Anth 105 Exam 2

Which of the following is an example of generalized reciprocity?

A parent investing in a child and providing resources for that child's growth.

Men are more likely to invest in direct care, while women are more likely to invest in indirect care.

False (other way around)

"Fair" redistribution of resources among a group is one way to reduce conflict and violence.

true

According to Cosmides and Tooby, we have evolved to build alliances for defense and social cooperation.

true

Feelings of empathy can lead to conflict because an individual may desire to defend their ally.

true

Individuals who do not display empathy (for example, certain persons with autism) also do not display yawn contagion.

true

Many people in modern industrial and postindustrial cultures are beginning to apply alloparental care to non-human animals.

true

Perceived threats can quickly create fear of physical loss because our culture defines what is a "threat" to the group.

true

Scientists have modeled The Grandmother Hypothesis using computers and a hypothetical chimp-like primate species.

true

In his video "Evolution of Cooperation," Robert Sapolsky argues that even which, lowly life form show signs of reciprocal altruism (cooperation)?

Bacteria

Which of the following is true about men and women's reproductive decline?

Both men and women experience reproductive decline, but women experience it earlier in life and with complete cessation of fecundity.

Charles Darwin first suggested that ________ may be a form of mating ritual that humans share with other species.

Dancing

According to Helen Fisher, humans are the only animal capable of love.

False

Inclusive Fitness, demonstrated by Hamilton's Rule, explains why we incur costs for those to whom we are not biologically related.

False

Kissing in a romantic/sexual way is a human universal, practiced by all cultures.

False

The study of sex differences in mate selection are based upon all potential options in human mating and dating.

False

According to Gray, more modern men should strive to become paleo dads.

False - fathers need to fulfill their role

Considering what it would be like to be a paleo dad, Gray states that which activity would be the first thing he does in the morning?

Grab a gun and go hunting

Which of the following is/are a proven benefit of grandparents in the life of children?

Improved life history outcomes Survival of culture/heritage Parental support

This marriage structure involves one woman marrying multiple men, usually brothers.

Polyandry

In the video of two capuchin monkeys working for a reward, what was the response of the monkey who received the less valuable food item?

She threw a cucumber at the researcher and protested by shaking the cage

According to _________, adults are not sexually attracted to individuals with whom they were raised.

The Westermarck Effect

In the video "Clubbing in the Wild," which male is successful in obtaining a female mate?

This parody of club culture in a wildlife setting suggests that females tend to build coalitions to avoid unwanted efforts from male suitors.

According to Helen Fisher's Ted Talk, almost everyone who has been in love has also been dumped and dumped someone.

True

Despite the extreme difference in post-reproductive survival, there is little to no difference between the loss of fecundity in humans compared to chimpanzees

True

Dr. Volsche asked you to consider which came first: alloparental care or cooperation?

True

Elderly individuals often receive the recommendation to eat less in order to live longer.

True

Finding "human" behavior is difficulty, because our cultural groups are so varied.

True

From an evolutionary perspective, it is puzzling that modern people are having fewer children.

True

Humans, through the evolution of fictive kin groups, are redefining the coefficient of relatedness (r) in Hamilton's Rule.

True

In addition to conspecific families of choice, fictive kinship can cross species barriers.

True

Most altruism is actually mutualism via delayed reciprocity.

True

To the surprise of researchers, young Hadza children are already engaged in foraging for portions of their own daily calories.

True

When building trust in a group, knowledge of possible, future repeat interactions is important.

True

Women have a physiological adaptation that releases bonding hormones when they nurse their children.

True

The Evolution of Trust Game is built on something called "game theory" and specifically, "The Prisoner's Dilemma." According to this theory, which of the following statements is true?

We are products of our environment because we are each other's environment.

Many people in modern industrial and postindustrial cultures are beginning to apply alloparental care to non-human animals.

a gardener who provides an ecosystem in which the child can learn

The Grandmother Hypothesis is

a theoretical framework meant to explain the evolution of menopause.

This is the term used for care provided by any member of the community who is not the mother of the child/offspring.

allomaternal care

An exchange of items with equal value is called

balanced reciprocity

Which of the following inventions may be both the cause for choosing to have fewer children and the means to protect the choice to have fewer children (i.e., the chicken and the egg of the puzzle)?

birth control technologies

Based upon a review of the Human Relations Area File (HRAF), which cultural structure (i.e., egalitarian, small scale) were least likely to kiss in a romantic way?

egalitarian/foraging cultures

What is the term for the ability to sense's another's emotional state and take another's perspective?

empathy

Most small-scale societies, for example the Turkana or the Hadza, consist of immediate kin, friends, or relatives

false - Much like our chimpanzee and bonobo cousins, many of our small-scale societies "marry out" to other camps in order to avoid incest matings. Likewise, the Turkana number a million individuals, divided into many smaller camps.

Pre-historic human violence often ended in mass killing of "out" groups

false - before our complex social institutions arose, were highly ritualize

Morality is a uniquely human trait.

fasle - We can see the foundations of moral behavior in a wide range of species, and in some cases, behavior that directly mirrors our own.

Crittenden and Marlowe found that Hadza women exchanged childcare duties for which resource?

food

According to the Crash Course video, early human conflict usually occurred over which two resources?

food and sex

Which of these early human interactions may have been crucial to our success as a species?

grandmothers playing with and feeding babies in the camp

Which of the following is a form of direct care?

grooming (resource acquisition, home defense, competition reduction, or grooming)

According to Helen Fisher's Ted talk, "The brain in love," being in love is neurologically like

having a chemical additction

Which of the following is an example of indirect care?

home defense

Which well-known primatologist studied kinship in chimpanzees, including a specific interest in Flo and her parenting strategies?

jane goodall

Which ecological relationship is most likely the foundation for what we call altruism?

mutualism

Mating that occurs between two unrelated individuals is called

outbred mating

According to Gopnik, which concept of caregiving only really came about in the 20th century (1900s)?

parenting as a way of shaping future adults

The evolved ability to recognize others based upon morphological (appearance) and behavioral similarities is called

phenotypic matching

Equally beneficial exchanges between two individuals (usually strangers) is called

positive reciprocity

At the core of fairness is which concept we have previously discussed in class?

reciprocal altruism

What are the two pillars of morality?

reciprocity and empathy

The slowing of cellular division and gradual deletion of the telomeres on chromosomes is known as

senescence

On average, most humans practice what type of marriage structure?

serial monogamy

According to the Evolution-Institute.org essay, what is the most puzzling thing about human warfare?

the large number of reproductively capable, unrelated, and unfamiliar individuals who die for other's benefit

According to the YouTube video "Will Dancing Get You Laid?" which male dance movements garnered the most attention from women?

twisting, bending, and fluid movements of the core body region

According to the Evolution Institute, which of the following were reasons people used to have many children?

women's oppression, Religion taught people it was their duty to have many children, children were needed to work on farms

When selecting a mate, on average heterosexual men prefer women who are

younger in age compared to man

The belief that a gain for "us" must come at a loss for someone else, and vice versa, is called a(n)

zero sum game