APEC Chapter 28

Six-Day War

(1967): Israel devastated Nasser's forces and tripled the size of its territory. They attacked Egyptian airfields and took the Jordanian territory on the West Bank of the Jordan River.

NATO

(North Atlantic Treaty organization); a military alliance formed in 1949 in which the signatories (Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway , Portugal, united states and Canada) agreed to provide mutual assistance if any one of them was attacked; (West Germany, Greece and Turkey joined later)

European Coal and Steel Community

1951 - France, West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy formed this to make a common market for coal and steel & other products. It succeeded

Prague Spring

1968 Dubcek hoped to create "communism with a human face." A period euphoria erupted that came to be known as the "Prague Spring." (Dubcek's reforms), but short-lived. Led more far-reaching reforms, include neutrality and withdrawal from Soviet bloc. The Red army invaded Czechoslovakia and crushed the reform movement.

African National Congress

A group of intellectuals who wanted to gain economic and political reforms in South Africa. Unfortunately, they failed.

Al-Fatah

A guerrilla movement led by Yasir Arafat that launched terrorist attacks on Israeli territory.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance, formed in 1955, in which Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia East Germany, Hungary, Poland Romania, Soviet Union, agreed to provide mutual assistance.

Containment

A policy against further aggressive Soviet moves, advocated by Kennan (American diplomat with much knowledge of Soviet affairs); after Soviet blockade of Berlin in 1948, containment of the Soviet Union became formal American policy

Berlin Blockade

A soviet response to the formal creation of a West German federal government; they responded with a blockade of West Berlin that allowed neither trucks nor trains to enter the three Western zones of Berlin; soviets hoped to secure economic control of all Berlin and force the Western powers to halt the creation of a separate West German state

Massive retaliation

Adopted by Eisenhower, it was a policy about how he would use nuclear bombs to counterattack any Soviet attack in Europe.

Denazification

After WWII, the Allied policy of rooting out any traces of Nazism in German society by bringing prominent Nazis to trial for war crimes and purging any known Nazis from political office.

Charles de Gaulle's Fifth Republic

After leaders of Fourth Republic offered to let de Gaulle take over the govt., de Gaulle immediately drafted a new constitution for the Fifth Republic in 1958. It greatly enhanced the power of president, who now had the right to choose prime minister, dissolve parliament, and supervise both defense and foreign policy. It's no means a DEMOCRATIC SYS.

Betty Friedan

American journalist who is a contributor to the growth of a women's movement in the 1960s. Grew uneasy w/ "ideal housewife and mother". Published The Feminine Mystique, analyzed prob. Of middle-class American women in 1950s and argued women being denied equality w/ men.

Bay of Pigs

An American attempt to overthrow Castro's regime which ended in utter failure.

Permissive society

Another term used by critics to describe the new society of postwar Europe. A term applied to Western society after WWII to reflect the new sexual freedom and emergence of a drug culture.

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

Beginning in 1966, it was a massive effort by Zedong and is supporters to eliminate rival elements within the Chinese Communist Party and achieve a "classless society." It also failed.

Vietnam War

Between 1964 and 1973, US troops fought against Vietcong guerrillas and North Vietnamese regular forces until they were finally with drawn as a result of the Paris Agreement reached in January 973.

Christian Democratic parties

By 1950, moderate political parties had made a remarkable comeback in Western Europe. Especially important was ----. They were not connected to the prewar church-based parties that advocates of church interests. They were sincerely interested in democracy and significant economic reforms. Especially strong in Italy and Germany and played an important role in achieving Europe's economic restoration.

Konrad Adenauer

Chancellor of Germany in 1949; the former mayor of Cologne and a long-time anti-Nazi, who began his long highly successful democratic rule; West Germany had a majority of Christian Democrats; helped regain respect for Germany

Common market

EEC;It eliminated customs barriers for the six member nations and created a large free-trade area protected from the rest of world by a common external tariff. It also encouraged cooperation and standardization in many aspects of 6 nation's economies. All 6 nations benefited economically. By 1960s, EEC nations become an important trading bloc. Became world's largest exporter and purchaser of raw materials.

Berlin Airlift

Enabled the United States to fly 13000 tons of supplies daily to Berlin and thus break the Soviet land blockade of the city

Fidel Castro

He is a left-wing revolutionary who had overthrown the Cuban dictator Batista

Yasir Arafat

He led the Al-Fatah movement.

Mao Zedong

He led the Communists in the building of a strong base in North China. Their People's Liberation Army included nearly one million troops. He led one of the two governments in China. After a scuffle with the other gov't, he came to rule all of China.

Ho Chi Minh

He made a nationalistic regime in the North of Vietnam after Vietnam was divided. It received Soviet aid.

Mahatma Gandhi and an orgy of blood

He was the only one who objected to the division of British India. He said that the separation would cause an "orgy of blood" and no peace will come of it.

Berlin Wall

In 1961, the East Berman government built a wall separating West Berlin from East Berlin, and the Berlin issue faded

Alexander Dubchek

In Jan. 1968, he replaced Novotny. He was elected first secretary of communist party and soon introduced a number of reforms - freedom of speech and press, freedom to travel abroad, relaxation of secret police activities. Hoped to create "communism with a human face." Replaced by Gustav Husak.

Korean War

Korea had been liberated from the Japanese, in 1945, but was soon divided into two parts. The land north of the thirty-eight parallel became the Democratic People's Republic (North Korea) and was supported by the Soviet Union. The Republic of Korea (South Korea) received aid from the United States. On June 25, 1950, with apparent approval of Stalin, North Korean troops invaded South Korea. Americans seeing this as another example of Communist aggression and expansion, gained support of the United Nations and intervened by sending American troops to turn back the invasion. By Sept. united Nations forces (American and South Korean), marched northward with aim of unifying Korea under a single non-Communist government. But Mao Zedong sent Chinese forces and forced the troops to retreat to South Korea. Armistice finally signed in 1953.

Great Society

Lyndon B. Johnson's programs. Included health care for the elderly; a War on Poverty; new Department of Housing and Urban Development to deal w/ prob. Of cities; federal assistance for education.

Nikita Khrushchev

New leader of the Soviet Union (1894-1971), attempted to take advantage of the American frenzy over missiles to solve the problem of West Berlin

PLO

Palestine Liberation Organization, it represented the interests of the Palestinians. They believed that only the Palestinian people had the right to form a state in Palestine.

Sputnik I

Russian space vessel that flew the first human into space, Yuri Gagarin

Stalinization

Some of Stalin's policies include the acquisition of development capital from Soviet labour to create a new industrial base, removing all opposition to his rule, and a decree that all literary and scientific works must conform to the political needs of the state. He increasingly repressed his people

Uhuru

Swahili for "Freedom."

CENTO

The Central Treaty Organization, it included Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Great Britain, and the US to prevent the Soviet Union from expanding at the expense of its Southern neighbours.

Marshall Plan

The European Recovery Program, under which the United States provided financial aid to European countries to help them rebuild after WWII

SEATO

The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization included the US, Britain, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand.

Domino theory

The belief that if the Communists succeeded in Vietnam, other countries in Southeast and East Asia would also fall (like dominoes) to communism; a justification for the US intervention in Vietnam

Truman Doctrine

The doctrine, enunciated by Harry Truman in 1947, hat the United States would provide economic aid to countries that said they were threatened by Communist expansion.

Indian National Congress

The mostly Hindu congress that Britain negotiated with along with the Muslim League. It was because of these two congresses that British India was divided into two Countries: India and Pakistan.

Missile gap

The perceived disparity between the number and power of weapons in the USSR and the US ballistic missile arsenals during the Cold War.

Destalinization

The policy of denouncing and undoing the most repressive aspects of Stalin's regime; begun by Nikita Khrushchev in 1956

Decolonization

The process of becoming free of colonial status and achieving statehood; occurred in most of the world's colonies between 1947 and 1962

Détente

The relaxation of tension between the Soviet Union and the United States that occurred in the 1970's

Apartheid

The system of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa until the 1990s, which involved political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites.

The Cuban Missile Crisis

This crisis almost brought the world to nuclear war. In 1992 a high ranking Soviet officer revealed that short-range rockets armed with nuclear devices would have been used against American troops if the US had invaded Cuba, an option that Kennedy fortunately rejected

The superpowers

United States and the Soviet Union.

Jackson Pollock

United States artist famous for painting with a drip technique (Abstract Expressionism)

Great Leap Forward

Zedong's response when collective farms failed to increase food production. Existing collective farms were combined into vast "people's communes," in order to mobilize the people to create a "classless society." It failed.

welfare state

a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc. (England after war)

Sarte and Camus

both were French and the most famous existentialists. They both said that there was no God

Andy Warhol

famous for pop art; taking items of pop culture and painting them

peace and love

idea from 1967-1973 (about) that went against Vietnam War and materialism

Simone de Beauvoir

important woman to the liberation movement. She first was a teacher, and later a writer. Married to Jean-Paul Sartre [the existentialist]. She published The Second Sex, where she talked about why women should not be the ...second sex

consumer society

new prodcucts, especially automobiles, became available to the lower and middle classes on installment plans, and all people began to buy products such as televisions and washing machines

existentialism

philosophical movement where individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives. It reflected anxiety.

Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot

play with no real plot or anything, people are waiting for somebody but they might not even have an appointment with them...weird

Pope John XXIII

the pope who made it so that mass was now spoken in vernacular languages, not latin, he sparked a big Catholicism revival

Hungarian uprising

when the people in Hungary revolted against the Soviets who had just taken over.