AP WORLD PRACTICE

INDIAN MUSLIM TROOPS IN THE BRITISH ARMED FORCES PRAYING. PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN SURREY, ENGLAND, 1916 FPG / Staff In the background, a group of British civilians, mostly women, are watching the troops pray. As shown in the image, the deployment of soldiers by European powers most directly relates to which of the following causes of conflict during the early twentieth century? A The network of rival alliance systems B Imperialist expansion and competition for resources C Decline in global economic production and trade D The emergence of revolutionary communism

Imperialist expansion and competition for resources

Source 1: "The British . . . have for many decades had settled notions about India's future. Their concept of party government and parliamentary rule has become the ideal with them as the best form of government for every country. . . . It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. It is only a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality. This misconception of one Indian nation will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims in India belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. . . . They have different epics and different heroes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be built up for the government of such a state." Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the All-India Muslim League, an organization of Indian Muslims that had split from the Indian National Congress, address to a meeting of the League, March 1940 Source 2: "We, the inhabitants of India, have one thing in common and that is our India-ness, which we share despite our religious and cultural differences. Just as our different features and personalities do not affect our common humanity, so our religious and cultural differences should not interfere with our shared association with our homeland. Therefore, like other religious groups in India, we Muslims have a duty to struggle for the attainment of our common Indian interests and fight against the evils that hamper our common progress and prosperity. This is what I mean when I speak of a common nationhood of all Indians. The [Indian National] Congress, having the same position as ours, has made provisions for the protection of all religions, cultures, and languages in a future Indian state. On the other hand, the European concept of nationalism is unacceptable to our organization. We denounce it and are totally against it." Husain Ahmad Madani, leader of the Council of Indian Muslim Religious Scholars, address to the annual meeting of the organization, June 1940 Taken together, the two sources best support which of the following conclusions regarding the situation in British India in 1940? A The British skillfully manipulated religious tensions within India to rally support for the imperial war effort. B Indian opposition to British rule involved groups pursuing very different political goals. C Indian Muslim religious scholars rejected Gandhi's emphasis on nonviolence to achieve political change. D There was a clear difference between Hindu and Muslim visions of what postwar India should be.

Indian opposition to British rule involved groups pursuing very different political goals.

In the late nineteenth century, Japanese attitudes toward European cultural influences changed as a direct result of A Japan isolating its economy from trade with Western markets B Japan enacting political reforms during the Meiji Era C Japan defeating China in the First Sino-Japanese War D Japan extending its empire over most of Southeast Asia

Japan enacting political reforms during the Meiji Era

Wila Uma, the Inca general, addressed the Spanish [conquistadors] with the following words: 'What are you doing to our ruler?* This is how you repay his good will? Did he not command all of his people to give you tribute? Did he not give you a house filled with gold and silver? Did he not give you his servants to serve you? What more can he give you now that you have imprisoned him? All the people of this land are so distressed by your actions, because they have lost all they possess, and their distress leaves them no choice but to hang themselves or risk everything by rebelling. Thus, I believe it would be best for you to release him from this prison to lessen the grief of these people.' . . . *Manco Inca, a previous Inca ruler and father of Titu Cusi, whom the Spanish had imprisoned after conquering the Inca capital of Cuzco in 1533 Titu Cusi, ruler of a regional Inca state established after the Spanish had conquered the Inca Empire,letter to the Spanish king detailing the abuses of the Spanish during the conquest, 1570 Which of the following was the most important long-term effect of the European acquisition of the wealth and resources of the Americas, as alluded to in the passage? A A lasting shift in the balance of trade between Europe and Asia B The decline of feudalism in Europe C A decrease in the influence of Christianity worldwide D The end of Chinese maritime exploration in the Indian Ocean

A lasting shift in the balance of trade between Europe and Asia

"Last Will and Testament I, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare the present Will in the following manner: I declare that I was born on the Coast of Africa from where I was transported to the states of Brazil and the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia where I have lived until the present. I was a slave of Theodozia Maria da Cruz, who bought me as part of a parcel of slaves, and who freed me for the amount of one hundred mil-réis,* which I gave her in cash. And as a freed woman I have enjoyed this same freedom without the least opposition until the present time. I declare that I was never married and always remained single. And in this state I had five children. I declare that the goods I possess are the following: a slave by the name of Maria, whom I leave conditionally freed for the amount of sixty mil-réis,to be paid to my granddaughter. I also possess a group of two-story houses with shops at street level and a basement below with lodgings, located on the Ladeira do Carmo, where I live on land belonging to me." *currency unit in colonial Brazil Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Afro-Brazilian woman, last will and testament, 1823 The passage best supports which of the following statements? A A small number of women were able to acquire wealth and property on their own. B Slaves were permitted to maintain families of their own. C Women contributed to the family income by weaving textiles. D Women were the legal heads of the household in most families.

A small number of women were able to acquire wealth and property on their own.

"Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as 'dancing,' and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle." *religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656 The author's position on the religious controversy in the passage can best be described as that of A a strong supporter of the official Ottoman religious establishment B an impartial observer describing the controversy without taking sides C a practitioner of the Sufi way with its emphasis on increased spirituality D an advocate of the right of the people to freely choose their own religion

An impartial observer describing controversy without taking sides

"Last Will and Testament I, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare the present Will in the following manner: I declare that I was born on the Coast of Africa from where I was transported to the states of Brazil and the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia where I have lived until the present. I was a slave of Theodozia Maria da Cruz, who bought me as part of a parcel of slaves, and who freed me for the amount of one hundred mil-réis,* which I gave her in cash. And as a freed woman I have enjoyed this same freedom without the least opposition until the present time. I declare that I was never married and always remained single. And in this state I had five children. I declare that the goods I possess are the following: a slave by the name of Maria, whom I leave conditionally freed for the amount of sixty mil-réis,to be paid to my granddaughter. I also possess a group of two-story houses with shops at street level and a basement below with lodgings, located on the Ladeira do Carmo, where I live on land belonging to me." *currency unit in colonial Brazil Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Afro-Brazilian woman, last will and testament, 1823 The passage best illustrates which of the following features of colonial Latin American history? A Racial categories were used to divide colonial societies. B Christian religious practices were shared by many social groups. C Plantation agriculture dominated economic production. D Competition between European states influenced colonialism.

Christian religious practices were shared by many social groups.

ANNUAL REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES OF THE AFRICAN FRENCH COLONY OF TOGO, 1938 The figures are from a report of the Togo colonial government to the Ministry of Colonies in Paris. The revenues section of the table can best be used to illustrate which of the following continuities between pre-1900 and post-1900 European imperialism? A Competition between European colonial powers encouraged imperial expansion. B Some African peoples successfully resisted colonial economic exploitation. C Colonial powers directly subsidized most of the expenditures needed to maintain their colonies. D Colonial powers sought to extract wealth and economic resources from the colonized peoples.

Colonial powers sought to extract wealth and economic resources from the colonized peoples.

"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy's language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers. Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea.*" *an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897 The perspective of the author in the first paragraph can best be understood in the context of which of the following nineteenth-century developments? A The expansion of Catholicism in Africa and the Americas B The development of new military technologies due to industrialization C Competition among European states for global power and influence D Increasing African immigration to Italy

Competition among European states for global power and influence

] The figures are from a report of the Togo colonial government to the Ministry of Colonies in Paris. The expenditures shown in the table most strongly illustrate which of the following? A Despite some medical advances, the environment in Africa continued to present unique challenges to European imperialism. B Despite economic challenges they faced at home, European imperial powers continued to finance local manufacturing in their colonies. C The primary objective of European imperialism in Africa was to stop the rule of private joint-stock companies. D European colonial powers did not build roads, bridges, or railways in the African territories under their control.

Despite some medical advances, the environment in Africa continued to present unique challenges to European imperialism.

"Although I am a common woman, I have been the head of a family for some time, and I have fulfilled the various duties required as head of a family. Therefore, I automatically assumed that the government gave all heads of families equal rights regardless of sex. However, I recently found that this is not the case. I was told that I have no right to vote even for the local ward [neighborhood] assembly where I live because I am a woman. I was also told that for the same reason I am unable to sign or co-sign legal documents, although I have my registered legal seal. Thus there is a world of difference between male and female heads of families in terms of rights. But rights and duties should coexist together. It should logically be the case that if the head of family has the right to vote, she has an obligation to pay tax; but if there is no vote, there should be no tax obligation. However, I have to pay tax even though I have no right to vote. Considering this, I feel that my rights have been denied." Kusunose Kita, Japanese woman political activist and member of the Popular Rights Movement, an organization that advocated expanding voting rights in Japan, "Letter to the Government Authorities," 1878 The author's argument regarding taxation most closely resembles the arguments made by A Enlightenment thinkers regarding natural rights and the social contract B working-class movements regarding better wages and working conditions C abolitionist movements regarding the need to end the Atlantic slave trade D conservative thinkers regarding the need to preserve the social status of landed elites

Enlightenment thinkers regarding natural rights and the social contract

Direct taxes on the people7,933,000Taxes on domestic production and imports22,870,000Revenue from postal service and telegraph1,130,000Funds from the French colonial budget8,744,000Other income3,380,000TOTAL44,057,000ExpendituresColonial official salaries and other expenses17,600,000Public works, communication and infrastructure4,885,000Sleeping sickness-related personnel and other medical costs2,700,000Other expenditures15,259,000TOTAL40,444,000 The figures are from a report of the Togo colonial government to the Ministry of Colonies in Paris. The table best supports which of the following conclusions? A European powers did not provide financial support for the maintenance of their colonies. B European powers maintained colonies despite global war and economic depression. C Europeans migrated and established settler communities in Africa. D Revenue from cash crops accounted for the majority of "other income" in French African colonies.

European powers maintained colonies despite global war and economic depression.

INDIAN MUSLIM TROOPS IN THE BRITISH ARMED FORCES PRAYING. PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN SURREY, ENGLAND, 1916 FPG / Staff In the background, a group of British civilians, mostly women, are watching the troops pray. The experiences of soldiers such as those shown in the photograph most likely contributed to which of the following developments after 1918 ? A Conflict between Hindus and Muslims in India B The rise of authoritarian governments between the world wars C The idea that all Muslims should unite politically under the Ottoman sultan D Growing anti-imperial opposition in European colonies such as India

Growing anti-imperial opposition in European colonies such as India

"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy's language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers. Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea.*" *an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897 The author's statement that descendants of Italian emigrants "ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers" most directly refers to which of the following aspects of nineteenth-century migration? A Some receiving societies attempted to limit the flow of immigrants. B Some colonial states applied theories of Social Darwinism to establish racial preferences. C Immigrants often adopted the dominant culture of the state in receiving societies. D Immigrants often maintained some aspects of their religion within ethnic enclaves.

Immigrants often adopted the dominant culture of the state in receiving societies.

Source 1: "The British . . . have for many decades had settled notions about India's future. Their concept of party government and parliamentary rule has become the ideal with them as the best form of government for every country. . . . It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. It is only a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality. This misconception of one Indian nation will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims in India belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. . . . They have different epics and different heroes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be built up for the government of such a state." Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the All-India Muslim League, an organization of Indian Muslims that had split from the Indian National Congress, address to a meeting of the League, March 1940 Source 2: "We, the inhabitants of India, have one thing in common and that is our India-ness, which we share despite our religious and cultural differences. Just as our different features and personalities do not affect our common humanity, so our religious and cultural differences should not interfere with our shared association with our homeland. Therefore, like other religious groups in India, we Muslims have a duty to struggle for the attainment of our common Indian interests and fight against the evils that hamper our common progress and prosperity. This is what I mean when I speak of a common nationhood of all Indians. The [Indian National] Congress, having the same position as ours, has made provisions for the protection of all religions, cultures, and languages in a future Indian state. On the other hand, the European concept of nationalism is unacceptable to our organization. We denounce it and are totally against it." Husain Ahmad Madani, leader of the Council of Indian Muslim Religious Scholars, address to the annual meeting of the organization, June 1940 In the second half of the twentieth century, the kind of tensions illustrated by the two sources would most directly lead to the emergence of which of the following in postcolonial Asian and African states? A Communist movements B Popular movements advocating the restoration of colonial rule C Movements advocating for regional autonomy D Famines and epidemics

Movements advocating for regional autonomy

"Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as 'dancing,' and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle." *religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656 Which of the following conclusions regarding the Ottoman Empire is best supported by the passage? A Ottoman policies sought to limit the activities of some religious groups. B Many members of the Ottoman religious establishment practiced Sufism. C Ottoman rulers promoted an inclusive and tolerant interpretation of Islamic doctrine. D Ottoman policies toward Sufism caused conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and other Muslim states.

Ottoman policies sought to limit the activities of some religious groups.

"Although I am a common woman, I have been the head of a family for some time, and I have fulfilled the various duties required as head of a family. Therefore, I automatically assumed that the government gave all heads of families equal rights regardless of sex. However, I recently found that this is not the case. I was told that I have no right to vote even for the local ward [neighborhood] assembly where I live because I am a woman. I was also told that for the same reason I am unable to sign or co-sign legal documents, although I have my registered legal seal. Thus there is a world of difference between male and female heads of families in terms of rights. But rights and duties should coexist together. It should logically be the case that if the head of family has the right to vote, she has an obligation to pay tax; but if there is no vote, there should be no tax obligation. However, I have to pay tax even though I have no right to vote. Considering this, I feel that my rights have been denied." Kusunose Kita, Japanese woman political activist and member of the Popular Rights Movement, an organization that advocated expanding voting rights in Japan, "Letter to the Government Authorities," 1878 Based on the passage, the author would most likely support which of the following policies? A Adopting a socialist system of government to reduce economic inequalities in Japanese society B Providing greater educational opportunities to increase women's economic independence C Industrializing the Japanese economy to increase the standard of living for all Japanese citizens D Returning Japan's political order to the way it was under the Tokugawa Shogunate

Providing greater educational opportunities to increase women's economic independence

"Last Will and Testament I, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare the present Will in the following manner: I declare that I was born on the Coast of Africa from where I was transported to the states of Brazil and the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia where I have lived until the present. I was a slave of Theodozia Maria da Cruz, who bought me as part of a parcel of slaves, and who freed me for the amount of one hundred mil-réis,* which I gave her in cash. And as a freed woman I have enjoyed this same freedom without the least opposition until the present time. I declare that I was never married and always remained single. And in this state I had five children. I declare that the goods I possess are the following: a slave by the name of Maria, whom I leave conditionally freed for the amount of sixty mil-réis,to be paid to my granddaughter. I also possess a group of two-story houses with shops at street level and a basement below with lodgings, located on the Ladeira do Carmo, where I live on land belonging to me." *currency unit in colonial Brazil Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Afro-Brazilian woman, last will and testament, 1823 Which of the following was the most significant change in Latin American labor systems between the time the document was produced and 1900 ? A Slavery was abolished in all Latin American countries. B Many Latin American countries industrialized. C Indentured servitude became the main source of labor in most Latin American countries. D Most Latin American countries passed laws limiting the labor of women and children.

Slavery was abolished in all Latin American countries.

Japanese authorities required suspected Japanese Christians to tread on fumi-e plates based on the belief that Christians would refuse to disrespect images of Jesus Christ and other Christian religious figures. The use of objects such as the one shown in the image best illustrates which of the following historical processes from 1450 to 1750 ? A Some Asian states sought to limit foreign encroachment in their internal affairs. B Political leaders in Asia commissioned works of art to legitimize their rule. C Religious conversion by state rulers was often followed by the mass conversion of state populations. D The territorial expansion of Asian land-based empires limited European influence in many parts of Asia.

Some Asian states sought to limit foreign encroachment in their internal affairs

"Wila Uma, the Inca general, addressed the Spanish [conquistadors] with the following words: 'What are you doing to our ruler?* This is how you repay his good will? Did he not command all of his people to give you tribute? Did he not give you a house filled with gold and silver? Did he not give you his servants to serve you? What more can he give you now that you have imprisoned him? All the people of this land are so distressed by your actions, because they have lost all they possess, and their distress leaves them no choice but to hang themselves or risk everything by rebelling. Thus, I believe it would be best for you to release him from this prison to lessen the grief of these people.' . . . *Manco Inca, a previous Inca ruler and father of Titu Cusi, whom the Spanish had imprisoned after conquering the Inca capital of Cuzco in 1533 Titu Cusi, ruler of a regional Inca state established after the Spanish had conquered the Inca Empire,letter to the Spanish king detailing the abuses of the Spanish during the conquest, 1570 Which of the following most directly facilitated the conquest alluded to in the passage? A Spanish control of the trans-Atlantic slave trade B Spanish advantages over native American populations in terms of technology and disease immunity C The completion of the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula D The establishment of a cash-crop plantation economy on some of the islands in the in the Atlantic Ocean

Spanish advantages over native American populations in terms of technology and disease immunity

INDIAN MUSLIM TROOPS IN THE BRITISH ARMED FORCES PRAYING. PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN SURREY, ENGLAND, 1916 FPG / Staff In the background, a group of British civilians, mostly women, are watching the troops pray. The situation shown in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following aspects of twentieth-century warfare? A States used propaganda to intensify patriotism in times of war. B States used new industrial technologies to fight wars that were deadlier and more expensive. C States made full use of their populations and material resources to fight total wars. D States increasingly mobilized their citizens for warfare regardless of gender or class.

States made full use of their populations and material resources to fight total wars.

"Although I am a common woman, I have been the head of a family for some time, and I have fulfilled the various duties required as head of a family. Therefore, I automatically assumed that the government gave all heads of families equal rights regardless of sex. However, I recently found that this is not the case. I was told that I have no right to vote even for the local ward [neighborhood] assembly where I live because I am a woman. I was also told that for the same reason I am unable to sign or co-sign legal documents, although I have my registered legal seal. Thus there is a world of difference between male and female heads of families in terms of rights. But rights and duties should coexist together. It should logically be the case that if the head of family has the right to vote, she has an obligation to pay tax; but if there is no vote, there should be no tax obligation. However, I have to pay tax even though I have no right to vote. Considering this, I feel that my rights have been denied." Kusunose Kita, Japanese woman political activist and member of the Popular Rights Movement, an organization that advocated expanding voting rights in Japan, "Letter to the Government Authorities," 1878 The type of grievances outlined by the author in the passage was a key contributing factor in the outbreak of which of the following? A The American Revolution B The Haitian Revolution C The First World War D The Second World War

The American Revolution

"Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as 'dancing,' and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle." *religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656 Which of the following most directly strengthened Sunni religious scholars' role as official interpreters of Islamic doctrine within the Ottoman Empire, as suggested by the passage? A The establishment of the Mughal Empire in India B The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople C Ottoman sultans' extensive conquests in Europe D The Ottoman Empire's rivalry with the Safavid Empire

The Ottoman Empire's rivalry with the Safavid Empire

"The British . . . have for many decades had settled notions about India's future. Their concept of party government and parliamentary rule has become the ideal with them as the best form of government for every country. . . . It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. It is only a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality. This misconception of one Indian nation will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims in India belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. . . . They have different epics and different heroes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be built up for the government of such a state." Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the All-India Muslim League, an organization of Indian Muslims that had split from the Indian National Congress, address to a meeting of the League, March 1940 Source 2: "We, the inhabitants of India, have one thing in common and that is our India-ness, which we share despite our religious and cultural differences. Just as our different features and personalities do not affect our common humanity, so our religious and cultural differences should not interfere with our shared association with our homeland. Therefore, like other religious groups in India, we Muslims have a duty to struggle for the attainment of our common Indian interests and fight against the evils that hamper our common progress and prosperity. This is what I mean when I speak of a common nationhood of all Indians. The [Indian National] Congress, having the same position as ours, has made provisions for the protection of all religions, cultures, and languages in a future Indian state. On the other hand, the European concept of nationalism is unacceptable to our organization. We denounce it and are totally against it." Husain Ahmad Madani, leader of the Council of Indian Muslim Religious Scholars, address to the annual meeting of the organization, June 1940 During the negotiations to end British rule in India in the aftermath of the Second World War, British actions were ultimately most strongly influenced by which of the following arguments? A The argument in Source 1 that, for the British, "the concept of party government and parliamentary rule has become the ideal . . . for every country" B The argument in Source 1 that "to yoke together two such nations under a single state" would lead to "destruction" C The argument in Source 2 that "religious and cultural differences should not interfere with [Indians'] shared association with our homeland." D The argument in Source 2 that "the [Indian National] Congress . . . has made provisions for the protection of all religions, cultures, and languages in a future Indian state"

The argument in Source 1 that "to yoke together two such nations under a single state" would lead to "destruction"

1. Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens. . . . 10. The scientific material available to us at present does not justify the conclusion that inherited genetic differences are a major factor in producing differences between the cultures and cultural achievements of different peoples or groups. . . . 14. The biological fact of race and the myth of "race" should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes "race" is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of "race" has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years it has taken a heavy toll in human lives and caused untold suffering. A. According to present knowledge there is no proof that the groups of mankind differ in their innate mental characteristics, whether in respect of intelligence or temperament. B. There is no evidence that race mixture as such produces bad results from the biological point of view. C. All normal human beings are capable of learning to share in common life, to understand the nature of mutual service and reciprocity, and to respect social obligations and contracts. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), statement about the "science of race," 1949 The declaration can best be understood as a rejection of which of the following ideals? A The belief that some groups of people are inherently superior to others B The belief that all cultures have intrinsic value C The belief that race is a social construction D The belief that the concept of race has had a major impact on human interactions

The belief that some groups of people are inherently superior to others

1. Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens. . . . 10. The scientific material available to us at present does not justify the conclusion that inherited genetic differences are a major factor in producing differences between the cultures and cultural achievements of different peoples or groups. . . . 14. The biological fact of race and the myth of "race" should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes "race" is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of "race" has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years it has taken a heavy toll in human lives and caused untold suffering. A. According to present knowledge there is no proof that the groups of mankind differ in their innate mental characteristics, whether in respect of intelligence or temperament. B. There is no evidence that race mixture as such produces bad results from the biological point of view. C. All normal human beings are capable of learning to share in common life, to understand the nature of mutual service and reciprocity, and to respect social obligations and contracts. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), statement about the "science of race," 1949 The declaration's mention of a "heavy toll" in the third paragraph was most likely a reference to which of the following? A The casualties of the First World War B The deaths that occurred as a result of the use of nuclear weapons during the Second World War C The deaths that occurred during the Holocaust D The mass violence that occurred under communist leaders, such as Mao Zedong

The deaths that occurred during the Holocaust

. Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens. . . . 10. The scientific material available to us at present does not justify the conclusion that inherited genetic differences are a major factor in producing differences between the cultures and cultural achievements of different peoples or groups. . . . 14. The biological fact of race and the myth of "race" should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes "race" is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of "race" has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years it has taken a heavy toll in human lives and caused untold suffering. A. According to present knowledge there is no proof that the groups of mankind differ in their innate mental characteristics, whether in respect of intelligence or temperament. B. There is no evidence that race mixture as such produces bad results from the biological point of view. C. All normal human beings are capable of learning to share in common life, to understand the nature of mutual service and reciprocity, and to respect social obligations and contracts. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), statement about the "science of race," 1949 All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would most directly support the claim in the first paragraph that "Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens"? A The declaration was signed in Paris, and UNESCO was a specialized agency of the United Nations. B South Africa's government withdrew from UNESCO soon after the declaration on race was adopted. C The declaration was signed by experts from many countries with racially and culturally diverse populations. D The adoption of the declaration contributed to debates in Western countries on the question of race.

The declaration was signed by experts from many countries with racially and culturally diverse populations.

1. Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens. . . . 10. The scientific material available to us at present does not justify the conclusion that inherited genetic differences are a major factor in producing differences between the cultures and cultural achievements of different peoples or groups. . . . 14. The biological fact of race and the myth of "race" should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes "race" is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of "race" has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years it has taken a heavy toll in human lives and caused untold suffering. A. According to present knowledge there is no proof that the groups of mankind differ in their innate mental characteristics, whether in respect of intelligence or temperament. B. There is no evidence that race mixture as such produces bad results from the biological point of view. C. All normal human beings are capable of learning to share in common life, to understand the nature of mutual service and reciprocity, and to respect social obligations and contracts. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), statement about the "science of race," 1949 The declaration is an example of which of the following post-Second World War developments? A The creation of institutions to aid the economic development of newly independent nations B An increase in international migration in search of economic opportunities C The escalation of violence and proxy wars between countries during the Cold War D The efforts of international organizations to promote human rights

The efforts of international organizations to promote human rights

"Wila Uma, the Inca general, addressed the Spanish [conquistadors] with the following words: 'What are you doing to our ruler?* This is how you repay his good will? Did he not command all of his people to give you tribute? Did he not give you a house filled with gold and silver? Did he not give you his servants to serve you? What more can he give you now that you have imprisoned him? All the people of this land are so distressed by your actions, because they have lost all they possess, and their distress leaves them no choice but to hang themselves or risk everything by rebelling. Thus, I believe it would be best for you to release him from this prison to lessen the grief of these people.' . . . *Manco Inca, a previous Inca ruler and father of Titu Cusi, whom the Spanish had imprisoned after conquering the Inca capital of Cuzco in 1533 Titu Cusi, ruler of a regional Inca state established after the Spanish had conquered the Inca Empire,letter to the Spanish king detailing the abuses of the Spanish during the conquest, 1570 The sentiments expressed by Wila Uma in the passage most clearly illustrate which of the following aspects of the Inca state? A The persistence of cultural diversity within the empire B The influence of technological innovation in expanding the empire C The importance of the Inca ruler to the empire D The extensive territorial extent of the empire

The importance of the Inca ruler to the empire

Japanese authorities required suspected Japanese Christians to tread on fumi-e plates based on the belief that Christians would refuse to disrespect images of Jesus Christ and other Christian religious figures. The object shown in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments between 1450 and 1750 ? A The introduction of Chinese religious and cultural influences in Japan B The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate and restoration of direct imperial rule C The growth of Russian cultural influence in East Asia as a result of the Russian expansion into Siberia D The influence of European merchants and missionaries along Asian maritime trade routes

The influence of European merchants and missionaries along Asian maritime trade routes

"Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as 'dancing,' and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle." *religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656 Outside of the Ottoman Empire, Sufis contributed most directly to which of the following during the period before 1750? A Scientific exchanges between the Muslim world and the rest of Afro-Eurasia B The establishment of Arabic as the language of philosophy and theology in the Muslim world C The spread of Islam to new locations on the margins of the Muslim world, such as southeast Asia D The introduction of new practices for recruiting and training slave soldiers in Muslim states, such as the Mughal

The spread of Islam to new locations on the margins of the Muslim world, such as southeast Asia

"[Under the Song dynasty], the number of men who were granted degrees [by passing the imperial examinations] suddenly rose, indicating a similar rise in the number of candidates. This was made possible by an increase in China's productive power and the consequent accumulation of wealth. . . . A new class appeared in China [under the Song], comparable to the middle class in early modern Europe. In China this newly risen class concentrated hard on scholarship. . . . In principle [the examination system] was open to all qualified applicants regardless of social background, which made it unusually democratic. . . . But for a candidate to continue his studies without interruption for such a long period required a measure of economic support that was simply not available to poor people. . . . [Thus] the contention that the doors of the examination system were open to all applicants was an exaggeration, of course. . . . [Yet] we must not lose sight of the historical context: the very idea that everyone should be eligible for the examinations, regardless of family background or lineage, was incomparably forward-looking in its day. . . . It is true that the examinations not only produced officials loyal to the state but also, at times, resentful rejected applicants who opposed the system. Yet, when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged." Ichisada Miyazaki, historian, China's Examination Hell, book published in 1963 Which of the following statements from the second paragraph most directly supports the claim that the examination system strengthened the Chinese states? A The statement that most successful candidates "required a measure of economic support that was simply not available to poor people" B The statement that "when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged" C The statement that "the examinations not only produced officials loyal to the state but also, at times, resentful rejected applicants who opposed the system" D The statement that "the very idea that everyone should be eligible for the examinations . . . was incomparably forward-looking in its day"

The statement that "when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged"

"[Under the Song dynasty], the number of men who were granted degrees [by passing the imperial examinations] suddenly rose, indicating a similar rise in the number of candidates. This was made possible by an increase in China's productive power and the consequent accumulation of wealth. . . . A new class appeared in China [under the Song], comparable to the middle class in early modern Europe. In China this newly risen class concentrated hard on scholarship. . . . In principle [the examination system] was open to all qualified applicants regardless of social background, which made it unusually democratic. . . . But for a candidate to continue his studies without interruption for such a long period required a measure of economic support that was simply not available to poor people. . . . [Thus] the contention that the doors of the examination system were open to all applicants was an exaggeration, of course. . . . [Yet] we must not lose sight of the historical context: the very idea that everyone should be eligible for the examinations, regardless of family background or lineage, was incomparably forward-looking in its day. . . . It is true that the examinations not only produced officials loyal to the state but also, at times, resentful rejected applicants who opposed the system. Yet, when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged." Ichisada Miyazaki, historian, China's Examination Hell, book published in 1963 Which of the following best describes the author's claim about the Chinese examination system in the second paragraph? A The system provided limited but important opportunities for social advancement in Chinese society. B The system strongly reinforced rigid class distinctions between nobles and commoners in Chinese society. C By offering opportunities to female scholars, the system elevated the prestige of women in Chinese society. D By encouraging conformism and obedience, the system prevented efforts to reform and modernize Chinese society in the nineteenth century.

The system provided limited but important opportunities for social advancement in Chinese society.

INDIAN MUSLIM TROOPS IN THE BRITISH ARMED FORCES PRAYING. PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN SURREY, ENGLAND, 1916 FPG / Staff In the background, a group of British civilians, mostly women, are watching the troops pray. The photograph best illustrates which aspect of population movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A They often involved the spread of cultural traditions into new locations. B They were often undertaken to displace labor force lost to war or disease. C They often resulted in the decline or disappearance of native religious traditions. D They often caused intercommunal violence.

They often involved the spread of cultural traditions into new locations.

"Wila Uma, the Inca general, addressed the Spanish [conquistadors] with the following words: 'What are you doing to our ruler?* This is how you repay his good will? Did he not command all of his people to give you tribute? Did he not give you a house filled with gold and silver? Did he not give you his servants to serve you? What more can he give you now that you have imprisoned him? All the people of this land are so distressed by your actions, because they have lost all they possess, and their distress leaves them no choice but to hang themselves or risk everything by rebelling. Thus, I believe it would be best for you to release him from this prison to lessen the grief of these people.' . . . *Manco Inca, a previous Inca ruler and father of Titu Cusi, whom the Spanish had imprisoned after conquering the Inca capital of Cuzco in 1533 Titu Cusi, ruler of a regional Inca state established after the Spanish had conquered the Inca Empire,letter to the Spanish king detailing the abuses of the Spanish during the conquest, 1570 Which of the following is the most likely purpose of Titu Cusi's letter? A To encourage rebellion among the subjects of the Inca Empire B To gain help from Christian missionaries in completing the conversion of his subjects C To characterize the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire as unjust and illegitimate D To increase the political reach of the Inca Empire to its pre-conquest borders

To characterize the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire as unjust and illegitimate

"Last Will and Testament I, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare the present Will in the following manner: I declare that I was born on the Coast of Africa from where I was transported to the states of Brazil and the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia where I have lived until the present. I was a slave of Theodozia Maria da Cruz, who bought me as part of a parcel of slaves, and who freed me for the amount of one hundred mil-réis,* which I gave her in cash. And as a freed woman I have enjoyed this same freedom without the least opposition until the present time. I declare that I was never married and always remained single. And in this state I had five children. I declare that the goods I possess are the following: a slave by the name of Maria, whom I leave conditionally freed for the amount of sixty mil-réis,to be paid to my granddaughter. I also possess a group of two-story houses with shops at street level and a basement below with lodgings, located on the Ladeira do Carmo, where I live on land belonging to me." *currency unit in colonial Brazil Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Afro-Brazilian woman, last will and testament, 1823 As described in the passage, Anna da Trindade's life differed from the typical experience of newly arrived slaves in colonial Latin America in that she was A transported to Brazil B baptized as a Christian C born in Africa D able to purchase her freedom

able to purchase her freedom

"[Under the Song dynasty], the number of men who were granted degrees [by passing the imperial examinations] suddenly rose, indicating a similar rise in the number of candidates. This was made possible by an increase in China's productive power and the consequent accumulation of wealth. . . . A new class appeared in China [under the Song], comparable to the middle class in early modern Europe. In China this newly risen class concentrated hard on scholarship. . . . In principle [the examination system] was open to all qualified applicants regardless of social background, which made it unusually democratic. . . . But for a candidate to continue his studies without interruption for such a long period required a measure of economic support that was simply not available to poor people. . . . [Thus] the contention that the doors of the examination system were open to all applicants was an exaggeration, of course. . . . [Yet] we must not lose sight of the historical context: the very idea that everyone should be eligible for the examinations, regardless of family background or lineage, was incomparably forward-looking in its day. . . . It is true that the examinations not only produced officials loyal to the state but also, at times, resentful rejected applicants who opposed the system. Yet, when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged." Ichisada Miyazaki, historian, China's Examination Hell, book published in 1963 All of the following developments in Song dynasty China were important factors in the accumulation of wealth outlined in the first paragraphEXCEPT A increased Chinese involvement in the Indian Ocean trade B an increase in agricultural production in China C increased Chinese production of manufactured goods D an increase in technological innovations in China

increased Chinese involvement in the Indian Ocean trade

"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy's language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers. Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea.*" *an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897 Martini's argument in the second paragraph most clearly refers to the late-nineteenth-century belief that imperialism was a useful way to A relieve overcrowding and land shortages in European countries B secure raw materials for European factories C promote scientific and technological progress D "civilize" native populations through social change

relieve overcrowding and land shortages in European countries

"Wila Uma, the Inca general, addressed the Spanish [conquistadors] with the following words: 'What are you doing to our ruler?* This is how you repay his good will? Did he not command all of his people to give you tribute? Did he not give you a house filled with gold and silver? Did he not give you his servants to serve you? What more can he give you now that you have imprisoned him? All the people of this land are so distressed by your actions, because they have lost all they possess, and their distress leaves them no choice but to hang themselves or risk everything by rebelling. Thus, I believe it would be best for you to release him from this prison to lessen the grief of these people.' . . . *Manco Inca, a previous Inca ruler and father of Titu Cusi, whom the Spanish had imprisoned after conquering the Inca capital of Cuzco in 1533 Titu Cusi, ruler of a regional Inca state established after the Spanish had conquered the Inca Empire,letter to the Spanish king detailing the abuses of the Spanish during the conquest, 1570 The sentiments expressed in the passage most directly indicate A opposition to growing syncretic religions B concerns about the spread of epidemic diseases C frustration over the establishment of forced labor systems D resistance to European colonial expansion and control

resistance to European colonial expansion and control

"Although I am a common woman, I have been the head of a family for some time, and I have fulfilled the various duties required as head of a family. Therefore, I automatically assumed that the government gave all heads of families equal rights regardless of sex. However, I recently found that this is not the case. I was told that I have no right to vote even for the local ward [neighborhood] assembly where I live because I am a woman. I was also told that for the same reason I am unable to sign or co-sign legal documents, although I have my registered legal seal. Thus there is a world of difference between male and female heads of families in terms of rights. But rights and duties should coexist together. It should logically be the case that if the head of family has the right to vote, she has an obligation to pay tax; but if there is no vote, there should be no tax obligation. However, I have to pay tax even though I have no right to vote. Considering this, I feel that my rights have been denied." Kusunose Kita, Japanese woman political activist and member of the Popular Rights Movement, an organization that advocated expanding voting rights in Japan, "Letter to the Government Authorities," 1878 As described in the passage, the voting requirements in Japan circa 1878 most directly reflect the continuing influence of A societal norms that assigned women lower status than the status of men B nationalistic ideals that mobilized Japanese men to support imperial expansion C middle-class ideals that motivated women to seek work outside the household D Buddhist principles that emphasized the spiritual equality of men and women

societal norms that assigned women lower status than the status of men

"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy's language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers. Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea.*" *an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897 Italian and German imperial presence in Africa were similar in that both countries A saw African colonies as secondary to their interests in Asia B were newly unified nations that began colonizing later than other European powers C primarily used their colonies in Africa to spread Christianity D invested heavily in African infrastructure and economic development

were newly unified nations that began colonizing later than other European powers