APUSH Unit 5
Explain the political consequences of the Panic of 1837.
1. Against Martin Van Buren (Van Ruin) and Democrats -Blamed for Panic of 1837 2. Divorce Bill--> no more Government associated with banking 3. Independent Treasury (Gov'ts money in safes)
Assess the positive impact of the new popular democracy.
1. Rise of the "Common man" 2. Vote turn out % rose - gave more people political access 3. Universal Manhood Suffrage 4. Two- Party system: Democrats& Whigs 5. National Nominating Convention
Explain the economic consequences of the Panic of 1837.
1. US Banks collapsed by the 100s--including pet banks 2.Commodity prices drooped 3. Sales of public lands fell off 4.Customs revenues dried to a rivulet 5. No reserves for credit
Shakers
1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy
American Colonization Society
1817- est. by people worried of the impact of slavery and race on society. They argued slavery had to end, and americans had to send black slaves back to Africa. Was a failure of a plan. Few planters freed their slaves, some blacks didn't want to leave even. America even bought land in africa, liberia, to place the slaves. Only six thousand slaves were transported. West coast of africa.
Tariff of Abominations
1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.
Santa Anna
1836, Mexico, dictator of Mexico, leader of Mexican Army, defeated the Texans at Alamo and Goliad, was captured at San Jacinto and forced to sign two treaties permitting the Texan their independence, later declared these treaties illegal because he had signed them under duress
Commonwealth v. Hunt
1842, the Supreme Court of Massachusetts ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies, provided that their methods were "honorable and peaceful"
David Walker
He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.
Samuel Morse
He was a poor portrait painter who invented the telegraph. In 1844, he strung a wire 40 miles from Washington to Boston and tapped out, "What hath God wrought?" He brought distantly separated people in almost instant communication, this revolutionized communication and business in America
Mormons
drilled a militia to protect their controversial polygamist sect, they moved west under Young's leadership and settled in Utah in 1848. Smith was accused of polygamy (having more than one wife)
Hudson River School
founded by Thomas Cole, it was an art school that specialized in romantic paintings of local landscapes, many scenes of NY Hudson Rover were painted.
Democratic-Republicans
Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank
annexation
Legally adding land area to a city in the United States
Samuel Slater
"Father of the Factory System," he learned of the textile machinery when working a British factory. He was aided by Moses Brown when he escaped to the US and built the 1st cotton thread spinner in the U.S. located in Pawtucket, Rhode Island (1791). He started the idea of child labor in the US.
Andrew Jackson
"Old Hickory" (by his troops because of his toughness). He was a democratic republican and one of the 4 candidates in the 1824 presidential elections, he was from Tennessee and got most popular votes and most electoral votes. John Q. Adam's supporters called Jackson's mother a prostitute and he an adulterer, after he was elected his wife Rachel died which he blamed on Adam's supporters. He personified the west as he was president and an anti-federalist. He believed in the strength of the Union and the authority of the federal government over the state government. He lost the 1824 elections but won the 1828 elections. On several occasions he ignored the Supreme Court and used the veto 12 times. He opposed the Bank of the US and it as a conspiracy to keep the common man economically down and get the rich richer. He was for the common people. In 1832 he ran for president, again and won. In 1836 the Bank of the US had died.
Zachary Taylor
"Old Rough and Ready" a general he fought into Mexico, reaching Buena Vista and repelled 20,000 Mexicans with only 5,000 men, instantly becoming a hero: "Hero of Buena Vista"
Bank of the US
"hard money" (actual metal money) which the wealthy preferred since it gave the economy stability; farmers preferred "soft money" (paper money); Jackson distrust; expire until 1836; Henry Clay and Daniel Webster started a re-charter bill in 1832; Jackson vetoed the B.U.S. re-charter bill saying; B.U.S. and eastern big-whigs were to blame
nativism
"nativists," older Americans who were prejudiced to newcomers in jobs, politics, and religion; opposed immigration; suspicious of Germans. Newcomers were generally uneducated, poor, Irish Catholic, and willing to work for almost nothing.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Frederick Douglass
(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.
pet banks
23 state banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank. State banks were not well managed and therefore with extra capital a credit bonanza occurred, creating a bubble which would pop harshly as Jackson left office
Tammany Hall
A political machine headed by William Marcy Tweed. It used graft, bribery, and rigged elections to bilk the city of over $200 million. Some of this money went to create public jobs that helped people and the local economy. Some went into constructing public buildings at hugely inflated expense. Contractors and suppliers, and anyone else doing business in the city, had to give kickbacks to the bosses in order to stay in business. Many machine bosses, including Boss Tweed, amassed fortunes as a result of kickbacks and bribes. In 1871, the New York Times published sufficient evidence of misuse of public funds to eventually convict Boss Tweed. Mostly controlled by the Irish
Democratic Party
A political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824
Dorothea Dix
A New England teacher, who advocated for better conditions for the mentally ill, reported on the treatment of the insane and conditions in asylums; in 1843 she petitioned the Massachusetts legislature, gaining improved treatment ad conditions for the mentally ill
Oneida Community
A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children. By John Humphrey Noyes, called a "free love" community.
Molly Maguires
A secret Irish organization of coal miners in regions of western Pennsylvania and West Virgina in the mid to late 1800's. The miners worked together to achieve better working conditions, and when demands weren't met, they protested by destroying mining equipment and other activities. They were eventually brought down by a Pinkerton detective, and some alleged members had trials and were hanged.
Describe the political innovations of the 1830s, including the rise of mass parties, and indicate their significance for American politics & society.
A. Rise of the National Party Convention to Nominate Presidential Candidates - More democratic method of Nominating Candidates B. 2 Party System: Whigs & Democrats C. New Forms of Politicking -Banners, badges, parades, "get out the vote" ** Because of mass appeal ---> huge voter turn out(increase) 1824(24%)--> 1840 (78%)
Indicate how the "corrupt bargain" of 1824 weakened Adams and set the stage for Jackson.
A. Weakened Adams: He was the peoples 2nd choice--didn't win popular vote. Only won electoral because of persuasion by Clay in the House of Reps. Accused of bribing Henry Clay --> "If you get votes for me, I will make you Secretary of State" B Strengthened Jackson because Adams looked bad, due to the alleged corruption, government also looked corrupt.
Describe Jackson's policies toward south eastern Indian tribes.
Although the Cherokee National council legislated a legal code and even adopted a constitution. White people still wanted their land. So in 1828 Georgia legislature declared the Cherokee Tribal council Illegal. But The Cherokee appealed to Supreme Court, which three times help up the Indian Rights. A. Jackson refused to recognize the Supreme courts decision and proposed a "voluntary" removal of 100k Indians. Congress passed Indian Removal Act. B. When Indians tried to rebel, they were crushed by U.S. military. Thus, the Trail of Tears began
Sojourner Truth
American abolitionist and feminist. Born into slavery, she escaped in 1827 and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women., United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)
Theodore Weld
American abolitionist whose pamphlet Slavery As It Is (1839) inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. Had a group called the Land Rebels. Preached the antislavery gospel.
Describe how the dramatic American victory in the Mexican War led to the territorial acquisition of the whole Southwest
American forces invaded New Mexico, the California Republic, and parts of what is currently northern Mexico; meanwhile, the American Navy conducted a blockade, and took control of several garrisons on the Pacific coast of Alta California, but also further south in Baja California. Another American army captured Mexico City
Whig Party
An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements
American Temperance Society
An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.
Analyze the significance of Jackson's victory in 1828 as a triumph of "New Democracy."
Analyze the significance of Jackson's victory in 1828 as a triumph of "New Democracy."
Assess the negative impact of the new popular democracy.
Assess the negative impact of the new popular democracy. 1. Negative Campaigning: Mudslinging 2. Jackson's usurpation of Power---monarchy 3.Spoils system -huge bribe to vote (basically)
William Lloyd Garrison
Avid abolitionist that fought against slavery for moral reasons; created the Anti-Slavery Society. Argued for immediate and complete emancipation of all slaved and founded "The Liberator." In a sense he started the Civil War with words and demanded the "virtuous" North secede from the "wicked" South
explain why America was relatively slow to embrace the industrial revolution and the factory
Because people lived there and there was still a lot of land around for farming and so poor ppl went to farming instead of factories. Labor didn't come until the 1840s when the wave of immigrants came. There were also very little American consumers and investors and Britain already had a textile monopoly over them.
Describe and explain the growth of the "New Democracy" in the 1820s
Beginning in the 1820s, a powerful movement celebrating the common person and promoting "New Democracy" transformed the earlier elitist character of American Politics. The controversial election of the Yankee sophisticate John Quincy Adams in 1824 angered the followers of Andrew Jackson.
12th Amendment
Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.
Political machine
Certain politicians that have so much power and would often become corrupt
Woman's Rights Convention
Feminists met at Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. There they rewrote the Declaration of Independence in order to include women in it. They also demanded the right to vote should be granted immediately to females. This is significant because at this meeting, the modern women's rights movement began.
Transcendentalist
Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms.
rotation in office
Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government
John C. Calhoun
John C. Calhoun was against the Tariff of 1828, he was a vice president for both Adam's and Jackson
Identify the early American achievements in the arts and sciences
Laughing gas and there used as anesthetics. There was the Transcendentalist movement, and workds of Stephen F. Foster, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman, Lowell, Longfellow, Whittier, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville
Explain the origins of American feminism and describe its various manifestations
Market economy contributed to separating sexes into distinct economic roles. Women couldn't vote, couldn't talk back to husbands. It was launched with the Woman's Rights Convention in 1848 with the "Declaration of Sentiments" at Seneca Falls. Origin: Abolitionist crusade- Susan B Anthony, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Stanton, Frederick Douglass
Describe the Utopian and communitarian experiments of the time period
New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community. Shakers (abstain from sex, died because no more children to join); all of these failed. Utopian- no place.
Anti-Masonic Party
Opposed the influence and fearsome secrecy of the Masonic order. Became potent political force in New York, and spread its influence throughout the mid Atlantic and New England states. Appealed to long-standing American suspicions of secret societies, which they condemned as citadels of privilege and monopoly. They were also an anti-Jackson party because Jackson himself was a Mason.
Stephen Austin
Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish,, Austin, Texas was named after him; he was the man the brought the first Americans into Texas because he was granted permission by the Mexicans. Leader of Texas settlers in 1820
Explain how American anti-British feelings led to various conflicts over debts, Maine, Canadian rebellion, Texas, and Oregon
Relations between the United States and Great Britain were strained by animosity left over from the Revolution and the War of 1812. And when America started its continental expansion this led to conflict with England over debt, Maine, the Canadian rebellion, Texas and Oregon. Polk sought compromise and renewed the earlier offer to divide the territory in half along the 49th parallel, to the dismay of the most ardent advocates of Manifest Destiny. When the British refused the offer, American expansionists responded with slogans such as "The Whole of Oregon or None!" and "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!"
Second Great Awakening
Religious revivals that started in 1801 that encouraged a culture of evangelicalism responsible for an upswing in prison reform, the temperance cause , the feminist movement, and abolition
What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Cotton Kingdom?
Strengths: -It was a large agricultural factory for the South -It allowed the South to make a quick profit -The North got some of the profit as well -America was now the largest exporter of cotton Weaknesses: -Caused the South to buy more slaves -Excessive cultivation of land -Becoming a one-crop economy -Cotton began to take over their lives
common man
The "average" American citizen, whose concerns are represented in government.
Trail of Tears
The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory(Oklahoma). More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
describe the effects of Irish and German immigration on American society
The Irish immigrants were extremely important because they basically established the working class, helping america industrialize. Before, farmers wanted to keep farming because there was a ton of land out there to party with, but the Irish were too poor to move out west so they just chilled at the ports and enabled factories to get workers. The Germans brought a number of cultural influences, supported
Indicate how the issues if Oregon and Texas became central in the election of 1844 and why Polk's victory was seen as a mandate for "Manifest Destiny"
The Oregon and Texas issues became central in the Election of 1844 because adding new states to the Union could throw off the balance of Slave to Free States and would cause turmoil in the congress. Polk's victory was good for Manifest Destiny because he was able to balance the states and end territory disputes with England.
Describe the causes of and support for the most important reform movements of the period
The Second Great Awakening was a huge part of it, and the support came from many individuals
Tariff of 1832
The Tariff of 1832 was a protectionist tariff in the United States. It was passed as a reduced tariff to remedy the conflict created by the tariff of 1828, but it was still deemed unsatisfactory by southerners and other groups hurt by high tariff rates. Southern opposition to this tariff and its predecessor, the Tariff of Abominations, caused the Nullification Crisis involving South Carolina. The tariff was later lowered down to 35 percent, a reduction of 10 percent, to pacify these objections.
Describe the southern planter aristocracy and identify the strengths and weaknesses
The southern aristocracy of the ante bellum south consisted of the plantation owners. They are often portrayed as leading a life of luxury while slaves did all the work. The advantage of this is the planters were an absolute power.
Winfield Scott
US general who was a hero of the War of 1812; led American troops into Mexico City; defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War
Describe how the issues of California and the Texas boundary created conflict and war with Mexico
Well, with the Texas boundary, after the US annexed Texas, the US and Mexico had two different ideas as to where the border was. Obviously, this would create conflict. The US sent troops into the disputed territory (the US viewed it as theirs and were protecting it, Mexico viewed it as THEIRS and viewed this as invasion), thus war.
Describe the consequences of the Mexican War, especially its effect on the slavery question
Well, with the Texas boundary, after the US annexed Texas, the US and Mexico had two different ideas as to where the border was. Obviously, this would create conflict. The US sent troops into the disputed territory (the US viewed it as theirs and were protecting it, Mexico viewed it as THEIRS and viewed this as invasion), thus war.
Panic of 1837
When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
Denmark Vesey
a free Black, led an ominous (threatening) slave rebellion in Charleston. This caused southern whites to a tighten of control over slaves
"favorite son"
a states favorite candidate
Nat Turner
a visionary black preacher, who in 1831, led a slave uprising in which 60 Virginians, mostly women and children, were killed
The Liberator
an antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison in Boston in 1831, Garrison triggered a 30 year war of words
Explain why the movement to annex Texas gained new momentum and why the issue aroused such controversy
bc it held many issues to be resolved: slave or free state, still considered part of Mexico by Mexicans, etc.
Pony Express
carried mail from Missouri to California, went 2,000 miles in 10 days; it only lasted 2 years and was replaced by the telegraph wire.
Elijah P. Lovejoy
from Alton, Illinois; he was not content to assail slavery and criticized the chastity of Catholic women. His printing press was destroyed 4 times, and in 1837 he was killed by a mob and became the "martyr abolitionist"
Cult of Domesticity
idealized view of women and home; women were self-less caregivers for children and a refuge (shelter) for husbands
describe the movements and growth of America's population in the early nineteenth century
immigrants from Ireland and Germany flooded over because of problems in their homelands and opportunity in america.
Robert Fulton
in 1807 he invented the first steamboat, the Clermont, by the 1830s steamboats were common. While being able to travel upstream it also contributed to an increase in US trade and development of Southern and Western economies
Cotton Gin
invented by Eli Whitney; was more effective than separating cotton by hand
Cyrus McCormick
invented the mechanical mower-reaper to harvest grain. His invention greatly increased the rate of production from Western farms and required less labor, expanding Western agriculture. In 1834 he put a patent on it and created a company that manufactured the reaper and sold it on the marker
Explain the spirit of "Manifest Destiny" that inspired American expansionism in the 1840s
it was god's will to expand form sea to sea
indicate the nature of early industrial labor and explain its effects on workers, including women and children
it was very grueling: long hours, poor ventilation, dim lighting, dangerous, children were mentally and physically stunted. Women began to see changing roles bc they moved out of the home. Workers had a less intimate relationship between themselves than before when industry was a part of the home. But they also stuck together to form wage unions to protest.
Nicolas Biddle
led the Bank of the US and was harsh upon the western "wildcat" banks. He slyly lent US funds to friends, and often used money of the Bank of the US to bribe people, like the press. Jackson tried to kill the Bank of the US and withdrew federal funds from the bank, to drain it of its wealth; Biddle reacted by calling for unnecessary loans, causing a small panic
Sam Houston
led the Texans (among them Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie) who resented the "foreign" government. He led his army for 37 days eastward, he turned on the Mexicans and captured Santa Anna
Analyze the American literary flowering of the early nineteenth century, especially in relation to transcendentalism and other ideas of the time
literature boomed because of the increased nationalism that resulted from the War of 1812. It started with individuals from the international recognition for American Works. Transcendentalists came from the ideas of puritans, which probably resulted from the Second Great Awakening
Industrial Revolution
major change in agricultural production and in transportation and communication
describe the impact of new technology and transportation systems on American business and agriculture
new tech and transportation revolutionized business and agriculture completely. It was not only easier to transport goods, but the manufacturing/harvesting processes were significantly faster and more efficient. More goods could be produced and they could be cheaper, as a result from cheap transportation.
Horace Mann
of Brown University who became secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education and campaigned for school reforms, among which were better schoolhouses, longer terms, higher pay for educators, and expanded curriculum. Known as "Father of Public Education"
Henry Clay
one of the 4 candidates in the election of 1824, from Kentucky. He was the Speaker of the House and author of "American System." He was eliminated in the election; he hated Jackson and supported John Q. Adam's in his election. He proposed a compromise bill that would gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of eight years
antislavery
opposed to practice of slavery
Unitarianism
religious movement that began in England at the end of the 1700s, insisting that God was only one person and denying Jesus, embraced by leading philosophers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson. It appealed to mostly intellectuals; stressed the essential goodness of human nature-people were good at heart, not born under original sin; people saved through good works not through faith in Christ
spoils system
rewarded supporters with good positions in office and denied many able a chance to contribute
"Revolution of 1828"
running candidates for president were John Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson. When: 1828 Why: The election of 1828 is often called the "Revolution of 1828." There was an increased turnout of voters at this election. The large turnout proved that the common people now had the vote and the will to use it for their ends. The results of the election show that the political center of gravity was shifting away from the conservative seaboard East toward the emerging states across the mountains. The revolution was peaceful, achieved by ballots.
Tariff of 1833
set up by henry clay, it was a way to prevent jackson from victory. clay aptly deserves his title as the great comprimiser. it allowed for the tariff of 1832, with a 10 percent decrease every year for 10 years, when the tariff rate would be back to where it was in 1816. it was squezed through congress.
describe the sequence of major transportation and communications systems that developed from 1790 to 1860 and indicate their economic consequences
spinning cotton thread (1791), cotton gin (1793), interchangeable parts (1798), steel plow (1837), sewing machine (1848); telegraph (1838); Steamboat (1807), Erie Canal (1825), railroad (1828), clipper ships (1845), National Road/Cumberland Road (1852);These inventions helped build a strong American economy with the cheaper and faster transportation and production. America also became more regional economically, with the breadbasket west, cotton-growing south, and manufacturing north.
describe the early development of the factory system and the Eli Whitney's system of interchangeable parts
started with Samuel Slater and the spinning of cotton thread. Then there was the cotton gin, which allowed the South to explode with cotton. With more raw materials and more efficient production, it lead to a good economy. Eli Whitney's interchangeable parts came in 1798 but didn't catch on until 1850.
American Anti-Slavery Society
strongly abolitionist society was founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison in Boston in 1831, Garrison triggered a 30 year war of words
Daniel Webster
supported the Tariff of 1828
Describe the changes in American religion and their effects on culture and social reform
the Second Great Awakening have way to different sects (mostly influenced lower class), especially to the rise of Methodist and Baptists, which both stressed emotionalism in religion and showed the relationship of class and sect (lower class) . This also showed how slavery was dividing even in religion. Religion also became feminized, as women were seen as morally superior. This also contributed to the prison, temperance, woman's rights, and abolitionist reform movements.
describe the effects of the market revolution on the American economy, including the new disparities between rich and poor
the market economy bolstered the national economy and created regional economic differences and a inter-triangular trade system. While the upper and lower classes grew further apart, there were less class conflicts then there were in Europe because America was better off economically.
nullification
to void, abolish
John Tyler
took over for Harrison when he died, President favored states rights; critical of American System and economic nationalism; vetoed creation of third national bank; supported cheap land purchasing in west and western expansionist goals; wanted Texas in union; opposed Whig party
Declaration of Sentiments
was written in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence saying that "all men and women are created equal"
