avit 309 final
Which G-vector is most likely to cause GLOC?
+Gz
What are considered low g-forces?
1-3 G's
what is the critical risk value above which evolved gas issues are prevalent
1.5
what is the recommendation for visual scanning inflight for instruments versus outside the ac
1/4 time inside, 3/4 outside
Decibels increase by a factor of blank for every increase in ten units.
10
how fast could a human become frostbitten at a temperature of -25 degrees f with mph winds
10 minutes or less
what is the average experience level for pilots involved in sdo related accidents
10 yres/1000 hours
What is a pilot's most immediate need following a decompression?
100% o2
what is the number one step in treament for suspected dcs
100% o2
what is the first step one should take in treating hypoxia of any type
100% oxygen
how much caffeine should be consumed every 2-3 hours for max effectiveness
100-150mg
to what altitude can humans fully physiologically acclimatize to a given altitude
10000
physioloigcally supplemental o2 should be used above what alittude
10000ft
what altitudes apply to the physiologic efficiency
10000ft-50000
at what core body temperature may organ damage and loss of neural function occur
104 degrees f
how many breaths per minute does the average human maintain
12-20
how large is human perceptible field of view
120 x 120 degrees
For part 92 flight operations, above what altitude should a pilot be using supplemental oxygen?
14000ft
what is the partial pressure of atmopheric oxygen at SL
159mmHg
What is the average human +8-Gx tolerance level?
15g
how long does a human take to fully physiologically acclimate to a given altitude
18.4 days per mile of altitude
what percentage of pilots who experienced fatigue related problems in flight actually filed reports
20%
How long should one expect to fly straight and level for SDO symptoms to resolve?
20-30 seconds
what percentage of expended energy actually goes towards performing the actual work
25%
A pilot falsifying their medical application may be fined up to $___
250K
carbon monxide has a greate affinity for hemoglobin over o2 by how much
250xs
What is the FAA's recommended occupational radiation exposure limit per year for pilots over a five year period?
2omSv per year
How long may one last without water?
3 days
When are the 11 most dangerous minutes in flight segments?
3 minutes after take-off 8 min prior to landing
how long may one ast without food
3 weeks
According to the CDC, how much ionizing radiation does the average person in the U.S receive each year?
3.11 mSv
How much does temperature decrease per 1000 ft as we ascend into the atmosphere
3.5 degrees f
Under the right environmental conditions, humans may become dehydrated in as fast as ____ minutes.
30
what is the gas explansion ratio at fl250
3xs that of sea level
Wjat is the unprotected Gz force tolerance most humans can endure?
4-6
According to NASA's studies on loss of control inflight (LOC-I) accidents, what percentage occurred from the aircrew's 'inappropriate response or interaction with aircraft equipment?
46%
According to FAA regs, a quick-don oxygen mask should be able to be donned, sealed properly configured with one hand in how many seconds?
5
Historically, what percentage of commercial incidents and accidents happen to the approach and landing phases of flight?
50%
what altitudes apply to physiological deficient zone
50000
where does the space equivalent zone begin
50000 ft
According to FAA experts, what percentage of aviation accidents are caused by human influence?
60-80%
What % of landing incidents and accidents may have been prevented by initiating a go-around?
83%
What are the recognized "action" and "damage"dB levels of noise according to the FAA.
85, 90
based on studies what is the percentage of professional pilots who have had to cope with fatigue
85-92%
When the U.S. military first invested time and resources into aviation training, what number of pilots died from 'pilot error' out of the first 100 fatalities?
90
according to the faa what is the time frame in which ac should be evacuated following an ac crash
90 seconds
what percentage of inflight oreintation does visul orientation provide
90%
Hypothermia occurs when the core body temperature falls below:
95
what is our average body core temperature range
95-103.9 degrees
Research by CAMI indicates if a cabin decelerates less than blank Gs, survival is exponentially better.
9gs
what medical prossional should be standing by to recieve dcs patients
AME
What are considered high G-forces?
Above 6 G's
what are examples of self-imposed stressors
Alcohol, drugs, tobacco, circadian rhythm
what is the basic definition of respiration
An exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment
What are the three rules of crashing an airplane?
Arrive at the ground at lowest possible speed, under control, and allow aircraft/environment absorb kinetic energy
where is atmospheric pressure the densest
Below 10,000 feet
what are the four presentations of dcs
Bends, skin, chokes, CNS
Where is peak visual acuity located?
Central vision, central 2 degree cone
what are the common areas of trapped gas in humans
Ears, sinuses, GI tract, teeth, lungs
What are the four characteristics of sound
Frequency, intensity, speed, duration
what are the four types of hypoxia
Hypoxic Hypemic Histotoxic Stagnant
What two methods may prevent cognitive lock-up?
Increase practicing task-switching, departmental framing of go-arounds
What are the two pressurized cabin schedules?
Isobaric control and isobaric differential
what are the two pressurized cabin schedules
Isobaric control and isobaric differential
what is paramount in preparing for the elements
Knowledge of thermal preparation
What are the directions of vibration?
Linear, rotational, combination
What two types of vibration affect humans.
Localized or whole body
What is the end result of monitoring disruptors?
Loss of S/A
what are the three methods humans generate heat
Metabolic Shivering Physical activity
why is panic worse than fear
Panic leads to irrational decisions
what are the three phases of vision
Photopic, Scotopic Mesopic
what is the scream checklist
Preflight and inflight check of the aircraft oxygen system
What civilian aviation safety organization was the first, and when were they established?
Royal aeronautical society in 1866
doing what prior to flight increase the probaility of dcs exponentially
SCUBA diving
What are the two types of pressurization systems?
Sealed cabins and pressurized cabins
what are the two types of pressurization systems
Sealed cabins and pressurized cabins
Impulse noise is defined as:
Sharp, sudden onset of noise
What illusion does an up-sloping runway create?
Steep approach path
What is the primary purpose of pressurization
To protect occupants from hypoxia and DCS
What is the primary purpose of pressurization?
To protect occupants from hypoxia and DCS
what is the purpose of pressure-demand regulators
To raise oxygen partial pressure at the lung level
what are the three types of fatigue
Transient, cumulative, circadian
what are the four phases of respiration
Ventilation Respiration Transportation Utilization
what are the four phases of decreasing the effects of stress on team performance
academic, procedure refinement, cross-training, practical training
What are the 3 major landing illusion components
airport and runway environment, wx conditions
what are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood stream called?
alveoli
vestibular sense allow humans to sense what
angular acceleration
NASA research indicates stress negatively affects core cognitive mechanisms of __________ and __________.
attention and memory
What makes wire, towers, or antennas difficult to see on approach?
background clutter
below what oxygen saturation leverl does collapse normally occur at?
below 60%
Which gas law applies to trapped gas in humans?
boyles law
proper oxygenation of what cells in the respiration process are the most important for aviators.
brain cells/neurons
the primary control for respiration in humans is regulated by what gas
carbon dioxide
what is the primary gas chemically controlling human breathing rate
carbon dioxide
what is the most common checmical product of incomplete combustion
carbon monoxide
aerobic exercise targets the blank system of the body
cardiovascular
what on the ac is designed to filter out ozone in the atmosphere
catalytic ozone converter
Where is the night visual blind spot located on the visual field?
central 2 degrees/central vision
what are the two main components of human visual systems
central and peripheral
what is one first layer of shelter protection
clothing
what is the first human function lost to hypoxia
cognition
Pilot pressures of completing the flight at the destination is called what?
cognitive lock-up
For humans, gravity results in a blank stress.
compressive
what type of pilot response is best used in extreme-stress events
conditioned or muscle memory
what are the three heat transfer mechanisms
conduction, convection, radiation
what are the four core components of individual resilence-building characteristics
connection, wellness, healthy thinking, meaning
What does "C" stand for in the acronym CREEP?
container
what are the 3 types of ac o2 delivery systems
continuous flow, diluter-demand, pressure-demand
Steady state noise is define as:
continuous, stable noise levels
What term is used to describe the ability of a structure to provide protection to occupants during impact conditions?
crashworthiness
What is designed into vehicles to systematically slow the vehicle during a crash to make the crash more survivable?
crush zones
what is the most dangerous gas aviators could potentially be exposed to
cyanide
what do humans suffer from when they enter a deficit of bodily fluids
deehydration
Visual illusions cause incidents and accidents for what reason?
deviation from glideslope
A change in vector refers to a change in blank.
direction
what is one of the main intellectual markers of fatigue in yourself
distraction
what is the best way to avoid ear and sinus blocks in flight
do not fly with a cold
What are the first lines of defense against hearing loss in aviation?
earplugs or noise cancelling headsets
what two areas of trapped gas are most likely to occur on descent
ears, sinuses
what typically causes hyperventilation in pilots
emotional
Automated aircraft systems are designed to blank safety-of-flight
enhance
what pathway connects the middle ear with throat?
eustachian tube
what physiological issue does henrys law apply to
evolved gas
What is normally the most prolific sign of rapid decompressions?
explosive noise
What are the three types of decompression?
explosive, rapid, slow
what 3 mechanisms contribute to contaminants in ac
external, internal, ac systems
A pilot never has to wear an oxygen mask if the cabin is pressurized?
false
Aircraft automated systems can be counted on to 100% reliable.
false
Water ditching in an airplane is a good idea.
false
t/f- a pilot never has to wear an oxygen mask if the cabin is pressurized?
false
t/f: a pilot may be comfortable knowing maintenance checked their o2 mask prior to flight
false
t/f: a smoke hood should always be used before a pilot dons an o2 mask
false
true or false: ear blocks are alaways accompanied by pain
false
true or false: effective performance times are guaranteed times a pilot can depend on to maintain consciousness at a given altitude
false
true or false: the loss of oxygen occuring from breathing too fast causes hyoerventilation
false
An elevation in one's core body temperature in an effort to destroy a viral species is known as a ________.
fever
what can a pilot do to provide the quickest and most accurate opportunity for rescue crews to find a downed pilot
file a flight plan
For someone equilibrated to sea level, what altitude represents the threshold for evolved gas problems?
fl180
Above what altitude has shown to produce increased amounts of ionized radiation exposure?
fl300
If a pilot suffers a laser strike, what is the first thing to remember?
fly the ac first
practicing adequate blank ensures the food one eats will be safe
food hygiene
which type of o2 is typically found on commercial ac
gaseous
which 2 forms of o2 storage systems are found on commercial ac
gaseous and chemical
Which SDO illusion typically starts with a subthreshold turn?
graveyard spiral
What are the three g-vectors humans are exposed to?
gx, gy, gz
Which G-vectors is least likely to occur in aviation settings?
gy 7
What is the most common cause of death in all aircraft accidents?
head injuries
What do airbag systems attempt to prevent or minimize?
head-swing
what do oxygen molecules bind to in the transport process
hemoglobin
which law distates the mechanism behind evolved gas disorders
henrys law
The very first powered aircraft fatality in history taught aviators what?
high-velocitry head impacts kill
What illusion does a narrower-than-normal runway create?
higher and farther away from threshold
alcohol is an example of which type of hypoxia?
histotoxic
what physiological issue does daltons law apply to
hypoxia
What physiological issues are minimized when using pressurization?
hypoxia, trapped gas, evolved gas, fatigue, thermal stress, noise an vibration
which type of hypoxia is caused by carbon monoxide poisoning
hypoxic
which type of hypoxia relates to altitude
hypoxic
What makes an aircraft susceptible to decompression?
improper inspections and maintenance, age and cycles of ac, higher differentials
What are the three types of Enhanced vision systems in aircraft?
infrared, light intensification, combined vision system
what is the most dangerous charateristic of hypoxia?
insidious onset
what three steps should be taken during a lithium ion battery thermal runaway event?
isolate, extinguish, cool
Management of blank is crucial when dealing with impact forces?
kinetic energy
What about black hole approaches makes them create a visual illusion?
lack of ambient visual cues along approach path
When a pilot looks at the ground, lack of what terrain feature may create difficulties for a pilot to estimate altitude
lack of texture
what would be the speed of a turn for sub-threshold acceleration
less than 3 degrees per second
how many milligrams of caffeine per day is considered relatively harmless
less than 500mg
what are the two technologies used for enhanced vision systems
light intensification and infrared
What are the three accelerative forces on aircraft?
linear, angular, radial
How would a pilot grip controls to reduce the effects of vibrations?
loosely
According to IATA 2020 safety report, what was the main contributor for flight crew- induced errors?
manual/handling flight controls
extensive reseach has shown optimized diet and exercise programs provide major blank benefits
medicinal
what is the most important component in succesful mitigation of survivial situations
mental state/ attitude
proprioceptive senese allow humans to sense what
movement and body position
anaerobic targets the blank system of the body
musculoskeletal
The push-pull effect makes going from blank Gz forces to blank Gz forces dangerous
negatvie to positive
which atmospheric gas evolves into bubbles to create evolved gas disorders
nitrogen
is it always possible to descend to 10000 ft in emergencies
no
is it safe to use petroleum based products around 100% o2
no
Should vasoconstrictor sprays be used to clear normal ear blocks?
no, emergency use only
How much should pilots rely on vestibular and proprioceptive inputs during flight?
not at all
what is percentage of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere
o2 21% n2 &8%
What three purposes do evs systems have in aviation operations?
obstacle avoidance, runway alignment during approach, runway guidance during taxi
Which SDO illusion affects a pilot's ability to focus their eyes after rolling out of an extended turn?
oculogyric illusion
what compensatory reflexive action typically happens to a pilots head in a banking turn
optokinetic cervical reflex
What are the three distinct sections of the ear?
outer, middle, inner
hypercapnia is caused by low amounts of what gas in the bloodstream
oxygen
the secondary control for repsiration in humans is regulated by what gas
oxygen
what is the secondary gas chemically controlling breathing rate
oxygen
what are the four elements need to be maintained in humans for homeostasis with your environment
oxygen, nutrition, rest, hydration
what is the best way to clear GI gas
pass flatus or blech on ascent
What do the acute effects of thermal stress include?
perceptual, physical, environmental
what are the three recognized types of stress
physical, physiological, psychological
What are the two designated responsibilities for a two-pilot crew?
pilot flying and pilot monitoring
How can aviators drastically increase their odds of surviving an aircraft crash?
planning ahead
In two-pilot operations, who has ultimate responsibility to ensure the aircraft flight path is maintained?
pm
what physiological issue doe charles law apply to
pressure guage fluctuation
what aircraft system provides the best prevention measure against dcs
pressurization
what are the 3 primary sources of orientation in aviation
proprioception, vestibular, visual
what cell is responsible to transport oxygen in the cardiovascular system
red blood cell
what is considered the most imporatnt component of individual stress management
resilience
what is a critical first step to for aviators to take in dealing with toxic fumes events
respect the emergency and protecting your lungs
what physiological issue does grahams law apply to
respiration
What does the "R" stand for in the acronym CREEP?
restraints
what is the problem with instrument scanning when affected by channelized attention
scan disipline breaks down
what two components make up the vestibular apparatus
semi-circular canals and otolith organs
what is considered ones best option for neutralizing a survival situation
signaling
what altitudes apply to the zone of physiologic efficiency
sl-10000ft
Which type of decompression has caused the most fatalities in recent history?
slow
what are the three behaviors responsible for the majority of chronic and non communicable diseases in the world today
smoking unhealthy diet and physical inactivity
Which SDO illusion causes a pilot to feel as if the aircraft nose suddenly pitched up during acceleration in low- visibility conditions?
somatogravic illusion
Which SDO illusion causes a turning sensation following roll-out fromm an extended turn?
somatogyric illusion
what stages of sleep are most refreshing for humans
stage 1 and REM
What form of hypoxia is produced by hyperventilation?
stagnant
hyperventiation may cause what type of hypoxia
stagnant
with regards to survivial travel, what is the best option
stay with the vehicle
what are two areas of trapped gas are most likely to occur on ascent
teeth, GI tract
what are the environmental factors to consider when calculation the effects of thermal stress
temperature, wind, water
which presentation of dcs is most likely to occur in aviators
the bends
which prsentation of dcs is the least likely to occur and also the most dangerous
the chokes
SDO typically happens when an aviator cannot visually confirm orientation with what?
the horizon
Why could precipitation cause an incident or accident on approach?
the pilot spends too much time visually searching for the runway, not enough time on instruments
What is arguably the most reliable "alarm" for slow decompressions?
the popping and clicking of the ears on ascent
Where does temperature stabilize in the atmosphere
the top of the troposphere
Acceleration is defined as a change in velocity with respect to blank.
time
what physiological issue does boyles law apply to
trapped gas
SDO may rapidly transition from unnoticed to incapacitating
true
T / F: Hypoxia may be a physiological stressor
true
T/F Boredom may be a psychological stressor
true
t/f fatigue may lead to SDO by causing routine tasks or scans to be skipped
true
t/f stress can be good for max performance
true
t/f: ground crews and passenger may be a source of toxic fumes
true
true of false: the subjective symptoms of hyperventilation are similar to hypoxia
true
true or false: a lack of nutrition may affect an individual's effective performance time
true
true or false: human respiration can be voluntarily controlled?
true
true or false: hypoxia may affect higher cognitive function at altitudes as low as 5000
true
true or false: pilots should treat hyperventilation exactly the same as hypoxia
true
true or false: the effects of medications may exacerbate the effects of hypoxia at altitude
true
What is the first symptom of +Gz forces?
tunnel vision
If an automated system were acting erratically, the best course of action is to .
turn it off
which type of dcs is most likely to occur in aviators
type 1
which type of dcs is most kely to be life threatening
type 11
what is the most effective method of clearing an ear or sinus block
valsalva
What two physiological problems exist when experiencing +Gz forces?
variance of circulation, restriction of movement
What mechanical approach aids may assist a pilot on approach?
vasi, papi, ils
what is the body's primary initial response to cold environmental exposure
vasoconstriction
What 2 physiological factors may help create approach and landing visual illusions
visual perspective and depth perception
With regard to circadian rhythms, oncologists have observed that the most effective time for cancer patients to receive chemotherapy treatment is
windows of circadian lows
Can one's fear help in survival situations?
yes
