avit 309 final

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Which G-vector is most likely to cause GLOC?

+Gz

What are considered low g-forces?

1-3 G's

what is the critical risk value above which evolved gas issues are prevalent

1.5

what is the recommendation for visual scanning inflight for instruments versus outside the ac

1/4 time inside, 3/4 outside

Decibels increase by a factor of blank for every increase in ten units.

10

how fast could a human become frostbitten at a temperature of -25 degrees f with mph winds

10 minutes or less

what is the average experience level for pilots involved in sdo related accidents

10 yres/1000 hours

What is a pilot's most immediate need following a decompression?

100% o2

what is the number one step in treament for suspected dcs

100% o2

what is the first step one should take in treating hypoxia of any type

100% oxygen

how much caffeine should be consumed every 2-3 hours for max effectiveness

100-150mg

to what altitude can humans fully physiologically acclimatize to a given altitude

10000

physioloigcally supplemental o2 should be used above what alittude

10000ft

what altitudes apply to the physiologic efficiency

10000ft-50000

at what core body temperature may organ damage and loss of neural function occur

104 degrees f

how many breaths per minute does the average human maintain

12-20

how large is human perceptible field of view

120 x 120 degrees

For part 92 flight operations, above what altitude should a pilot be using supplemental oxygen?

14000ft

what is the partial pressure of atmopheric oxygen at SL

159mmHg

What is the average human +8-Gx tolerance level?

15g

how long does a human take to fully physiologically acclimate to a given altitude

18.4 days per mile of altitude

what percentage of pilots who experienced fatigue related problems in flight actually filed reports

20%

How long should one expect to fly straight and level for SDO symptoms to resolve?

20-30 seconds

what percentage of expended energy actually goes towards performing the actual work

25%

A pilot falsifying their medical application may be fined up to $___

250K

carbon monxide has a greate affinity for hemoglobin over o2 by how much

250xs

What is the FAA's recommended occupational radiation exposure limit per year for pilots over a five year period?

2omSv per year

How long may one last without water?

3 days

When are the 11 most dangerous minutes in flight segments?

3 minutes after take-off 8 min prior to landing

how long may one ast without food

3 weeks

According to the CDC, how much ionizing radiation does the average person in the U.S receive each year?

3.11 mSv

How much does temperature decrease per 1000 ft as we ascend into the atmosphere

3.5 degrees f

Under the right environmental conditions, humans may become dehydrated in as fast as ____ minutes.

30

what is the gas explansion ratio at fl250

3xs that of sea level

Wjat is the unprotected Gz force tolerance most humans can endure?

4-6

According to NASA's studies on loss of control inflight (LOC-I) accidents, what percentage occurred from the aircrew's 'inappropriate response or interaction with aircraft equipment?

46%

According to FAA regs, a quick-don oxygen mask should be able to be donned, sealed properly configured with one hand in how many seconds?

5

Historically, what percentage of commercial incidents and accidents happen to the approach and landing phases of flight?

50%

what altitudes apply to physiological deficient zone

50000

where does the space equivalent zone begin

50000 ft

According to FAA experts, what percentage of aviation accidents are caused by human influence?

60-80%

What % of landing incidents and accidents may have been prevented by initiating a go-around?

83%

What are the recognized "action" and "damage"dB levels of noise according to the FAA.

85, 90

based on studies what is the percentage of professional pilots who have had to cope with fatigue

85-92%

When the U.S. military first invested time and resources into aviation training, what number of pilots died from 'pilot error' out of the first 100 fatalities?

90

according to the faa what is the time frame in which ac should be evacuated following an ac crash

90 seconds

what percentage of inflight oreintation does visul orientation provide

90%

Hypothermia occurs when the core body temperature falls below:

95

what is our average body core temperature range

95-103.9 degrees

Research by CAMI indicates if a cabin decelerates less than blank Gs, survival is exponentially better.

9gs

what medical prossional should be standing by to recieve dcs patients

AME

What are considered high G-forces?

Above 6 G's

what are examples of self-imposed stressors

Alcohol, drugs, tobacco, circadian rhythm

what is the basic definition of respiration

An exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment

What are the three rules of crashing an airplane?

Arrive at the ground at lowest possible speed, under control, and allow aircraft/environment absorb kinetic energy

where is atmospheric pressure the densest

Below 10,000 feet

what are the four presentations of dcs

Bends, skin, chokes, CNS

Where is peak visual acuity located?

Central vision, central 2 degree cone

what are the common areas of trapped gas in humans

Ears, sinuses, GI tract, teeth, lungs

What are the four characteristics of sound

Frequency, intensity, speed, duration

what are the four types of hypoxia

Hypoxic Hypemic Histotoxic Stagnant

What two methods may prevent cognitive lock-up?

Increase practicing task-switching, departmental framing of go-arounds

What are the two pressurized cabin schedules?

Isobaric control and isobaric differential

what are the two pressurized cabin schedules

Isobaric control and isobaric differential

what is paramount in preparing for the elements

Knowledge of thermal preparation

What are the directions of vibration?

Linear, rotational, combination

What two types of vibration affect humans.

Localized or whole body

What is the end result of monitoring disruptors?

Loss of S/A

what are the three methods humans generate heat

Metabolic Shivering Physical activity

why is panic worse than fear

Panic leads to irrational decisions

what are the three phases of vision

Photopic, Scotopic Mesopic

what is the scream checklist

Preflight and inflight check of the aircraft oxygen system

What civilian aviation safety organization was the first, and when were they established?

Royal aeronautical society in 1866

doing what prior to flight increase the probaility of dcs exponentially

SCUBA diving

What are the two types of pressurization systems?

Sealed cabins and pressurized cabins

what are the two types of pressurization systems

Sealed cabins and pressurized cabins

Impulse noise is defined as:

Sharp, sudden onset of noise

What illusion does an up-sloping runway create?

Steep approach path

What is the primary purpose of pressurization

To protect occupants from hypoxia and DCS

What is the primary purpose of pressurization?

To protect occupants from hypoxia and DCS

what is the purpose of pressure-demand regulators

To raise oxygen partial pressure at the lung level

what are the three types of fatigue

Transient, cumulative, circadian

what are the four phases of respiration

Ventilation Respiration Transportation Utilization

what are the four phases of decreasing the effects of stress on team performance

academic, procedure refinement, cross-training, practical training

What are the 3 major landing illusion components

airport and runway environment, wx conditions

what are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood stream called?

alveoli

vestibular sense allow humans to sense what

angular acceleration

NASA research indicates stress negatively affects core cognitive mechanisms of __________ and __________.

attention and memory

What makes wire, towers, or antennas difficult to see on approach?

background clutter

below what oxygen saturation leverl does collapse normally occur at?

below 60%

Which gas law applies to trapped gas in humans?

boyles law

proper oxygenation of what cells in the respiration process are the most important for aviators.

brain cells/neurons

the primary control for respiration in humans is regulated by what gas

carbon dioxide

what is the primary gas chemically controlling human breathing rate

carbon dioxide

what is the most common checmical product of incomplete combustion

carbon monoxide

aerobic exercise targets the blank system of the body

cardiovascular

what on the ac is designed to filter out ozone in the atmosphere

catalytic ozone converter

Where is the night visual blind spot located on the visual field?

central 2 degrees/central vision

what are the two main components of human visual systems

central and peripheral

what is one first layer of shelter protection

clothing

what is the first human function lost to hypoxia

cognition

Pilot pressures of completing the flight at the destination is called what?

cognitive lock-up

For humans, gravity results in a blank stress.

compressive

what type of pilot response is best used in extreme-stress events

conditioned or muscle memory

what are the three heat transfer mechanisms

conduction, convection, radiation

what are the four core components of individual resilence-building characteristics

connection, wellness, healthy thinking, meaning

What does "C" stand for in the acronym CREEP?

container

what are the 3 types of ac o2 delivery systems

continuous flow, diluter-demand, pressure-demand

Steady state noise is define as:

continuous, stable noise levels

What term is used to describe the ability of a structure to provide protection to occupants during impact conditions?

crashworthiness

What is designed into vehicles to systematically slow the vehicle during a crash to make the crash more survivable?

crush zones

what is the most dangerous gas aviators could potentially be exposed to

cyanide

what do humans suffer from when they enter a deficit of bodily fluids

deehydration

Visual illusions cause incidents and accidents for what reason?

deviation from glideslope

A change in vector refers to a change in blank.

direction

what is one of the main intellectual markers of fatigue in yourself

distraction

what is the best way to avoid ear and sinus blocks in flight

do not fly with a cold

What are the first lines of defense against hearing loss in aviation?

earplugs or noise cancelling headsets

what two areas of trapped gas are most likely to occur on descent

ears, sinuses

what typically causes hyperventilation in pilots

emotional

Automated aircraft systems are designed to blank safety-of-flight

enhance

what pathway connects the middle ear with throat?

eustachian tube

what physiological issue does henrys law apply to

evolved gas

What is normally the most prolific sign of rapid decompressions?

explosive noise

What are the three types of decompression?

explosive, rapid, slow

what 3 mechanisms contribute to contaminants in ac

external, internal, ac systems

A pilot never has to wear an oxygen mask if the cabin is pressurized?

false

Aircraft automated systems can be counted on to 100% reliable.

false

Water ditching in an airplane is a good idea.

false

t/f- a pilot never has to wear an oxygen mask if the cabin is pressurized?

false

t/f: a pilot may be comfortable knowing maintenance checked their o2 mask prior to flight

false

t/f: a smoke hood should always be used before a pilot dons an o2 mask

false

true or false: ear blocks are alaways accompanied by pain

false

true or false: effective performance times are guaranteed times a pilot can depend on to maintain consciousness at a given altitude

false

true or false: the loss of oxygen occuring from breathing too fast causes hyoerventilation

false

An elevation in one's core body temperature in an effort to destroy a viral species is known as a ________.

fever

what can a pilot do to provide the quickest and most accurate opportunity for rescue crews to find a downed pilot

file a flight plan

For someone equilibrated to sea level, what altitude represents the threshold for evolved gas problems?

fl180

Above what altitude has shown to produce increased amounts of ionized radiation exposure?

fl300

If a pilot suffers a laser strike, what is the first thing to remember?

fly the ac first

practicing adequate blank ensures the food one eats will be safe

food hygiene

which type of o2 is typically found on commercial ac

gaseous

which 2 forms of o2 storage systems are found on commercial ac

gaseous and chemical

Which SDO illusion typically starts with a subthreshold turn?

graveyard spiral

What are the three g-vectors humans are exposed to?

gx, gy, gz

Which G-vectors is least likely to occur in aviation settings?

gy 7

What is the most common cause of death in all aircraft accidents?

head injuries

What do airbag systems attempt to prevent or minimize?

head-swing

what do oxygen molecules bind to in the transport process

hemoglobin

which law distates the mechanism behind evolved gas disorders

henrys law

The very first powered aircraft fatality in history taught aviators what?

high-velocitry head impacts kill

What illusion does a narrower-than-normal runway create?

higher and farther away from threshold

alcohol is an example of which type of hypoxia?

histotoxic

what physiological issue does daltons law apply to

hypoxia

What physiological issues are minimized when using pressurization?

hypoxia, trapped gas, evolved gas, fatigue, thermal stress, noise an vibration

which type of hypoxia is caused by carbon monoxide poisoning

hypoxic

which type of hypoxia relates to altitude

hypoxic

What makes an aircraft susceptible to decompression?

improper inspections and maintenance, age and cycles of ac, higher differentials

What are the three types of Enhanced vision systems in aircraft?

infrared, light intensification, combined vision system

what is the most dangerous charateristic of hypoxia?

insidious onset

what three steps should be taken during a lithium ion battery thermal runaway event?

isolate, extinguish, cool

Management of blank is crucial when dealing with impact forces?

kinetic energy

What about black hole approaches makes them create a visual illusion?

lack of ambient visual cues along approach path

When a pilot looks at the ground, lack of what terrain feature may create difficulties for a pilot to estimate altitude

lack of texture

what would be the speed of a turn for sub-threshold acceleration

less than 3 degrees per second

how many milligrams of caffeine per day is considered relatively harmless

less than 500mg

what are the two technologies used for enhanced vision systems

light intensification and infrared

What are the three accelerative forces on aircraft?

linear, angular, radial

How would a pilot grip controls to reduce the effects of vibrations?

loosely

According to IATA 2020 safety report, what was the main contributor for flight crew- induced errors?

manual/handling flight controls

extensive reseach has shown optimized diet and exercise programs provide major blank benefits

medicinal

what is the most important component in succesful mitigation of survivial situations

mental state/ attitude

proprioceptive senese allow humans to sense what

movement and body position

anaerobic targets the blank system of the body

musculoskeletal

The push-pull effect makes going from blank Gz forces to blank Gz forces dangerous

negatvie to positive

which atmospheric gas evolves into bubbles to create evolved gas disorders

nitrogen

is it always possible to descend to 10000 ft in emergencies

no

is it safe to use petroleum based products around 100% o2

no

Should vasoconstrictor sprays be used to clear normal ear blocks?

no, emergency use only

How much should pilots rely on vestibular and proprioceptive inputs during flight?

not at all

what is percentage of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere

o2 21% n2 &8%

What three purposes do evs systems have in aviation operations?

obstacle avoidance, runway alignment during approach, runway guidance during taxi

Which SDO illusion affects a pilot's ability to focus their eyes after rolling out of an extended turn?

oculogyric illusion

what compensatory reflexive action typically happens to a pilots head in a banking turn

optokinetic cervical reflex

What are the three distinct sections of the ear?

outer, middle, inner

hypercapnia is caused by low amounts of what gas in the bloodstream

oxygen

the secondary control for repsiration in humans is regulated by what gas

oxygen

what is the secondary gas chemically controlling breathing rate

oxygen

what are the four elements need to be maintained in humans for homeostasis with your environment

oxygen, nutrition, rest, hydration

what is the best way to clear GI gas

pass flatus or blech on ascent

What do the acute effects of thermal stress include?

perceptual, physical, environmental

what are the three recognized types of stress

physical, physiological, psychological

What are the two designated responsibilities for a two-pilot crew?

pilot flying and pilot monitoring

How can aviators drastically increase their odds of surviving an aircraft crash?

planning ahead

In two-pilot operations, who has ultimate responsibility to ensure the aircraft flight path is maintained?

pm

what physiological issue doe charles law apply to

pressure guage fluctuation

what aircraft system provides the best prevention measure against dcs

pressurization

what are the 3 primary sources of orientation in aviation

proprioception, vestibular, visual

what cell is responsible to transport oxygen in the cardiovascular system

red blood cell

what is considered the most imporatnt component of individual stress management

resilience

what is a critical first step to for aviators to take in dealing with toxic fumes events

respect the emergency and protecting your lungs

what physiological issue does grahams law apply to

respiration

What does the "R" stand for in the acronym CREEP?

restraints

what is the problem with instrument scanning when affected by channelized attention

scan disipline breaks down

what two components make up the vestibular apparatus

semi-circular canals and otolith organs

what is considered ones best option for neutralizing a survival situation

signaling

what altitudes apply to the zone of physiologic efficiency

sl-10000ft

Which type of decompression has caused the most fatalities in recent history?

slow

what are the three behaviors responsible for the majority of chronic and non communicable diseases in the world today

smoking unhealthy diet and physical inactivity

Which SDO illusion causes a pilot to feel as if the aircraft nose suddenly pitched up during acceleration in low- visibility conditions?

somatogravic illusion

Which SDO illusion causes a turning sensation following roll-out fromm an extended turn?

somatogyric illusion

what stages of sleep are most refreshing for humans

stage 1 and REM

What form of hypoxia is produced by hyperventilation?

stagnant

hyperventiation may cause what type of hypoxia

stagnant

with regards to survivial travel, what is the best option

stay with the vehicle

what are two areas of trapped gas are most likely to occur on ascent

teeth, GI tract

what are the environmental factors to consider when calculation the effects of thermal stress

temperature, wind, water

which presentation of dcs is most likely to occur in aviators

the bends

which prsentation of dcs is the least likely to occur and also the most dangerous

the chokes

SDO typically happens when an aviator cannot visually confirm orientation with what?

the horizon

Why could precipitation cause an incident or accident on approach?

the pilot spends too much time visually searching for the runway, not enough time on instruments

What is arguably the most reliable "alarm" for slow decompressions?

the popping and clicking of the ears on ascent

Where does temperature stabilize in the atmosphere

the top of the troposphere

Acceleration is defined as a change in velocity with respect to blank.

time

what physiological issue does boyles law apply to

trapped gas

SDO may rapidly transition from unnoticed to incapacitating

true

T / F: Hypoxia may be a physiological stressor

true

T/F Boredom may be a psychological stressor

true

t/f fatigue may lead to SDO by causing routine tasks or scans to be skipped

true

t/f stress can be good for max performance

true

t/f: ground crews and passenger may be a source of toxic fumes

true

true of false: the subjective symptoms of hyperventilation are similar to hypoxia

true

true or false: a lack of nutrition may affect an individual's effective performance time

true

true or false: human respiration can be voluntarily controlled?

true

true or false: hypoxia may affect higher cognitive function at altitudes as low as 5000

true

true or false: pilots should treat hyperventilation exactly the same as hypoxia

true

true or false: the effects of medications may exacerbate the effects of hypoxia at altitude

true

What is the first symptom of +Gz forces?

tunnel vision

If an automated system were acting erratically, the best course of action is to .

turn it off

which type of dcs is most likely to occur in aviators

type 1

which type of dcs is most kely to be life threatening

type 11

what is the most effective method of clearing an ear or sinus block

valsalva

What two physiological problems exist when experiencing +Gz forces?

variance of circulation, restriction of movement

What mechanical approach aids may assist a pilot on approach?

vasi, papi, ils

what is the body's primary initial response to cold environmental exposure

vasoconstriction

What 2 physiological factors may help create approach and landing visual illusions

visual perspective and depth perception

With regard to circadian rhythms, oncologists have observed that the most effective time for cancer patients to receive chemotherapy treatment is

windows of circadian lows

Can one's fear help in survival situations?

yes


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