BIOL 150 KU Exam 1
DNA
-genetic material -nucleus double stranded -A, G, T, C -deoxyribose -2' C has H
isomers
2 molecules with the same chemical/molecular formula but different structural formulas; ex: CHO----- glucose or glactose
molecule
2 or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
How many elements are present in living organisms?
26
How many fatty acids can one glycerol bond to? (triacylglycerol)
3
glycosidic linkage or bond
bond between the 1' and 4' carbons in a starch
asymmetric carbon
bonded to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms
intramolecular bonds
bonds or forces within a molecule or atom
chemical reactions
breaking chemical bonds and rearranging atoms to form a new molecules
nucleoside triphosphate
brings nucleotide into replication area
lagging strand
builds fragments of nucleotides called okazaki fragments
hydrocarbon
carbon backbone connected to several H
DNA ploymerase
checks base pairs and corrects the nucleotide sequence
ionic bonds
complete donation of 1 electron to another atom
reactants
compounds or elements that combine in a chemical reaction
chemical bonds
connection that holds atoms together
replication fork
continuously opens between 2 existing DNA strands
what is the sugar present in DNA?
deoxyribose
solvent
dissolving agent
What does Carbon in organic molecules allow for?
diversity in organic molecules
hydrophobic
do not mix with water
DNA is ____________ stranded
double
structural formula
drawing of atoms bonded together
valence electrons
e- in the highest energy shell
RNA primase
enzyme that assembles RNA primer
telomerase
enzyme that replaces telomeres
molecular formula
ex: H20 or O2
anti parallel
one strand of DNA runs 5' to 3' and the replicated strand runs opposite (3' to 5')
van der waals forces
partial positive charge and partial negative charge attract; random movement of e- to cause partial charges
phospholipids
polar head, glycerol backbone, and 2 fatty acid chains; hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tales
telomeres
segments that cant be replicated at the end; non-coding regions of DNA
RNA is ___________ stranded
single
okazaki fragments
small portions of DNA nucloetides on the lagging strand
ice
solid H2O particles in a fixed position; lower density
solute
substance dissolved
which base is present in DNA but not RNA? What replaces this base in RNA?
thymine (T) uracil (U)
pyrimidine bases
thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U)
DNA ligase
ties together the fragments of DNA in lagging strand
pH
-log[H+]
RNA
-mRNA, tRNA, rRNA -single stranded -A, G, U, C - ribose -2' C has OH
acidic
0 to 6.9 on the pH scale; [H+] > [OH-]
What are 2 major properties of water?
1. polar 2. moderates temperature
What is the pH of intracellular fluid?
6.8 or 7
neutral
7 on the pH scale; pure H2O; [H+]=1x10^-7
basic
7.1 to 14 on the pH scale; [OH-] > [H+]
What is the pH of blood?
7.4
what elements make up 96% of the human body?
H, O, N, C
dna polymerase
able to add nucleotides to an existing strand
leading strand
adds nucleotides towards the replication fork on the 3' end
purine bases
adenine (A) and guanine (G)
peptide bond
adjoins amino acids together in a protein
DNA has an __________________ structure
antiparallel
polymer
assembly of monomers; long and large
single stranded binding proteins
attach to the single strand of DNA
hydrogen bonds
attraction between H and a neighboring EN atom; weaker than covalent bonds
electronegativity
attraction from electrons; ex: O has higher compared to H
adhesion
attraction of H2O to another surface or substance
cohesion
attraction of H2O to other H2O molecules
nonpolar covalent bonds
electrons shared equally between 2 atoms
aldehyde
end of a hydrocarbon
proofreading
ensures base pair rules are followed and the appropriate nucleotides are added
lipids
fatty acid hydrocarbons
anion
gains e- to form a negative charge
functional groups
group of atoms attached to the carbon backbone
octet rule
higher energy level can hold 8 e-
Is the phosphate group hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic
sugar phosphate backbone of DNA
hydrophilic and allows H2O to come to outside of the molecule
Are nucleotide bases hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
monomer
individual units
covalent bonds
join atoms by SHARING electrons to fill the outermost energy shell
phosphodiester bond
joins adjacent nucleotides together; covalent bond
which DNA strand is not continuously added nucleotides to?
lagging
which DNA strand is continuous?
leading
lipids
long strings of hydrocarbons
cation
loses e- to form a positive charge
dehyrdration
loss of water
proteins
made up of amino acids; joined by peptide bonds
lipids
made up of monomers fatty acids
proteins
made up of monomers known as amino acids
carbohydrates
made up of monomers monosaccharides
nucleic acid
made up of monomers nucleotides
ketone
middle of a hydrocarbon
hydrophilic
mix easily with water
what are nucleic acids made up of?
nucleotides
valence
number of e- needed to fill the outer shell; the bonding capacity of an atom
polar covalent bonds
one element is more partially negative and the other is more partially positive; based on electronegativity
semi-conservative
one old strand and one new strand
electrons
present within an energy level
RNA nucleotides
primer for DNA synthesis
carbohydrates
provide energy for cells; example: starch in plants
topisomerase
relieves the stress of unwinding on the replication fork
what is the sugar present in RNA?
ribose
fats- solid @ room temp
saturated; example butter
where does DNA polymerase add nucleotides to?
the 3' end of the growing strand
what is located on the 3' end of DNA?
the hydroxyl end
products
the new resulting compounds or elements in a chemical reaction
what is located on the 5' end of DNA?
the phosphate end
fats-liquids @ room temp
unsaturated; example oil
DNA helicase
unwinds DNA duplex
What is the universal solvent?
water
