Anthro Chapter 5
21. Which of the following statements is true? a) Agriculture is the establishment of an artificial ecosystem in which certain plants and animals are cultivated and reared. b) Domestication is a cultural process in which wild animals are kept in pens. c) Cultivation is a biological process in which a plant's genetic material is altered. d) Sedentism never precedes agriculture, since only after farmland becomes property do people want to stay in one place.
a) Agriculture is the establishment of an artificial ecosystem in which certain plants and animals are cultivated and reared.
27. A current definition of a state society might be a) a centralized political institution where ruling elites exercise control over populations b) the highest form of civilization that has been achieved over the last 10,000 years c) a society in which people can be whatever they want to be d) a society in which one group cannot simply dominate other groups at will
a) a centralized political institution where ruling elites exercise control over populations
24. The settlements of farmers a) are larger and more substantially built than most hunter-gatherer communities b) show less investment in individual houses than among hunter-gatherers c) display less importance for individual households d) have more open display of household storage activities, since farmers are not starving as are foragers
a) are larger and more substantially built than most hunter-gatherer communities
28. The wild ancestor to the domestic pig a) was found as far west as the major islands of Indonesia b) was found as far east as the continental United States c) was not found in the Near East and thus had to be brought there d) is the only animal to be domesticated by the people of the Andes
a) was found as far west as the major islands of Indonesia
6. When early states emerged in the Old World, a) rural populations everywhere rushed to dwell in cities, leaving few on the farm b) a majority of the human population still lived in non-state farming societies c) hunter-gatherers finally adopted village agriculture d) people abandoned egalitarian lifeways because they realized that living in a state was better
b) a majority of the human population still lived in non-state farming societies
22. As temperatures warmed after the last Ice Age, a) vegetation zones shrank in response to changes in temperature and rainfall b) forests replaced tundra, which was pushed north c) herd animals like caribou replaced wild boar and red deer, leaving humans with little to hunt d) all of the above
b) forests replaced tundra, which was pushed north
18. Jack Harlan a) performed an experiment showing what it was like for early farmers to live in the same structure as their animals b) harvested wild cereals by hand and showed that a small family could quickly gather enough to feed themselves for a year c) was the first to argue that some hunter-gatherers could build permanent houses d) discovered the first farming settlement
b) harvested wild cereals by hand and showed that a small family could quickly gather enough to feed themselves for a year
12. Social competition is a) a model to explain why people first buried their dead b) one explanation of why people began growing food c) a model to explain why people became nomadic d) a theory proposed by Richard Lee
b) one explanation of why people began growing food
32. Complex hunter-gatherers are characterized by a) complex kinship systems and mobility b) sedentism and storage c) farming d) herding
b) sedentism and storage
26. The first cities developed in a) the Saraswati Plain b) southern Mesopotamia c) China d) the Andes
b) southern Mesopotamia
23. During the Bølling/Allerød interstadial a) summer temperatures fell to near record lows b) summer temperatures reached almost their present levels c) the North Sea was overwhelmed with glacial meltwater d) glaciers expanded to their greatest extent
b) summer temperatures reached almost their present levels
8. The expansion of farming was particularly rapid across a) North America b) Africa c) Eurasia d) South America
c) Eurasia
11. The quipu system is a) the system of tokens used by early Mesopotamians to barter for goods b) the method of recording precise dates on stone, used by the Maya c) a system of knotted cords used by the Andes based Inca to keep records d) the caste system evidenced on early Harappa seals
c) a system of knotted cords used by the Andes based Inca to keep records
2. Mesopotamian writing technology involved a) reading the cracks and markings on oracle bones b) knotted ropes that kept track of numbers c) clay tablets and a stylus d) inscriptions on stelae only
c) clay tablets and a stylus
14. In early societies, where people were mostly illiterate a) poetry and drama were only enjoyed by elites who could read and write b) rulers had no way of conveying their desires to the public c) most literature was oral, and many could listen to what they could not read d) rulers instituted widespread literacy campaigns so that everyone could learn to read
c) most literature was oral, and many could listen to what they could not read
29. After writing was invented in Mesopotamia a) most people knew how to read and write b) only kings and their families knew how to read and write c) scribes formed the majority of people who knew how to read and write d) most males were literate, but no females were
c) scribes formed the majority of people who knew how to read and write
1. Early states typically developed in areas a) that were good for farming and food production b) along river valleys c) where natural deposits of gold and obsidian could be found d) A and B only
d) A and B only
13. People intensify agriculture a) in order to get more food out of the same land b) to feed more people c) so that they can decrease the amount of labor needed to farm d) A and B only
d) A and B only
35. Irrigation was usually accomplished through a) storage of rainwater or floodwater in tanks and basins b) distribution of river water to the fields via canals c) hand-to-hand bucket-passing lines that stretched for miles and used every man, woman, and child in a village d) A and B only
d) A and B only
31. Richard Lee a) was an archaeologist who unearthed the first agricultural villages b) was an ethnographer who studied the !Kung bushmen of Southwest Africa c) revolutionized our understanding of hunter-gatherer lifeways d) B and C only
d) B and C only
4. Research in recent decades has confirmed that agriculture a) arose independently in four regions: the Near East, Europe, Africa, and New Guinea b) arose independently in at least seven different regions of the world c) arose independently in many places, but at different times d) B and C only
d) B and C only
30. Which of the following states never used writing? a) Egyptian b) Harappan c) Chinese d) Inca
d) Inca
20. Archaeologists today believe that a) states are civilized while hunting and gathering is barbaric b) while people should be allowed to make a living in whatever way they prefer, states are inherently superior to tribal societies c) it is natural for tribal people to progress on to chiefdoms and states d) State societies are no better or worse than hunter-gatherer societies
d) State societies are no better or worse than hunter-gatherer societies
9. Which of the following pairs of states and rivers is NOT correct? a) Egyptian state, Nile b) Harappan states, Indus c) Mesopotamian states, Euphrates d) Teotihuacán state, Amazon
d) Teotihuacán state, Amazon
10. The height of the last Ice Age a) is also called the Last Glacial Maximum b) lasted from c. 21,000-18,000 years ago c) caused sea levels to fall over 100 meters below present d) all of the above
d) all of the above
17. Early ideas about agriculture included the notion that a) agriculture created more leisure time with which people could build culture b) hunter-gatherers did not understand plants and animals well enough to domesticate them c) hunter-gatherers led a marginal existence, always hungry and on the run d) all of the above
d) all of the above
19. Once the first group of states was established, empires formed due to a) desire for economic gain b) warfare and conquest of aggressive enemies c) desire to neutralize the power of those who might later conquer one's land d) all of the above
d) all of the above
25. Intensifying agriculture leads to a) higher labor costs b) new technologies c) more cooperation between farmers d) all of the above
d) all of the above
3. Examples of agricultural intensification include a) irrigation b) terracing c) plowing d) all of the above
d) all of the above
33. As the Holocene began, a) islands were created b) dry land was inundated c) continents were divided d) all of the above
d) all of the above
5. Some key features of states are a) high populations with many thousands to many millions of people b) collection of taxes or tribute from their subject populations c) their rights to use force for internal control d) all of the above
d) all of the above
7. When people became sedentary and lived in large groups, archaeologists believe that a) group membership became less flexible b) disputes were much more difficult to resolve c) more authority was needed to keep order among people d) all of the above
d) all of the above
34. Canadian archaeologist Bruce Trigger divided early states into a) political states and theater states b) warlike states and peaceful states c) economic states and agricultural states d) city-states and territorial states
d) city-states and territorial states
16. Once the first cities were established, a) all other cities were founded due to contact with these first-founded examples b) all cities emerged in other areas independently c) Old World cities arose from contact with other, earlier cities, but New World cities were isolated, and thus arose independently of each other d) none of the above
d) none of the above
15. The rise of all states can be traced back to a) warfare b) water control c) trade d) there is no single cause that can be linked to the rise of all states
d) there is no single cause that can be linked to the rise of all states
