ANSC 115 Exam 1

Conditioned stimulus

At our campus dairy, we try to deliver the first feeding of the day while the cows are away from the feeding and housing area during milking. The cows can hear the sound of the tractor that pulls the feed wagon while they are away and begin to salivate in response to the sound. In this scenario, the the sound of the tractor is the:

At the beginning of the written word

At what point in history did we begin our investigation of human thought toward animals?

1. Utilitarianism: Choose that which provides the greatest good 2. Intellectualism: Choose that which provides the greatest amount of knowledge 3. Economic: Choose that which provides the greatest economic prosperity An example would be the plane that Vogal drew on the board. Utilitarianism= they all share the one biscotti and they all die from starvation Intellectualism= they experiement, like throwing it in the ocean to see if it floats and try to make a raft. But they all die from starvation. Economic= Sell on eBay and make money to get food. They all live.

Describe and give an example of utilitarianism, intellectualism, and economic consequentialism.

The quality of care an animal receives is impacted by handler attitudes. Negative beliefs about routine tasks -> Neglect of routine tasks -> reduced health and cleanliness. Negative beliefs about animals -> use of aversive handling -> fear of people. Mindset has a huge impact. Keep it positive. Emotional abuse leads to physical abuse.

Explain how human attitudes are linked to factors such as aversive handling or neglect.

a behavioral term that refers to gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response by reinforcing any responses that come close to the desired response.

Explain successive approximation

a detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to detect external stimuli, so that an appropriate reaction can be made, is called sensitivity.

Explain the nature of stimulus

Through Christianity and the Roman Empire

How did Aristotle's ideas find their way into modern law?

St. Augustine was a follower of the Stoics (teachings of Aristotle). As a result, Aristotle's Great Chain of Being was absorbed into Roman Law. During the time Constantine I was the Roman Emperor, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. Roman Law became Christian Law after the official religion changed.

How did Aristotle's thoughts regarding the difference between humans and animals find their way into religious ideologies?

conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes associated with an unrelated unconditioned stimulus (US) in order to produce a behavioral response known as a conditioned response (CR). The conditionedresponse is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.

How does Classical Conditioning work?

Prey have panoramic vision

How does the visual field of the predator differ from that of prey species?

1. Only facilities with dogs and/ of cats were subject to regulation 2. Regulatory oversight was not provided to animals during laboratory procedures 3. Dealers that engaged in intrastate (within the state) commerce did not have to register 4. Laboratories without federal funding were not covered

In its original form, the LAWA of 1966 had some loopholes that were later filled by amendments. Please name two of them.

" The question is not, 'can they reason?', nor 'can they talk?', but 'can they suffer?'"This fundamental question changed the way people thought about the relationship of humans and animals.

Jeremy Bentham is famous for a quote that began to expose the core of what matters when we assess animal welfare. What is it and what does it mean?

Causation Development Function Evolution

Tinbergen's four questions of ethology include which of the following?

Personality traits may play a role. People on more productive dairy farms were: *Not easy going *Considerate *Not meek *Patient *Unsociable *Confident EMPATHY is the #1 trait you need!!

What are some personality traits of successful animal caretakers?

Animal Machines

Which book prompted the development of the field of farm animal welfare?

He developed and taught the world's first veterinary ethics course. He argues that the Telos (end or result) of an animal must be considered to understand animal welfare.

What was the contribution Bernard Rollin made to animal use in teaching and research?

It created a central governing body to review and approve all animal use in research. Precursor of today's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC)

What was the importance of the Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876?

The use of pain medication in research was not required until 1952.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Little thought was given to animal welfare as people were just trying to survive

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Middle Ages?

The "comfort zone around an animal". An animal moves away from you when the flight zone has been entered. An animal faces you when you are out of the flight zone. Flight zone size varies from animal to animal. Flight zone size is impacted by: Genetics Handling history Sex Pregnancy status Familiarity with environment, etc.

What will prey animals do if you are outside their flight zone? Inside their flight zone?

Forward movement

When a handler is located behind the point of balance, their location has the potential to induce:

Rationality and Language

Which of the following was used by Rene Descartes to separate humans and animals?

Animals use faces, stature, and clothing to tell the difference. It is proven in cattle, sheep and pigs.

What human characteristic is utilized by animals for recognition?

Systems of thought that are generally accepted as true. Rarely questioned. Similar to deontology. When questioned people get defensive and try to support their claim. It becomes tense and heated.

What is an ideology? What happens when ideologies are questioned?

the scientific study of the wild and wonderful ways in which animals interact with each other, with other living beings, and with the environment. It explores how animals relate to their physical environment as well as to other organisms, and includes topics such as how animals find and defend resources, avoid predators, choose mates, reproduce, and care for their young-ones. Importance: to reduce stress, illness, and injury

What is animal behavior and why is it important

Utilitarianism

What is the correct classification for making the decision to wear a face mask to prevent the spread of a virus from one person to another?

Personal: Your view of what is right and wrong, good and bad, etc. Societal: The view of the general population. Generally characterized as laws in our society.

What is the difference between personal and societal ethics?

Labs and dealers

What two entities were regulated by the LAWA of 1966?

False

Agricultural animals do not respond to operant conditioning, so it is not used for them.

If a person could harm an animal, they could extend that harm to humans

Aside from the Transmigration of Souls, what is the other reason that humans used to prevent harmful actions toward animals?

Point of balance is located between the shoulder and eye of the animal, it is a balanced position that stops forward or reverse movement. Point of balance is used to control the direction of motion. If you are in front of the point of balance, the animal will back up. If you are behind the point of balance the animal will move forward. If you are at the point of balance the animal will stop.

Be able to diagram the Flight Zone and Point of Balance for a large animal.

1. Housing 2. Feeding 3. Watering 4. Sanitation 5. Ventilation 6. Shelter form environmental extremes 7. Separation 8. Adequate veterinary care

Before the LAWA of 1966 was implemented, some provisions had to be made. Name at least five (5) of these.

Predator: Their social structure is typically based on dominance, but group numbers are generally small. Solitary in some cases. Their eyes are on the front of their head. They have binocular vision. Attracted to rapid movement. Fight or flight response similar to prey species. Common domestic animal (dogs and cats) Prey: Their social structure is typically gregarious. Their eyes are on the side of their head. They have panoramic vision. Constantly scanning for predators. They are also sensitive to sound. Common domestic animals (sheep, cattle, goats, pigs)

Compare and contrast predator and prey species behavior.

1. Principles that define right and wrong, good and bad, fair and unfair. (NOUN) 2. The study and consideration of ethical (or moral) values. (VERB)

Define Ethics 1 and Ethics 2

Poor stockmanship can lead to fear. In broiler chickens, rapid movements increased mortality. In laying hens less feed conversion efficiency in birds that maintain greater distances from people. Food they eat and eggs they lay. Less productive/efficient!Gentle handling improves productivity. Effects of the presence of different types of handlers on milk yield and cow behavior during milking.

Explain how fear can impact animal productivity.

3 souls that were not a religious concept. 1. Nutritive: Plants, Animals, and Humans2. Sensitive (feelings): Animals and Humans3. Rational (make decisions): HumansThis was the basis of the Great Chain of Being: Prime mover > Humans > Animals > Plants, etc.

Explain how Aristotle's Great Chain of Being worked. Also, identify which soul he believed humans had and animals lacked.

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

IACUC stands for:

False

Ideologies are focused on following rules.

Immanuel Kant was a Philosopher and was famous for presenting deontological (deontology- sticking to rules) ideas. Kant thought that the only thing of intrinsic value was a 'good will'. he argued that animals lacked a will (will- ability to choose). So, since animals lacked a will they could not have good will, so they could not have intrinsic value. Good will- doing something for someone and not expecting anything in return.

Immanuel Kant used the presence of a 'will' to separate humans from animals. Describe his reasoning for this view.

Sheep in feedlots

Laws regarding farm animal welfare in the US have focused mostly on the confinement of three types of animals. Which animal type is NOT included?

1. Freedom from hunger and thirst 2. Freedom from discomfort 3. Freedom from pain, injury, disease 4. Freedom to express normal behavior 5. Freedom from fear and distress

List the Five Freedoms.

Animals should be able to fully extend limbs, turn around and stand up/lay down.

List the common provisions granted to livestock in recent legislation.

Concluded that consciousness is difficult to prove and knowledge of consciousness is not necessary for animal welfare assurance. He proposed two questions to assess animal welfare: 1. is the animal healthy?2. does the animal have what it wants? Pregnant sows are put in stacks to prevent them from laying on their piglets. The sows are healthy and have food and shelter but some would say that the welfare of the animal is not good due to the inability to move.

Marian Dawkins proposed two questions to assess the welfare of animals. What were her questions?

In order to have conscious experiences, one must have higher order thoughts. These are thoughts about thoughts. You can't have consciousness if you can't reflect on something that happened to you. He concluded that since we have no reason to believe that animals have higher-order thoughts, we have no reason to believe that they are conscious. Still condemned cruel acts toward animals because cruelty to animals could lead to cruelty toward humans.

Most modern philosophers agree that animals are capable of having conscious experiences. Peter Carruthers disagrees. Please explain what criteria he feels must be met to have conscious experiences.

When handling animals, the most important factor to account for is: its status on the food chain. The question we need to ask is: Predator or Prey?

Name the first factor we should consider when developing a plan to handle animals?

1. The Transmigration of Souls (Reincarnation): animal could contain a soul of past human2. If a person could harm animals, they could extend such harm to other humans. Extension of harm to humans would be injurious to the character of the perpetrator.

Name the two main reasons that humans have historically refrained from committing cruel acts to animals.

Psychopathic: Entirely focused on their own interests. Lack the ability to empathize. No motivation to change or be coached. (cannot be turned around and changed) Explosive: Low emotional intelligence. Poor self-control. Can be rehabilitated in many cases. (can/willing to be changed)

Name two personality types that are more likely to engage in bullying behavior. Which one cannot be fixed?

As an example, both a dog and a boy desire to live, so their interests to live are equal. If the interests of the dog or the boy to lived are ranked higher, such a determination is specialist. This book also argues that sentience (consciousness) is necessary and sufficient for having interests. Tend to protect our own over other species.

Please describe the following: Principle of Equal Consideration of Interests; speciesism.

Rene (meant king) Descartes made a lasting impact on human thought toward animals. He was a French Scientist. He used two things to differentiate humans and animals: 1. Rationality2. LanguageAnimals do not have the abilityh to make choices and can't communicate with others. He believed that animals were more likely to function like machines than autonomos. Although the link has never been made, this logic follows Ockham's Razor: among competing hyptheses, that with the fewest assumptions shall prevail.

Rene Descartes was a highly influential figure in human thought toward animals. Describe his basic sentiment toward animals and how his thoughts made it into scientific thought in our country.

1. Consequentialista. Utilitarianism: Choose that which provides the greatest goodb. Intellectualism: Choose that which provides the greatest amount of knowledgec. Economic: Choose that which provides the greatest economic prosperity 2. Deontological: Follows a specific code of conduct. Focused on following rules more than avoiding and preventing harm. Rules are commonly based on the prevention of harm, though. 3. Ideologies: Systems of thought that are generally accepted as true. Rarely questioned. Similar to deontology.

Review the three classes of ethical theory discussed in class.

Increased mortality in chickens Reduced milk yield in cows

Select outcomes that have been proven to occur in association with the presence of aggressive handling in animal production.

Mice Rats Chickens not used in fighting operations

Select the animals that are NOT included in the definition of 'Animal' in the Animal Welfare Act

The principles that define good, bad, right, and wrong.

Select the correct definition of Ethics1

Thinking about the principles that define good, bad, right, and wrong

Select the correct definition of Ethics2

Enduring change in behavior in response to environmental stimuli

Select the definition of learning that was established in lecture:

Scientist Veterinarian Member of the public

Select the entities that are required as members of an IACUC.

A hot dog is a sandwich The sun revolves around the earth Pit bulls are highly aggressive at all times and prefer to fight.

Select the ideologies.

Manipulate

The objective of animal handling is to ______________________________ the behavior of the animal to produce a desired outcome.

The driving forces behind specific things that the organism does

Under Aristotle's Hierarchy of Souls, what is a soul?

Nutritive

Under Aristotle's Hierarchy of Souls, which of the following souls would be possessed by plants, animals, and humans?

1) positive punishment 2)negative punishment 3)positive reinforcement 4) negative reinforcement.

What are the four consequences of Operant Conditioning?

1. Veal cows 2. Egg laying hens 3. Pregnant sows

What are the three types of livestock that are commonly targeted by new legislation and why are they targeted?

Societal ethiscs are generally "middle of the road." You need to at least keep up with the societal ethic. Otherwise, you will be legislated. If not followed: lose market share and society will pass laws. Ex. Veal calves... crate systems shifted to group systems.

What does it mean to "keep up with the societal ethic?" What happens if someone chooses not to keep up?

Animal Liberation was published in 1975. It was considered a highly influential text in the Animal Rights Movement. The book argues that if someone believes in equality, they must believe in the Principle of Equal Consideration of Interests. As an example, both a dog and a boy desire to live, so their interests to live are equal. If the interests of the dog or the boy to lived are ranked higher, such a determination is specialist. This book also argues that sentience (consciousness) is necessary and sufficient for having interests. Tend to protect our own over other species.

What is the name of the book written by Peter Singer? How has it been influential?

The manipulation of animal behavior through visual, auditory, and/or physical stimuli and learned behaviors to produce a desired outcome.

What is the primary objective of animal handling?

Labs and dealers had to register with the USDA and keep records on their animals if: 1. They received federal funds and used dogs or cats 2. They sold or bought dogs or cats from across state lines

What major event regarding laboratory animal welfare prompted the passage of the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act of 1966?

Restriction

Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 R's?

The transmigration of souls

Which of the following justifications for humans not causing harm to animals has been linked to the Pythagoreans?

Psychopathic

Which personality type is often involved in abusive behavior and cannot be rehabilitated?

It states that the simplest answer is most often the correct answer

Which statement regarding Okham's (or Occam's - same thing!) Razor is most accurate?

Ruth Harrison was a British homemaker that was interested in modern production of pigs, veal calves, egg laying hens in the early 1960's. Her book Animals Machines was published in 1964. It inspired the European Convention for the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes also known as Brambell's Committee. Shift from pasture based system to confinement system.

Who was Ruth Harrison, what was the name of her book, what did it describe, and why was it important?

F. W. Rogers Brambell

Who was the first chair of the Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC)?

1. It takes time to make change 2. It costs money ($$)

Why are the new standards of animal welfare phased in and not set as 'effective immediately'?

History was passed through verbal communication. Oral tradition was not always trustworthy!

Why is little known about human thought regarding animals until the beginning of the written word?

It was not trustworthy. The story could change and communication can become foggy.

Why is the oral tradition a faulty source of reliable information?

Turns and begins to walk away

You can tell when you are entering the flight zone of an animal when the animal: