AP Classroom Period 5 Questions

(political cartoon, general standing between angry poor whites, and blacks) During Reconstruction, which of following was a change that took place in the South? A) Many African Americans found manufacturing employment. B) Many White Southerners supported African Americans' rights. C) African Americans favored the Democratic Party. D) African Americans were able to exercise political rights.

African Americans were able to exercise political rights.

(Raber and Foner discussing the South's bad adjustment to new norms, Raber overall and political, Foner talking about the KKK and its terrible success in achieving power in the South.) Which of the following is a similarity between Rable's and Foner's arguments in the excerpts? A Both highlight the use of federal force to uphold the Constitution. B) Both focus on many Southerners' opposition to racial equality. C) Both discuss congressional legislation to protect African American suffrage. D) Both assert that Northerners cared little about the outcome of Reconstruction.

Both focus on many Southerners' opposition to racial equality.

"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863 Which of the following most directly contributed to the conflict referred to in the excerpt? A) Disputes over taxation and representation B) Tensions between isolationism and international engagement C) Disagreements over whether to allow slavery in new territories D) Debates about the role of religion in society and government

Disagreements over whether to allow slavery in new territories

"Whether you are or are not, entitled to all the rights of citizenship in this country has long been a matter of dispute to your prejudice. By enlisting in the service of your country at this trial hour, and upholding the National Flag, you stop the mouths of [cynics] and win applause even from the iron lips of ingratitude. Enlist and you make this your country in common with all other men born in the country or out of it. . . . He who fights the battles of America may claim America as his country—and have that claim respected. Thus in defending your country now against rebels and traitors you are defending your own liberty, honor, manhood and self-respect. . . . . . . [H]istory shall record the names of heroes and martyrs who bravely answered the call of patriotism and Liberty—against traitors, thieves and assassins—let it not be said that in the long list of glory, composed of men of all nations—there appears the name of no colored man." Frederick Douglass, excerpt from an editorial, April 1863 Douglass' rhetoric in the excerpt was most likely interpreted as promoting which of the following? A) The need for more soldiers in the Union Army B) His advocacy for African American equal rights C) His support for Abraham Lincoln's reelection in 1864 D) Criticism of the limits of the Emancipation Proclamation

His advocacy for African American equal rights

(map of southwestern territories in 1849) Which of the following ideas contributed most directly to the territorial changes shown in the map? A) Abolitionism B) Manifest Destiny C) Popular sovereignty D) Containment

Manifest Destiny

"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863 After 1863, which of the following most fulfilled the "new birth of freedom" that the excerpt refers to? A) Ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments B) The compromise that resolved the election of 1876 C) Establishment of the Ku Klux Klan and similar organizations D) Supreme Court rulings such as Plessy v. Ferguson

Ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments

"The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution." United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 Which of the following most likely supported the ideas expressed in the excerpt? A) Abolitionists B) Southern Democrats C) Free soil advocates D) Northern Republicans

Southern Democrats

"I am filled with deep emotion at finding myself standing here in the place . . . from which sprang the institutions under which we live. . . . I have never had a feeling politically that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence. . . . It was not the mere matter of the separation of the colonies from the mother land; but something in that Declaration giving liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but hope to the world for all future time. It was that which gave promise that in due time the weights should be lifted from the shoulders of all men. . . . "Now, my friends, can this country be saved upon that basis? If it can, I will consider myself one of the happiest men in the world if I can help to save it. If it can't be saved upon that principle, it will be truly awful. "Now, in my view of the present aspect of affairs, there need be no bloodshed and war. . . . And I may say in advance, there will be no blood shed unless it be forced upon the Government. . . . "My friends, this is a wholly unprepared speech. I did not expect to be called upon to say a word when I came here. . . . I may, therefore, have said something indiscreet, but I have said nothing but what I am willing to live by, and, in the pleasure of Almighty God, die by." President-elect Abraham Lincoln, speaking at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, February 22, 1861 Evidence in the excerpt best corroborates which of the following? A) Southern politicians would not abandon slavery, and they believed Lincoln was a threat to that system. B) Sectional divisions were not as deep as many thought, and there was agreement about gradual abolition. C) Political leadership in previous administrations had successfully limited sectional conflict. D) Lincoln viewed foreign influences as serious threats to the stability of the United States.

Southern politicians would not abandon slavery, and they believed Lincoln was a threat to that system.

"With regard to the northwestern States, to which the ordinance of 1787 was applied—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan—no one now believes that any one of those States, if they thought proper to do it, has not just as much a right to introduce slavery within her borders as Virginia has a right to maintain the existence of slavery within hers. "Then, if in this struggle of power and empire between the two classes of states a decision of California has taken place adverse to the wishes of the southern States, it is a decision not made by the General [federal] Government; it is a decision respecting which they cannot complain to the General Government. It is a decision made by California herself, and which California had incontestably a right to make under the Constitution of the United States. . . . The question of slavery, either of its introduction or interdiction, is silent as respects the action of this [federal] Government; and if it has been decided, it has been by a different body—by a different power—by California herself, who had a right to make that decision." Senator Henry Clay, speech in the United States Senate, 1850 Evidence in the excerpt best corroborates which of the following broader historical contexts? A) Expanded trade between the East and West Coasts and with Asia divided the country in new ways. B) Abolitionist activity undermined the ability of new territories to achieve statehood. C) Southern states sought more proslavery seats in the United States Congress. D) New political parties such as the Know-Nothings threatened the system of slavery.

Southern states sought more proslavery seats in the United States Congress.

"The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution." United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 Which of the following was the most immediate result of the decision in the excerpt? A) Tensions over slavery diminished. B) Support grew for the Republican Party. C) The United States fought a war with Mexico. D) Most slave states voted to secede from the Union.

Support grew for the Republican Party.

"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The provision above overturned the A) Alien and Sedition Acts B) Chinese Exclusion Act C) Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford D) Supreme Court ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland E) Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford

"The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution." United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 Which of the following invalidated the decision in the excerpt? A) The Fourteenth Amendment B) Plessy v. Ferguson C) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka D) The Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Fourteenth Amendment

"The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution." United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 The decision in the excerpt held which of the following to be unconstitutional? A) The Northwest Ordinance B) The Louisiana Purchase C) The Missouri Compromise D) The Wilmot Proviso

The Missouri Compromise

"With regard to the northwestern States, to which the ordinance of 1787 was applied—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan—no one now believes that any one of those States, if they thought proper to do it, has not just as much a right to introduce slavery within her borders as Virginia has a right to maintain the existence of slavery within hers. "Then, if in this struggle of power and empire between the two classes of states a decision of California has taken place adverse to the wishes of the southern States, it is a decision not made by the General [federal] Government; it is a decision respecting which they cannot complain to the General Government. It is a decision made by California herself, and which California had incontestably a right to make under the Constitution of the United States. . . . The question of slavery, either of its introduction or interdiction, is silent as respects the action of this [federal] Government; and if it has been decided, it has been by a different body—by a different power—by California herself, who had a right to make that decision." Senator Henry Clay, speech in the United States Senate, 1850 The position expressed by Clay in the excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following? A) Northern politicians showed less interest in California than Southern politicians. B) The United States Senate could not agree on treaty terms with Mexico. C) The acquisition of new territories created disputes over the expansion of slavery. D) Nativist groups opposed incorporating new states into the Union.

The acquisition of new territories created disputes over the expansion of slavery.

Which of the following best describes the situation of freedom in the decade following the Civil War? A) Each was given 40 acres of land and a mule by the Union government. B) All were immediately granted political equality by the Emancipation Proclamation. C) The majority entered sharecropping arrangements with former masters or other nearby planters. D) They were required to pass a literacy test before being granted United States citizenship. E) They supported the passage of Black codes to ensure their economic and political rights.

The majority entered sharecropping arrangements with former masters or other nearby planters.

(political cartoon, 'strong' government being escorted by Confederate soldiers, and being held up by 'Old South'" The cartoon above is intended to express A) a critique of Reconstruction B) opposition to women's rights C) opposition to states' rights D) support for strong government E) opposition to the draft

a critique of Reconstruction

"For a few years in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of immigration after 1845.... The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in comparison with the immigration of the late 1840s.... During the decade 1846 to 1855, more than three million immigrants entered the United States—equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845 population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any ten-year period in American history.... Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition." James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010 The conflict described in the excerpt is most similar to conflict in what other period? A) The period from after the Seven Years' War through the 1760s B) The period from after the War of 1812 through the 1820s C) The period from after the First World War through the 1920s D) The period from after the Second World War through the 1950s

The period from after the First World War through the 1920s

"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain... that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities...are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State...." South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following? A) The entry into the Mexican-American War B) The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act C) The secession of most Southern states D) The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment

The secession of most Southern states

Which of the following states the principle of "popular sovereignty?" A) Congress has the right to decide where slavery shall and shall not exist. B) The settlers in a given territory have the sole right to decide whether or not slavery will be permitted there. C) Individual citizens can decide for themselves whether or not to hold slaves. D) The American people shall decide where slavery will exist through a national plebiscite. E) Individual states have the right to reject congressional decisions pertaining to slavery.

The settlers in a given territory have the sole right to decide whether or not slavery will be permitted there.

"Whether you are or are not, entitled to all the rights of citizenship in this country has long been a matter of dispute to your prejudice. By enlisting in the service of your country at this trial hour, and upholding the National Flag, you stop the mouths of [cynics] and win applause even from the iron lips of ingratitude. Enlist and you make this your country in common with all other men born in the country or out of it. . . . He who fights the battles of America may claim America as his country—and have that claim respected. Thus in defending your country now against rebels and traitors you are defending your own liberty, honor, manhood and self-respect. . . . . . . [H]istory shall record the names of heroes and martyrs who bravely answered the call of patriotism and Liberty—against traitors, thieves and assassins—let it not be said that in the long list of glory, composed of men of all nations—there appears the name of no colored man." Frederick Douglass, excerpt from an editorial, April 1863 Ideas expressed by Douglass in the excerpt were most likely interpreted as supporting which of the following arguments? A) The war would make African Americans feel free. B) The war was the product of years of injustice against African Americans. C) The war would take enormous sacrifice of military combat to achieve victory. D) The war was no longer just about preserving the union of the states.

The war was no longer just about preserving the union of the states.

(political cartoon, general standing between angry poor whites, and blacks) The situation depicted in the image best serves as evidence of the A) expansion of federal power B) decline of an agrarian economy C) increase in sectional divisions D) institutionalization of racial segregation

expansion of federal power

"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863 Lincoln's main purpose in the excerpt was to A) advocate racial equality B) encourage the punishment of the South C) propose expanded democratic voting rights D) gain continued support for the war effort

gain continued support for the war effort

In 1861 the North went to war with the South primarily to A) liberate the slaves B) prevent European powers from meddling in American affairs C) preserve the Union D) average political defeats and insults inflicted by the South E) forestall a Southern invasion of the North

preserve the Union

We do not know whether free laborers ever sleep. . . . The free laborer must work or starve. He is more of a slave than the negro, because he works longer and harder for less allowance than the slave, and has no holiday, because the cares of life with him begin when its labors end. He has no liberty, and not a single right." George Fitzhugh, Cannibals All! or, Slaves Without Masters, 1857 The excerpt above reflects the common argument in the antebellum South that A) slavery was immoral B) capitalism was the economic system most likely to generate wealth and happiness for the most people C) the South needed to change to survive D) slaves lived better than northern factory workers E) industrialists took care of their workers' welfare

slaves lived better than northern factory workers

(political cartoon, general standing between angry poor whites, and blacks) The image most strongly supports the argument that Reconstruction A) led to the unfair punishment of White Southerners by the North B) encouraged large-scale rebellions by former slaves C) involved unconstitutional abuses of government power D) temporarily altered race relations in the South

temporarily altered race relations in the South

(map of southwestern territories in 1849) The territorial changes shown in the southwestern region of the map most directly resulted from A) treaties made with American Indian nations B) the purchase of land from France and Spain C) the Spanish-American War D) the Mexican-American War

the Mexican-American War

"With regard to the northwestern States, to which the ordinance of 1787 was applied—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan—no one now believes that any one of those States, if they thought proper to do it, has not just as much a right to introduce slavery within her borders as Virginia has a right to maintain the existence of slavery within hers. "Then, if in this struggle of power and empire between the two classes of states a decision of California has taken place adverse to the wishes of the southern States, it is a decision not made by the General [federal] Government; it is a decision respecting which they cannot complain to the General Government. It is a decision made by California herself, and which California had incontestably a right to make under the Constitution of the United States. . . . The question of slavery, either of its introduction or interdiction, is silent as respects the action of this [federal] Government; and if it has been decided, it has been by a different body—by a different power—by California herself, who had a right to make that decision." Senator Henry Clay, speech in the United States Senate, 1850 The excerpt best reflects which of the following historical situations? A) Congressional leaders sought political compromise to resolve discord between the North and the South. B) States in the Great Lakes region advocated to legalize slavery within their borders. C) Senators appealed to the idea of American exceptionalism to encourage national unity. D) The Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott case reduced sectional conflict within the United States.

Congressional leaders sought political compromise to resolve discord between the North and the South.

"For a few years in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of immigration after 1845.... The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in comparison with the immigration of the late 1840s.... During the decade 1846 to 1855, more than three million immigrants entered the United States—equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845 population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any ten-year period in American history.... Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition." James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010 Which of the following most directly contributed to "the sharp increase of immigration after 1845" referenced in the excerpt? A) The Second Great Awakening B) Crop failures and revolutions in Europe C) Removal of American Indians from the Southeast D) Tariff policies during Andrew Jackson's administration

Crop failures and revolutions in Europe

"For a few years in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of immigration after 1845.... The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in comparison with the immigration of the late 1840s.... During the decade 1846 to 1855, more than three million immigrants entered the United States—equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845 population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any ten-year period in American history.... Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition." James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010 Which of the following could best be used as evidence to support the argument in the excerpt that "ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue" of the period? A) Growing concern about the political and cultural influence of Catholic immigrants B) Growing fear of political radicalism among southern and eastern European immigrants C) Increasing cultural influence of European Romanticism in the United States D) Increasing support for the antislavery cause among the immigrant community

Growing concern about the political and cultural influence of Catholic immigrants

(Raber and Foner discussing the South's bad adjustment to new norms, Raber overall and political, Foner talking about the KKK and its terrible success in achieving power in the South.) Which of the following describes a difference between Rable's and Foner's arguments in the excerpts? A) Rable asserts that violence in the South achieved its political goals during Reconstruction, whereas Foner asserts that this violence was suppressed at the time. B) Rable claims that the violence during Reconstruction was unprecedented, whereas Foner claims that this violence followed earlier patterns in United States history. C) Foner argues that the North lost the will to enforce Reconstruction, whereas Rable argues that the North passed laws carrying out Reconstruction. D) Foner contends that the South accepted Reconstruction, whereas Rable contends that the South revolted against Reconstruction.

Rable asserts that violence in the South achieved its political goals during Reconstruction, whereas Foner asserts that this violence was suppressed at the time.

"Whether you are or are not, entitled to all the rights of citizenship in this country has long been a matter of dispute to your prejudice. By enlisting in the service of your country at this trial hour, and upholding the National Flag, you stop the mouths of [cynics] and win applause even from the iron lips of ingratitude. Enlist and you make this your country in common with all other men born in the country or out of it. . . . He who fights the battles of America may claim America as his country—and have that claim respected. Thus in defending your country now against rebels and traitors you are defending your own liberty, honor, manhood and self-respect. . . . . . . [H]istory shall record the names of heroes and martyrs who bravely answered the call of patriotism and Liberty—against traitors, thieves and assassins—let it not be said that in the long list of glory, composed of men of all nations—there appears the name of no colored man." Frederick Douglass, excerpt from an editorial, April 1863 Which of the following best explains Douglass' point of view in the excerpt? A) African American enlistment would enable the Union Army to prevail in the Civil War. B) Once African American men enlisted, Northern White soldiers would accept them as equals. C) Shared sacrifice would help advance African American men's claims to United States citizenship. D) Northern politicians overwhelmingly favored enlistment of African Americans in the Union Army.

Shared sacrifice would help advance African American men's claims to United States citizenship.

(Raber and Foner discussing the South's bad adjustment to new norms, Raber overall and political, Foner talking about the KKK and its terrible success in achieving power in the South.) Based on their arguments in the excerpts, both Rable and Foner would most likely agree with which of the following claims? A) The North achieved its aims for Reconstruction. B) Federal policy during Reconstruction was inconsistent. C) Southern resistance hindered Reconstruction. D) Republicans dominated the South after Reconstruction.

Southern resistance hindered Reconstruction.

"I am filled with deep emotion at finding myself standing here in the place . . . from which sprang the institutions under which we live. . . . I have never had a feeling politically that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence. . . . It was not the mere matter of the separation of the colonies from the mother land; but something in that Declaration giving liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but hope to the world for all future time. It was that which gave promise that in due time the weights should be lifted from the shoulders of all men. . . . "Now, my friends, can this country be saved upon that basis? If it can, I will consider myself one of the happiest men in the world if I can help to save it. If it can't be saved upon that principle, it will be truly awful. "Now, in my view of the present aspect of affairs, there need be no bloodshed and war. . . . And I may say in advance, there will be no blood shed unless it be forced upon the Government. . . . "My friends, this is a wholly unprepared speech. I did not expect to be called upon to say a word when I came here. . . . I may, therefore, have said something indiscreet, but I have said nothing but what I am willing to live by, and, in the pleasure of Almighty God, die by." President-elect Abraham Lincoln, speaking at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, February 22, 1861 The excerpt most likely reflects which of the following historical situations? A) Abraham Lincoln won all of the electoral college votes in the presidential election. B) Formerly enslaved people were given the right to vote in presidential elections. C) Southern states refused to participate in the presidential election. D) States in the South had begun seceding after the presidential election.

States in the South had begun seceding after the presidential election.

(map of southwestern territories in 1849) The acquisition of territory in the southwestern region shown in the map intensified controversies in the United States about A) granting free land in the new territories B) rights to mineral wealth and resources in the new territories C) extending citizenship to people already in the territories D) allowing slavery in the new territories

allowing slavery in the new territories