Anthropogenic Impacts Chapter 7 & 8 Review

Which invertebrate group has the highest number of non-native species?

crustaceans (59 species)

Which marine energy type has the highest energy generation per year?

Wave Energy

List and describe types of marine or ocean energy devices and their specific placement in the marine environment.

Wave power - converters in open coastal areas with significant waves Tidal turbines - placed in coastal and estuarine areas In-Stream turbines - in fast moving rivers Ocean current turbines - in areas of strong marine currents Ocean thermal energy converters - in deep tropical waters

What are the effects of emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx) and chlorofluorocarbone from ships?

- Adverse respiratory effects (airway inflammation) - Acid rain - Restrict sunlight

What are problems and effects caused by oil spills?

- Covering seabirds with oil - Killing and tainting fish - Covering beaches. Can also affect intake facilities such as: - Marine Salt Production - Desalinization plants - Coastal installations

What are the three most common hazardous and noxious substances involved in marine pollution incidents?

- Iron Ore - Sulphuric Acid - Caustic Soda

List shipping route areas of concerns in regards to chronic impacts of shipping resulting from daily ship operations.

- Malacca Strait - Singapore Strait - Strait of Hormuz - The Bab al Mandab (Red Sea) - Suez Canal - etc.

Raw sewage discharge from ships into the sea outside a Special Area is permitted under which circumstances?

- When ship has approved sewage treatment plant - When ship discharging comminuted and disinfected sewage using approved system at a distance more than 3 nautical miles from land - When ship discharging sewage not disinfected at a distance of more than 12 nautical miles from land

What topographic ocean feature acts as a conveyor belt transporting coastal and inshore sewage disposed near river estuaries to the deep-sea ocean environment?

- Where the continental shelf is narrow - the heads of deep-sea canyons are close to the river mouths

What are common environmental concerns associated with marine energy developments?

- organisms being struck by tidal turbine blades - effects of EMF & underwater noise - physical presence altering behavior - effect on nearfield and farfield marine environment and processes (sediment transport and water quality)

Since when has dumping of medium- and low-level radioactive waste been prohibited under the 1996 London Protocol?

1994

When did the IMO implement the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships prohibiting the use of organotin compounds such as Tributyltin (TBT) as biocides in marine anti-fouling paints?

2001

The Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM) estimated that how many tons of munitions were dumped in the Baltic at the end of World War II?

40,000 tons

What percentage of marine pollution incidents involves ship's container cargo with hazardous or noxious substances?

75%

Which environmental conditions and specific locations have an effect on the duration of oil spill impacts - quick and slow recovery times?

Ambient Temperature - warmer areas the effects will disappear more quickly (Coast of Kuwait & Saudi Arabia) Salt Marshes and Deep Sediment - slower because of anaerobic conditions

Which marine mammal species uses low sound frequencies for their communication signals similar to anthropogenic ocean sound pollution?

Baleen Whales

The choice of dumpsites is very important considering the impacts on the environment. Which dumpsite characteristics cause major catastrophic effects?

Biodiverse benthic life

A chronic form of garbage discharge from ships and associated consequences of marine debris are generated in high proportions aboard what type of ship?

Cruise ships

What type of tracer was used to study the effects of six ocean outfalls on south Florida reefs and to determine the path taken by human waste water discharges?

Delta 15N Tracer

What are the exceptions of the IMO guidelines to prohibit generally the discharge of all garbage in order to prevent ships' garbage from polluting the sea?

Exceptions related to: - Food waste - Cargo residues - Cleaning agents - Additives - Animal carcasses

Describe the issues associated with marine fouling affecting ships.

Increased resistance from resident organisms increasing amount of fuel used per journey To remove ship will need to be removed and scrapped = $$$$$$$$

In comparing major pathways of ships and origins of invasive species infestations in the marine environment - which is a major area of invasion reporting more than 250 invasive marine species?

Mediterranean Sea

In comparing all sources of dumped materials - which is mainly associated with interactions of construction of offshore installations, submarine cables and pipelines?

Munitions - explosive materials and other warlike stores (poisonous gases)

Where is the "106-mile" sewage dumpsite in the deep (2500 meters) Atlantic Ocean located?

NW Atlantic near NY & NJ

Recently, illegal dumping of radioactive or toxic waste into the sea have been reported near the coast of which continent?

North America (Canadian waters)

Review and describe catastrophic impacts of shipping on the marine environment.

Oil Pollution - covering birds with oil, killing/tainting fish, covering beaches Sewage - introduction of nutrients into the sea & waterborne pathogens Garbage - transport of contaminants over long distances & plastic debris Air Pollution - NOx and SOx emissions Anti-Fouling Treatments - resident marine organisms attaching to vessels slowing them down increasing fuel consumption Ship Wrecks - fuel oil introduction from newer wrecks Ballast water - Invasive Species Sound/Noise Pollution - Baleen whales uses similar frequencies for some of their communication

Describe all types of ocean dumping. Among them - which is the most abundant and has major impacts on marine environments?

Radioactive Explosives & Military Illegal Dredged Material (most abundant) Oil & Gas Operations

What are causes of low frequency anthropogenic ocean sound affecting marine biota over long distances?

Shipping noise

Which category of dumped materials is known to create artificial reefs?

Ships and platforms

On a global scale, which seabird species has suffered the most from oil pollution?

The African penguin

Which source provides access to scientific literature and general information on the potential environmental impacts of marine energy devices categorizing environmental stressors, receptors, technology type and interactions?

http://noc.ac.uk/science-technology/seas-under-threat/marine-pollution/sewage

To prevent impacts of oil pollution what type of oil tanker was recommended by MARPOL?

the phasing out of single-hulled oil tankers... recommend segregated ballast tanks and need to be double hulled.