from a former protein Carboxypeptidase - Takes off one amino acid from the -COOH side of a peptide chain Aminopeptidase - Takes off one amino acid from the amine side of a peptide chain. Lactase - Brush-border enzyme that is vital to the digestion of breast milk Pepsin - Acidophilic enzyme that cleaves all peptide bonds between tyrosine and phenylalanine. HCl - Acidic compound that activates pepsinogen.

Read each function of gastric juice below. Then, click and drag each to the specific secretion to which it applies.

HCl: Activates pepsin and lingual lipase Breaks up connective tissues and cell walls of plants Destroys most ingested pathogens Converts iron to an absorbable form Pepsin: Active form of a zymogen Digests proteins Autocatalytic Gastric Lipase: Digests fat in the stomach Intrinsic Factor: Dysfunction could cause pernicious anemia Essential to the absorption of vitamin B12

Identify each image shown below. Then, click and drag each word or phrase into the appropriate category to identify the organ to which it pertains.

LIVER: -Synthesizes bile -Synthesizes bile acids -Releases its secretions into the bile canaliculi GALLBLADDER: -Stores the substance that breaks globules of fat into droplets -Contraction is induced by Cholecystokinin PANCREAS: -Secretes inactive enzymes that, when activated, will digest proteins. -Secretes zymogens -Secretes enzymes that digest fats -Secretes deoxyribonuclease -Secretes an enzyme that digests carbohydrates.

Click and drag the labels to match each gastric mucosal cell with its function.

Mucous cells : Secrete mucus and predominate in the cardia and pylorus. Regenerative cells : Divide rapidly and provide a continuous supply of new cells. Parietal calls : Secrete hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and ghrelin. Chief cells : secrete the digestive enzymes gastric lipase and pepsinogen. Enteroendocrine cells : Secrete hormones and paracrine messengers.

Click and drag the labels to match each enzyme with its function.

Salivary amylase - Hydrolyzes starch, but is deactivated in the stomach. Glucoamylase - Brush border enzyme that breaks down oligosaccharides. Deoxyribonuclease - Enzyme that breaks down DNA Lingual lipase - Mouth-secreted enzyme that increases in activity upon contact with the HCl of the stomach. Maltase - Brush-border enzyme that targets the release of glucose from maltose. Pancreatic Lipase - Enzyme that produces two free fatty acids and a monoglyceride. Ribonuclease - Enzyme that breaks down RNA

Describing the Cells of the Gastric Mucosa Click and drag each word on the left to complete the sentences on the right.

The MUCUS cells are found mostly in the proximal and distal regions of the stomach. The ENTEROENDOCRINE cells are associated with the chemical regulation of digestion. Enzymes that break down fats and proteins are secreted by CHIEF cells. The PARIETAL cells secrete the substance that converts pepsinogen to pepsin as well as a hormone that regulates appetite. Replacing both surface cells as well as glandular cells, the REGENERATIVE cells divide rapidly.