Arch Hist 249 Glowacki Exam 2

Tribunal

A court of justice

Engaged column

A half-round column attached to a wall

Hemicycle

A semicircular shape or structure

Stadium of Domitian

Build by Domitian in Campus Martius, some famous fountains by Bernini (Angels and Demons!), it's ovular shaped with a flat side (which is the shape of an athletic facility).

Caldarium

The hot-bath section of a Roman bathing establishment

Cornice (or geison)

a molding at the corner between the ceiling and the top of a wall

Necropolis

city of the dead

Theatron

"Seeing place" where the audience sat

Diocletian

(245-313) Emperor of Rome who was responsible for dividing Rome into different provinces and districts. Eventually, the eastern portions of the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire.

Constantine

(274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Curia

(Roman Catholic Church) the central administration governing the Roman Catholic Church

Hellenistic period

(c. 323-31 BCE)

Classical period

(c. 480- 323 BCE)

Cavea

(law) a formal notice filed with a court or officer to suspend a proceeding until filer is given a hearing

Voissoir

... a wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, used in building an arch; surround the keystone

Hippodamos

..., Aristotle said that Hippodamos of Miletus was the first man to plan towns rationally, with separate quarters for religious, public, and private use. If is for his use of the grid plan (Hippodamian Plan) that he is most famous.

Mnesikles

..., Greek architect, 5th cent. b.c. He designed the propylaea, and the Erechtheum is also sometimes ascribed to him. Both are on the acropolis at Athens.

Trajan

2nd good emperor and general, expanded empire east to reach it's largest size, built trajans market, column, and forum, increased social welfare

Ionic Architecture

2nd of Greek architectural styles, had base, fluted columns, and volutes(scrolls) on the capital.

Iktinos (Ictinus)

A Greek architect, who alongside Kallikrates created the Parthenon.

Coffer

A RECESSED PANEL IN A CEILING OR DOME

hypaethral

A building having no pediment or roof, open to the sky.

Frieze

A continuous band of painted or sculptured decoration. In a Classical building, the part of the netablature between the architrave and the cornice.

Choragic monument

A cylindrical monument with no structural importance. It was dedicated to Lysicrates after he won a singing competition.

Caryatid

A female figure that functions as a supporting column

Stucco

A fine plaster used for interior decoration and fine work also used for rough outside wall coverings

Travertine

A form of limestone that is deposited by hot springs or as a cave deposit

Orchestra

A particular playing space in ancient greek theaters. modernly a ground-floor seating area in a theater auditorium

Grid plan

A plan that arranges spaces on a pre-defined, regular pattern of points or intersecting parallel lines, a type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other, forming a grid. In the context of the culture of Ancient Greece, the grid plan is called Hippodamian plan.

Apse

A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church.

Opus incertum

A relatively modern usage in most cases, using Latin terms for technical features in construction and decoration :the use of randomly shaped pieces of stone in the facing of concrete walls

Volute

A spiral, scroll-like form characteristic of the ancient Greek Ionic and the Roman Composite capital.

Aqueduct

A structure that carries water over long distances

Triglyph

An ornament in a Doric frieze, consisting of a projecting block having on its face three parallel vertical glyphs (protruding vertical bars) and two half grooves on either vertical end, with metopes on either side of all but the first and last on a side

Amphitheater

An outdoor facility with a flat performance area surrounded by a sloped seating area for the audience. The seating area is usually a semi-circular shape or adapted to the surrounding landscape.

Apollodorus of Damascus

Architect, Rome 2nd century, built Forum of Trajan and Markets of Trajan. From Damascus.

Tuscan "Doric"

Developed by the Romans from the Greek Doric, it stands on a base, has an unfluted shaft, and its capital is a reductive version of its prototype./ A COLUMN belonging to the plainest and most solid-looking of the Roman orders of architecture. The columns resemble Roman Doric, but they are simpler with a plain, unfluted shaft and a simple base. The CAPITAL consists of a simple convex molding with a ring below the cap.

Metope

In classical architecture, a metope is a rectangular architectural element that fills the space between two triglyphs in a Doric frieze, which is a decorative band of alternating triglyphs and metopes above the architrave of a building

Echinus

In the Doric Order, the round, cushion-like element between the top of the shaft and the abacus. The top slopes down to the bottom.

Clamp

Instrument that is designed to occlude or hold tissue, objects or fabric between its jaws

Etruria

Northern region of Italy; home to the Villanovan Culture and later, Etruscans

Latium

Plain Rome was built on

Exedra

Recessed area, usually semicircular

Kallikrates

Responsible for temple of Athena Nike and one of the two architects of the Parthenon

Volcanic tuff

Rock formed after pyroclastic rocks have cooled

Vitruvius

Roman architect, engineer, and author of the celebrated treatise De architectura (On Architecture), a handbook for Roman architects. 80-18 BC

Geison

The part of the entablature that projects outward from the top of the frieze in the Doric order and from the top of the frieze course of the Ionic and Corinthian orders; it forms the outer edge of the roof on the sides of a structure with a sloped roof.

Cella (or naos)

The principal interior room at the center of a Greek or Roman temple within which the cult statue was usually housed.

Pronaos

The space, or porch, in front of the cella, or naos, of an ancient Greek temple

Prostyle

When a full row of columns appears in the front of the temple;The front porch, or pronaos, usually has columns on either side as well.

Empolion

Wooden clamp used for column drums

Theater

a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented

Agora

a central spot in ancient Greek city-states. The literalmeaning of the word is "gathering place" or "assembly". The agora was the center of athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the city.

Engaged columns

a column embedded in a wall and partly projecting from the surface of the wall; does not provide support

Acanthus

a conventionalized representation of an acanthus leaf, used especially as a decoration for Corinthian column capitals.

Dowel

a fastener that is inserted into holes in two adjacent pieces and holds them together

Panathenaic procession

a real event which took place every four years, where Athenians gathered in the agora (market place) and, among other things, carried a robe to the statue of Athena, commemorating her birth

Tholos

a small, round building; sometimes built underground, as in a Mycenaean tomb

Spandrel

a triangular space enclosed by the curves of arches

Pergamon (Pergamum)

an ancient Greek kingdom on the coast of Asia Minor: later a Roman province. Place where Pergamene capital is found.

Hypocaust

an ancient Roman central heating system using hot air ducts in the floor of the building.

Relieving arch

an arch which redistributes weight above a lintel

Acroterion

an architectural ornament placed on a flat base called the acroter or plinth, and mounted at the apex of the pediment of a building in the classical style. The sculptures on the corners of the Parthenon.

Lewis

angular carvings in top of stones that allow them to be lifted using wedges.

Pergamene capital

capital in the shape of a palm

Ashlar masonry

carefully cut and regularly shaped blocks of stone used in construction, fitted together without mortar

Ionic frieze

contains a continuous block of stonework that may be plain or sculpted

Doric frieze

contains alternating triglyphs (vertical grooves) & metopes (blocks, plain or sculpted)

Chryselephantine

cult statues built around a wooden frame, with thin carved slabs of ivory attached to represent flesh and gold leaf sheats representing other details

Opisthodomos

in ancient Greek architecture, a porch at the rear of a temple, set against the blank back wall of the cella

Lionhead waterspout

lined the eaves of many Classical Greek buildings, especially those in public areas. Used to channel and control the rainwater runoff from the roof, these spouts funneled the water through the lions' open mouths. Sometimes the spouts were carved in one piece with the sima, the gutter-like element that ran along the edge of the roof.

Pozzolana

natural cement. The Romans made this cement with ash that was blown out of the volcano Vesuvius. it is waterproof and hardens even when it is wet.

Aisle

passageway between seats: a passageway between areas of seating, especially in a church, theater, or passenger vehicle

Proskenion

portion immediately in front of the skene was used as an acting area

Anta (plural = antae)

posts or pillars on either side of a doorway to a greek temple's cella

Thermae

public baths

Podium

raised platform

Chamber tomb

rectangular tomb for large group over long time

Opus quadratum

regularly cut blocks of stone, arranged in regular courses; doesn't use cement, large, squared stones laid in horizontal courses

Annular vaults

ring shaped vaults

Acropolis

the ancient citadel at Athens, containing the Parthenon and other notable buildings, mostly dating from the 5th century BC.

Anathyrosis

the contact surface of a stone, where the central portion is roughened and sunk, the edges are smooth.

Abacus

the flat slab on top of a capital, supporting the architrave.

Cross vault (groin vault)

the intersection of two barrel vaults

Barrel vault

the simplest form of vault consisting of an unbroken series of arches; it forms a tunnel like shape

Sima

the upturned edge of a roof which acts as a gutter.

Dentils

tooth-like blocks in Ionic and Corinthian cornices

Capital

topper of a column

Radial vaults

vaults that run parallel to the perimeter of the structure (present in Theater of Marcellus)

Flute

vertical curved facing on columns

pronaos

The enclosed vestibule of a Greek or Roman temple, found in front of the cella and marked by a row of columns at the entrance.

Clerestory

The fenestrated part of a building that rises above the roofs of the other parts. In Roman basilicas and medieval churches, the windows that form the nave's uppermost level below the timber ceiling or the vaults.

Orthogonal plan

The imposition of a strict grid plan on a site, regardless of the terrain, so that all streets meet at right angles. See also Hippodamian plan.

Epistyle (or architrave)

The lintel or lowest division of the entablature; also called the epistyle

Skene

A wall or façade to hide backstage action on the Greek stage. A skene could also be a small structure with rooms for dressing or hiding equipment.

Hypogeum

A word that literally translates to underground. In relation to the Colosseum, it was the area directly beneath the wooden floor of the amphitheater. It consisted of cages for animals and men and also sophisticated equipment to raise and lower men, beasts and scenery into the Colosseum.

Pumice

Abrasive agent made from volcanic rock

Corinthian

Along with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles. Column type; (the most ornate of Greek architectural orders, featuring thin fluted columns and capitals elaborately decorated with acanthus leave carvings; popular during Hellenistic and Roman periods).,

Doric

Along with Ionian and Corinthian; distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles, a plain, sturdy column with a plain capital. characterized by heavy fluted columns with plain, saucer-shaped capitals and no base.

Miletos (Miletus)

City that shows idea of city planning with the creation of a grid

Entasis

Columns are wider at the bottom and narrower at the top, A slight swelling of the shaft of a Greek column. The optical illusion of entasis makes the column appear from afar to be straight.

Pheidias

Considered to be the greatest sculptor in ancient Greece. Pericles asked him to design the sculptures for the Parthenon and the statue of Athena.

Imperial Fora

Consists of several monumental fora (public square). Constructed over a period of 1.5 centuries (between 46 BC and 113 AD). Center of the Roman Republic and of the Roman Empire. Not a part of the Roman Forum. Julius Caesar initiated the build. The forums were the center of politics, religion, and economy in the Ancient Roman Empire.

Arena

Four sided seating with stage in center.

Entablature

In Classical architecture, the part of a building above the columns and below the roof. This part of a Classical temple includes the architrave, frieze, and cornice., A horizontal, continuous lintel on a classical building supported by columns or a wall, comprising the architrave, frieze, and cornice.

Pediment

In Classical architecture, the triangular section of a temple roof often decorated with sculpture.

Basilica

In Roman architecture, a civic building for legal and other civic proceedings, rectangular in plan with an entrance usually on a long side. In Christian architecture, a church somewhat resembling the Roman basilica, usually entered from one end and with an apse at the other.

Triumphal arch

In Roman architecture, a freestanding arch commemorating an important event, such as a military victory or the opening of a new road. In Christian architecture, the arch framing the apse at the end of a church nave.

Pseudoperipteral

In Roman architecture, a pseudoperipteral temple has a series of engaged columns all around the sides and back of the cella to give the appearance of a peripteral colonnade.

Velarium

In a Roman amphitheater, the cloth awning that could be rolled down from the top of the cavea to shield spectators from sun or rain.

Stoa

In ancient Greek architecture, an open building with a roof supported by a row of columns parallel to the back wall. A covered colonnade or portico.

peripteral temple plan

In classical architecture, a colonnade all around the cella and its porch(es). A peripteral colonnade consists of a single row of columns on all sides; a dipteral colonnade has a double row all around.

Cella

The chamber at the center of an ancient temple; in a classical temple, the room (Greek, naos) in which the cult statue usually stood.

Perikles (Pericles)

Leader in Athens during its Golden Age, patron of the arts encouraging public images of peace, prosperity, and power. Convinced the people to rebuild the Acropolis to honor Athena.

Stylobate curvature

Stylobate curvature refers to the bending of a stylobate (platform where columns rest) in all four directions so that the columns seem more stable, instead of appearing to bend inward. This technique was used in the construction of the Parthenon.

in antis columns

Supporting columns placed between the ends of two walls, commonly projecting from the ends of the cella of a small Greek Temple.

Centering

Temporary supports for the construction of an arch, vault or dome

Frigidarium

The cold-bath section of a Roman bathing establishment

Forum Romanum

The commercial and political heart of Rome, where gladiatorial games were regularly held during the Republic after 216 BCE.

Architrave (or epistyle)

The bottom element in an entablature, beneath the frieze and the cornice

Stylobate

The uppermost course of the platform of a Greek temple, which supports the columns.

Tepidarium

The warm-bath section of a Roman bathing establishment.

Concrete

formed by combining pozzuolana (a volcanic earth) with lime, broken stones, bricks, and tuff, was easily produced and had great durability