Anthropology final

How does a chiefdom differ from a tribe?

A chiefdom is a ranked society with a hereditary chief.

In Hua society, where sexual differences are explained by the life-giving substance nu, post-menopausal women are permitted to live in the men's house. Why is this?

A life of childbirth and menstruation are believed to have purged them of most feminine substances.

Which of these are characteristic of the chiefdom of Tahiti?

A set of inherited ranks of chiefs

Which of these is NOT generally characteristic of a state society?

All of these are characteristic of most state societies.

What do anthropologists consider when trying to assess the status of women (gender stratification) within any particular society?

All of these are considerations when assessing women's status.

According to anthropologists, what aspects of gender are culturally constructed?

All of these are culturally constructed according to anthropologists.

Which of these tasks are performed primarily by females in most societies?

All of these are done almost exclusively by females.

In contemporary American society, the vast majority of construction jobs are occupied by men. This is because

All of these are explanations for male-dominated hiring in construction.

Which of the following is NOT a form of social control?

All of these are forms of social control.

Which of these is influenced by gender?

All of these are influenced by gender.

Comparative research on gender inequality has found that

All of these are true in regard to studies of gender inequality.

Unlike tribes, chiefdoms

All of these are true of how chiefdoms differ from tribes.

The Incan Empire was governed by a political state. The Incan state government

All of these are true of the Incan Empire.

In societies where women have little independence outside the domestic context

All of these are true.

Which of these statements about the sexual division of labor is true?

All of these statements are true.

Which of these statements about the Comanche of the Great Plains of the U.S. is FALSE?

Candidates for the position of "peace chief" were selected on the basis of descent.

The physical strength hypothesis probably accounts for which of these male-specific tasks?

Clearing land and preparing soil

How are composite bands different from simple bands?

Composite bands are made up of unrelated extended families.

How is a court legal system different than a self-help legal system?

Court systems only exist in chiefdoms and state societies.

Which of these is NOT one of the features identified by Serena Nanda as widespread among gender variant Native Americans?

Exclusively heterosexual relationships

A political system must have positions of authority.

False

According to the text, the most likely explanation for the universal sexual division of labor is that men are more expendable than women, from a reproductive perspective.

False

All anthropologists agree that there are only two gender identities.

False

All cultures attach the same importance to whether members are men or women.

False

All forms of killing were considered murder by the Cheyenne and considered crimes against society

False

All governments have the right to regulate any goods, commodities and services that are imported into or exported from their country

False

Anthropologists are in agreement that sexual dimorphism and differences in reproductive physiology between men and women are very important culturally.

False

Data derived from hundreds of field studies support the fact that men are the natural breadwinners or providers for the family.

False

If a society does not have a formalized legal system, it cannot have laws that govern behavior.

False

In some cultures, constructions of gender are based entirely on the biological differences between men and women.

False

In state societies and courts of regulation, laws are the outgrowth of shared values and norms.

False

Most chiefdoms were associated with foraging and pastoralists societies.

False

National governments have the power to regulate all of the activities of multinational corporations that do business in their countries.

False

Ninety percent of all horticulturists subsist mainly from cereals, such as wheat

False

Simple band societies do not need any mechanisms for maintaining social control.

False

The belief that gender is culturally constructed means that genetic differences between men and women do not matter.

False

Women among the BaMbuti and Aka, two foraging Pygmy groups of central Africa, are able to enjoy greater equality in status as men because of their critical role in providing material welfare to their community.

False

Women in matrilineal and matrilocal societies suffer from male dominance as much as women in patrilineal and patrilocal societies.

False

According to the text, which explanation for the sexual division of labor seems to have the LEAST amount of support?

Fertility maintenance for women

Which of these is NOT characteristic of most bands?

Formal leadership

Which of these statements best explains why anthropologists are so interested in the question of whether or not gender hierarchy is universal?

If many cultures currently have or have had gender equality, this would indicate that modern societies could achieve gender equality.

Which of these tasks are done predominantly or exclusively by males in most societies?

Land clearing and preparing the soil

Who were big men?

Leaders of composite bands of unrelated extended families

Which of these most accurately describes biological differences between men and women?

Men tend to be larger and physically stronger than women.

Which of these tasks does NOT tend to be sex-specific in most societies?

Milking animals

Which of these statements about matriarchy is true?

No instance of systematic female dominance over men has been documented.

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of most tribes?

Positions of authority within a tribe were hereditary

____ is biological; ____ is cultural.

Sex / gender

Which of these is NOT one of the four basic forms of political organization mentioned in the text?

Sodality

Which of the following statements is true?

States are characterized by having a bureaucracy

Which of the following is NOT considered a determinant of women's status in any given society?

Subscribing to monotheistic religion

Which of these groups is frequently noted as having near equality between men and women?

The Iroquois of northeastern North America

Which of these is characteristic of courts of mediation?

The application of a reasonable-person model

Among the Comanche, the system for resolving a case of wife-stealing may require the plaintiff to ask for assistance from a number of different people, including a war chief if necessary. This system is an example of which type of legal system?

The familial form of self-help systems

Which of these statements about courts of regulation is NOT true?

The goal of courts of regulation is to reconcile the parties to a dispute.

How have anthropological perspectives on cross-gender identity changed since the 1970s and 1980s?

There is currently recognition that some cultures have constructed multiple gender identities.

Within Native American groups that had members who assumed a third gender, how were these members (called Two Spirits) typically treated?

They were treated with great respect and valued for their contributions.

How do tribes differ from bands?

Tribes have formally organized institutions that unite scattered communities.

Among the Hua of Papua New Guinea, the belief in nu as the source of differences between men and women creates more than two gender constructions in Hua society.

True

As agriculture becomes more intensive, women's role in direct food production is reduced.

True

Both chiefdoms and states have a centralized political structure and an internal bureaucracy.

True

Courts of mediation are only effective in culturally homogeneous contexts.

True

Gender crossing behavior and having a same-sex sexual orientation are not necessarily the same thing.

True

In Tahitian society, whatever was touched by sacred chiefs became tabu and could not be used by others for fear of supernatural punishment.

True

It is important to emphasize that relationships between gender and labor are generalized as exceptions to every "rule" may always be found.

True

Law has existed in virtually all societies.

True

One consequence of deregulation and expanded free trade is the growth of mega corporations.

True

Supernatural sanctions can be a form of social control.

True

The administrative system of the Inca was incorporated into the colonial government of Peru.

True

The boundaries of a polity, a politically organized group, do not necessarily coincide with a particular culture.

True

The more different some culture's beliefs are from your own, the more obvious it is that those beliefs are a cultural construction rather than biologically determined.

True

When making cultural comparisons, anthropologists cannot use characteristics that are shared by groups as part of an explanation for something that varies from people to people.

True

Within a tribe, few (if any) positions are inherited and the group is largely egalitarian

True

Women perform most of the garden labor in horticultural societies.

True

The general term preferred by Native peoples, and by anthropologists, for person with a third or fourth gender identity is

Two Spirit.

The global commerce agency with legal power to enforce agreements is the

World Trade Organization (WTO).

Within all state political systems

a bureaucracy carries out the day to day functioning of the government.

The Nuer, a pastoral tribe in Sudan, rely on ____ to serve as a mediator in feuds between local groups, often in cases of violence leading to death.

a man with ritual power to curse or bless, but no secular authority

In virtually all, or most, societies law includes

a publicly recognized authority to settle a case.

A serious drawback to a court of mediation is that

all of the parties involved must share the same norms and values

Within the tribal-level society of the Cheyenne, the Council of Forty-Four and groups of warriors would sometimes act as de facto judges and courts. This in an example of

an incipient court system.

The oldest and least complex form of political organization is

band.

In a chiefdom, governing is done

by decree.

The behavior patterns that vary cross culturally in terms of what is allowable for men and women to do is a result of

cultural acceptance of particular roles assigned to each gender.

The degree to which groups allocate social and material rewards based on gender is termed

gender stratification.

Simple bands

had names that came from features in their territory.

The examples of Native American Two Spirits and the hijra of India demonstrate that

hatred and intolerance of people who are gender variant and/or homosexual is not universal.

In Hindu India, some people born with male genitalia undergo a rite of passage to remove their penis and testicles, resulting in a person who is "neither man nor woman." The local term for such a person is

hijra.

The key difference between different court systems is

how breaches of law are determined and sanctions imposed.

Gender

is a universal basis for organizing group activities.

In general, the ____ the population, the ____ the political organization

larger / more complex

The primary objective of a multinational corporation is to

make profits for the owners, who are stockholders or investors

How people make a living influences the sexual division of labor. This is an example of the ____ theoretical approach.

materialist

As societies become increasingly complex, the primary focus of courts moves from

mediating disputes to regulating behavior

Political systems

organize and direct the collective actions of the population.

In regards to their sexuality, Native American Two Spirits

rarely had sexual relations with each other

The Hua of Papua New Guinea believe that differences between men and women are the result of differing amounts of a life-giving substance called nu. As a result of this belief

sexual intercourse is considered dangerous for men because it transfers nu to women.

The Cheyenne were a ____ of the Great Plains in the U.S. who came together once every summer to perform ceremonies and hunt bison.

tribe

Third gender people among the Navajo were

welcomed as nadle (men-women).