ap euro chapter 17

Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?

About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America.

What was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession?

An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare

The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to

Become landless rural wage earners.

Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?

Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially.

By the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society

Came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain.

Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?

Convicted prisoners

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as

Creoles.

Britain's great rival for influence in India in the eighteenth century was

France.

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

Gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.

In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe, guild masters

Guarded their guild privileges jealously.

What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?

He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research.

In the eighteenth century, European public health measures

Improved water supply and sewage systems.

How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?

Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine.

Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?

It permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas.

Arthur Young, an eighteenth-century agricultural experimentalist, advocated

Large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress.

In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was

London.

As noted in Primary Source 17.3, Adam Smith thought that a proper division of labor would make it possible for a small number of men to do the work of many more because it

Makes it possible for an unskilled worker to be part of the manufacturing process.

Which of the following describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?

Masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules.

The spinning of thread for the loom

Required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages.

Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to

The necessity to provide for a densely populated country.

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that

The pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens.

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

The rural poor worked for low wages

Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?

They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas

Took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples.

The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the

Treaty of Paris.

In Primary Source 17.1, Arthur Young, writing at the end of the eighteenth century on the benefits of enclosure, believes that

Enclosures will increase the amount of employment compared with open fields.

In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

Landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently.

In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in

More wars and likely fewer people.

The industrious revolution was a result of

Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.

In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with

The British colonial empire.

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?

The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.

Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?

The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively.

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?

The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War owing to

The size and strength of British naval power.

Within the family, the operation of the loom

Was reserved for the male head of household.

Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of

Debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt.

What was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?

They faced political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved.

Between 1700 and 1835, Europe's population

Doubled.