Anatomy Unit 1 Exam
Which pH has the highest concentration of hydrogen ion (H+)?
2
Which complementary base pairing is unique to RNA?
A-U
Which tRNA anticodon would be associated with the DNA triplet template strand, AAT?
AAU
Which is the most common high-energy compound?
ATP
In which process can the released chemicals be used to generate energy or to support growth?
Digestion
With which method can one typically observe structure at the tissue level?
Dissecting microscope
Which subatomic particle has the smallest mass and a charge that is labeled "negative"?
Electron
Duplication of organelles and protein synthesis occur during which phase of interphase?
G1
The maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism is termed
Homeostasis
Which of the following is a direct example of the study of physiology?
Measuring heart rate and noting blood pressure.
Which organ system removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream?
Respiration
Given that the mRNA codon AGC specifies the amino acid serine, which of the following is the tRNA anticodon?
UGG
The wrist is ________ to the elbow.
distal
The ankle is ______ to the knee.
distal and inferior
Which of the following processes, for very small organisms, simply involves transferring materials across exposed surfaces?
respiration
What is the function of enzymes?
to lower the activation energy requirements of a reaction
Which of the following is a balanced equation?
· 2H2 + O2 →( 2H2O)
Which is the correct sequence of events when the RER delivers transport vesicles to the Golgi apparatus? 1 - Small vesicles move material from one cisterna to the next. 2 - Enzymatic modification occurs. 3 - Arrival at the trans face. 4 - Arrival at a cisterna known as the cis face.
· 4,2,1,3
As the chromatids approach the ends of the complex of spindle fibers, the cytoplasm constricts along the midline, forming which of the following?
· A cleavage furrow
Which surface of the cell is exposed to an internal or external environment?
· Apical
Where does translation occur?
· At the ribosomes
Which statement regarding the circulation of extracellular fluid is correct?
· Blood pressure at the arterial end of the capillary networks forces water and small solutes out of the bloodstream and into surrounding interstitial fluid.
Which of the following is reactive?
· Cl
What structure physically separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
· Diaphragm
What differentiates each type of tRNA from each other?
· Each type carries a specific amino acid.
In the homeostatic regulation example of ambient temperature control, the air conditioner functions as the __________.
· Effector
Vesicular transport through the plasma membrane involves which of the following?
· Endosomes
In transcription, __________.
· Gene activation begins with the temporary disruption of the hydrogen bonds between the complementary nitrogenous bases of the two DNA strands
A midsagittal section would pass through the
· Heart
What is the function of the cellular layer of the periosteum?
· It functions in appositional bone growth and participates in repairs after an injury.
Why would areolar tissue be considered the ideal type for connective tissue proper?
· It has all cell types found in other forms of connective tissue
Why is a 0.9 percent solution of sodium chloride often the fluid administered in clinical emergencies?
· It is an isotonic solution.
What is the one great advantage of carrier-mediated active transport?
· It is not dependent on a concentration gradient.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of DNA?
· It performs protein synthesis.
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, which event occurs immediately after the fusion of coated vesicles with lysosomes that are filled with digestive enzymes?
· Lysosomal enzymes and the acidic environment of the lysosome free the ligands from their receptors.
Which organelle functions in the intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens?
· Lysosomes
Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur within the mitochondrion?
· Matrix
Which membranous organelles in the cell are NOT interconnected or in communication with other organelles through the movement of vesicles?
· Mitochondria
Which type of tissue contracts to produce movements?
· Muscle
Which substance can freely diffuse across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?
· O2 and CO2
Which characteristic of O2 is correct?
· One mole of O2 weighs 32 g.
In which body cavity are the female reproductive organs found?
· Pelvic
Which statement regarding peroxisomes is true?
· Peroxisomes are membranous organelles.
In the body, what type of functions do positive feedback loops perform?
· Positive feedback loops operate when a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly before homeostasis can be restored.
Which functional class of membrane proteins do cells of the immune system detect?
· Recognition proteins
Which of the following statements regarding ribosomes is FALSE?
· Ribosomes also function in the synthesis of the phospholipids and cholesterol.
What do scientists mean when they use the term "Black Box"? (Module 1.6A)
· Scientists are referring to missing knowledge.
Which example correctly describes the relationship of form and function at the chemical level?
· The binding of chemical messengers to receptors often results in a shape change, which affects receptor function.
During translation, which is the correct action of the ribosome?
· The ribosome attaches the first amino acid delivered to the second amino acid delivered, forming a dipeptide.
Why are hydrogen, lithium, and sodium classified as reactive elements?
· They are elements with unfilled valence shells.
How are the skeletal system and muscular system related or similar in function?
· They both function in support within the human body.
Regarding neurons, which of the following is true?
· They exist in many different types and shapes.
Which is a characteristic of hydrophobic molecules?
· They have very few or no polar covalent bonds.
Which sectional plane would separate the thorax from the abdomen?
· Transverse
Which scenario(s) exemplifies exemplify the relationship between form and function?
· Weakened heart valves are unable to prevent blood from flowing backward in the heart. · The "thinning" of bone, which occurs as one ages, may lead to an increased risk of bone fracture. · Abnormally shaped hemoglobin leads to a reduced ability to carry oxygen. · All of the above listed responses are correct.
What is a tissue? (Module 4.1B)
· a group of similar cells and their cell products
What is defined as a sheath of water molecules around an ion in solution?
· a hydration sphere
In the example of blood clotting that occurs after a severe cut:
· a positive feedback loop occurs.
Which intercellular attachment in epithelial cells locks together the terminal webs of neighboring cells, strengthening the apical region and preventing distortion and leakage at the occluding junctions?
· adhesion belt
Nuclear pores are not/do not:
· allow proteins and DNA to freely cross the nuclear envelope.
Which functional group can accept protons (H+), depending on pH?
· amino group
Which mitotic phase begins when the centromere of each chromatid pair splits and the chromatids separate?
· anaphase
Anatomically, the forearm is known as which of the following?
· antebrachium
Sodium hydroxide is a strong __________, which releases sodium ions and hydroxide ions.
· base
Why is twisting movement not allowed at the elbow joint?
· because the humerus fits into a deep depression on the ulna, and projections of bone prevent twisting
If one were to identify a muscle in the sural region, it would be found in which of the following?
· calf
Firm, rubbery matrix is a structural feature of which connective tissue type?
· cartilage
The physical properties of __________ depend on the proteoglycans in the matrix and on the type and abundance of extracellular fibers.
· cartilage
Transmembrane proteins that bind to each other and to extracellular materials are known as:
· cell adhesion molecules (CAMs).
Regarding cells and the cell theory, __________.
· cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions
Neurons have a very limited ability to divide after injury because most neurons lack which organelle(s)?
· centrioles
Which of the following is the correct relationship between a primary tissue type, or subtype, and one of its functions or characteristics?
· connective tissue; stores energy
Channel proteins that form a narrow passageway in gap junctions are known as which of the following?
· connexons
What is the general shape of the epithelial cells that are nearest the lumen in an empty urinary bladder?
· cuboidal
The following equation is an example of which type of reaction? LM → L + M + Energy
· decomposition reaction
What is one of the major functions of the lymphatic system?
· defense against infection and disease
In humans, cells:
· do not exist as independent entities.
Which connective tissue type is found in the walls of large blood vessels, in ligaments supporting transitional epithelia, and in the erectile tissues of the penis?
· elastic connective tissue
Glandular secretions are produced by which tissue type?
· epithelial
Keratin is a protein that is typically found in which tissue type?
· epithelial
Which tissue type lines the inner surfaces of the blood vessels and heart?
· epithelial tissue
What type of reaction is the following equation? LM + XY →( LX + MY)
· exchange reaction
Which tissue type, found within the knee joint and between the pubic bones of the pelvis, resists compression and limits relative movement?
· fibrocartilage
Sucrose undergoes which type of reaction to produce glucose and fructose?
· glycerides
Which type of bond between water molecules creates the surface tension of water?
· hydrogen bonds
Lysosomal enzymes and the acidic environment of the lysosome free the ligands from there receptors.
· involves DNA polymerase binding to nitrogenous bases that are exposed when DNA strands unwind
Which term refers to moving away from the body's midline?
· lateral
Steroids, which all share the same carbon-ring framework but differ in functional groups that are attached to the basic ring structure, are an example of __________.
· lipids
Reticular tissue is an example of __________.
· loose connective tissue proper
Which organ system functions to return tissue fluid to the bloodstream?
· lymphatic system
In the response to tissue injury, which cells release chemicals that stimulate nerve endings, producing the sensation of pain?
· mast cells
A red blood cell (RBC) in a hypotonic solution:
· may hemolyse
Which method(s) of secretion is/are involved in milk production in the mammary glands?
· merocrine and apocrine
The terminal web is a layer of __________ just inside the plasma membrane.
· microfilaments
Which formed element functions as a phagocyte?
· monocytes
Which compound or molecule is distributed in body fluids, manufactured in the body, and obtained from food?
· monosaccharides
Which organ system directs immediate responses to stimuli?
· nervous system
All the following are familiar indicators of inflammation EXCEPT:
· numbness
Which of the following is composed of a phosphate group linking a diglyceride to a nonlipid group and can be synthesized primarily from fatty acids in the body?
· phospholipids
Which element(s) are found in bones, teeth, and nucleic acids, as well as high-energy compounds?
· phosphorus
What type of bond is involved in the formation of a water molecule?
· polar covalent bonds
DNA polymerase:
· promotes bonding between nitrogenous bases of the DNA strand and complementary DNA nucleotides dissolved in the nucleoplasm.
Which of the following is an example of an eicosanoid?
· prostaglandins
The extracellular matrix of connective tissues consists of which of the following?
· protein fibers and ground substance
A neuroepithelium is an example of which epithelial tissue function?
· provide sensation
Which epithelial cells, found lining the nasal cavities and the trachea, typically possess cilia?
· pseudostratified columnar
Which level of structural complexity results from the interaction between individual polypeptide chains, resulting in the formation of a protein complex composed of two or more polypeptide subunits?
· quaternary
Homeostasis is not/does not:
· result in the presence of an unstable internal environment.
Which of the following often dissociates completely in water, releasing cations and anions?
· salts
Which membrane, lining the subdivisions of the body cavities of the trunk is extremely thin and delicate and is never directly connected to the exterior?
· serous membrane
The tissue level of organization is best described as __________.
· similar cells (and their products) working together to perform one or more specific functions
Which tissue type lines the heart and blood vessels?
· simple squamous epithelium
Which tissue type contains cells that can be described as long, cylindrical, multinucleated, and striated?
· skeletal muscle
Which epithelial tissue type is most often found lining large ducts, such as those of the salivary glands or pancreas?
· stratified columnar
Which structural feature consists entirely of areolar tissue?
· subserous fascia
In the process called facilitated diffusion, what limits the rate of transport into the cell at any given moment?
· the number of suitable carrier proteins
In cardiac physiology, why must blood pressure in the major arteries be maintained within normal limits?
· to prevent vessel damage and vessel collapse from high and low pressures, respectively
Mass number is defined as the
· total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Which of the following structures would you use to get the best resolution when viewing a sample?
· transmission electron microscope
Neuroglia do all of the following EXCEPT:
· transmit electrical impulses.
Which of the following features are significantly different in cartilage compared to bone?
· vascularity