Case Study 4

Disaster stress and grief reactions are normal responses to an abnormal situation. Select one: True False

True

Even though there are border inspections, the smuggling of animals into the U.S. is not that uncommon and continues to be a real risk for foreign animal disease introductions. Select one: True False

True

In the United States, most emergency response is planned as a bottom-up system rather than a top down system. This means the response is local and managed locally until the next level up is contacted to help rather than a Federal response getting things under control, then passing responsibility down to state, etc. Select one: True False

True

Most humans that become infected with West Nile virus are asymptomatic. Select one: True False

True 80% remain asymptomatic while 20% have flu-like symptoms

Good risk communication will tailor the message to a specific audience. Select one: True False

True Remember, the "general public" does not exist—there are a number of "publics", which correspond to a myriad of approaches to risk communication. Each message should be tailored to the specific audience it is being delivered to.

When you perform necropsies on birds from a flock that may have highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), would finding minimal gross lesions be consistent with this disease? Select one: a. Yes b. No

Yes. Sometimes the disease can be so acute that there are no pronounced gross lesions.

The wildlife-domestic animal interface occurs only when wildlife (peridomestic or migratory) come in direct contact with any domestic animal, e.g. cattle, dogs, pigs, cats or poultry. Select one: True False

False. Direct contact is not required and actually, the most common interface for domestic animals and wildlife is shared space not direct contact.

Virulent Newcastle disease (vND) and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) are both foreign animal diseases in the U.S. There have been incursions of vND in the U.S. Is it true or false that the U.S. has not had an incursion of HPAI in commercial poultry? Select one: a. True b. False

False. The U.S. has had many incursions of HPAI. In 2015 HPAI caused one of the largest animal health disease outbreaks in the U.S. HPAI is periodically isolated from wild waterfowl and poses a risk to backyard and commercial poultry.

Rinderpest is an FAD that has never occurred in the U.S., but it is a big problem in Africa and Europe. Select one: a. True b. False

False. Rinderpest was declared eradicated from the world in May 2011. It is no longer a problem in Africa or Europe

Scrapie susceptible sheep are typically infected: (choose the one best answer) Select one: a. As lambs through contact with infected placenta and birth fluids, not necessarily mother to offspring b. From ram to ewe during breeding c. From ingestion of contaminated feed d. In utero from the ewe to the fetus e. All of the above

a. As lambs through contact with infected placenta and birth fluids, not necessarily mother to offspring

Comparing the FMD outbreaks in the U.K. (2001) and Uruguay (2001), which statement is true? Select one: a. Both countries were free of FMD before the outbreak. b. The FMD outbreak (from the first case to the last case) in the U.K. was two years longer than the outbreak in Uruguay. c. Both countries used vaccines. d. The cost of the FMD outbreak in Uruguay far exceeded the cost in the U.K.

a. Both countries were free of FMD before the outbreak.

BSE agent has been found in which tissues from cattle infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent? Select one: a. Brain b. Milk c. Muscle d. Blood

a. Brain Correct! BSE is prions are found mainly in the CNS (including the brain, spinal cord and retina) and the distal ileum. There is no evidence that these prions occur in the blood, milk or muscles (meat).

In the U.S., susceptibility to scrapie is determined primarily by genotyping: Select one: a. Codon 171 of the DNA that codes for the prion protein b. Amyloid A protein sequence c. Hemoglobin DNA codon 55 d. Codons 120 and 180 of the DNA that codes for lipoprotein A e. None of the above

a. Codon 171 of the DNA that codes for the prion protein

Which of the following avian influenza viruses are most likely to cause highly pathogenic avian influenza? Select one: a. H3N5 and H1N7 b. H5N1 and H7N7 c. H1N1 and H3N2 d. H7N2 and H3N2 e. H5N3 and H3N2

b. H5N1 and H7N7 The H5 and H7 hemagglutinin proteins are associated with HPAI viruses.

Many of the lesions of Newcastle disease occur because the virus infects and damages: Select one: a. Gastrointestinal epithelial cells b. Lymphoid tissues and neurons c. Respiratory epithelium d. Neurons only e. Red blood cells and platelets

b. Lymphoid tissues and neurons The destruction of lymphoid tissue can result in eyelid edema, conjunctivitis, hemorrhage in the intestinal tract, splenic necrosis, tracheal hemorrhagic lesions and congestion.

Which set of four species are known to be affected by transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)? Select one: a. Dogs, tigers, horses, sheep b. Cats, goats, mink, pigs c. Cats, mink, sheep, deer d. Cats, dogs, mink, pigs

c. Cats, mink, sheep, deer

Diagnosis of either highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) or virulent Newcastle disease (vND) in the U.S. is devastating because: (choose the best answer) Select one: a. Trade implications are costly b. The diseases are very contagious, most infected birds become ill, and most sick birds die. c. The diagnostic tests take so long to complete, the disease can spread before a diagnosis can be made d. A and B e. All of the above

d. A and B

Anthrax spores are: Select one: a. Found naturally, in the soil b. Easily aerosolized after they have been weaponized c. Formed following exposure of contaminated tissue to oxygen d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Tools for preventing scrapie in a flock of sheep include: (choose the one best answer) Select one: a. Selecting ewes that are genotype RR or QR b. Selecting rams that are genotype RR or QR c. Maintaining a closed ewe flock d. All of the above

d. All of the above

A good infection control program includes: Select one: a. Records b. Quarantines c. Restricted movement and sanitation d. Both B and C e. All of the above

e. All of the above

During the recovery stage of an animal disease outbreak, activities include: (choose the one best and most complete answer) Select one: a. Payment to animal owners for euthanized livestock and destroyed materials b. Renegotiation of international export protocols c. Reassurance and reinforcement of consumer expectations by the federal government and industry d. Lifting of quarantine and movement controls e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Veterinarians may be required to respond to which of the following disaster types? (choose the one best and most complete answer) Select one: a. Floods b. Tornadoes c. Acts of terrorism d. Foreign animal disease outbreaks e. All of the above

e. All of the above

When handling birds with respiratory disease and/or diarrhea, good veterinary standard practices would suggest that you wear: (Choose the one best and most complete answer) Select one: a. Gloves b. Gown or lab coat c. Mask d. Protective eyewear e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following activities can you do prior to a disaster response to help reduce stress during a disaster response? (choose the one best and most complete answer) Select one: a. Prepare a disaster response plan for your family and identify communication strategies for during a disaster b. Take a training course on the Incident Command System c. Take training courses on activities you are likely to do during a disaster response d. Know the common symptoms of stress / traumatic stress in people e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following has been cited as a reason for increased stress in disaster workers? (choose the one best and most complete answer) Select one: a. Prolonged exposure to death, injury, and/or destruction b. Inadequate training and preparation for the event c. Separation from home and loved ones d. Feeling a responsibility for the needs of victims over the needs of themselves e. All of the above

e. All of the above

You have a flock of sheep with neurologic symptoms. Which of the following diseases would you include among your initial rule outs? (choose the one best answer) Select one: a. Organophosphate intoxication b. Listeriosis c. Scrapie d. Rabies e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following are traumatic events that veterinarians and other animal health professionals may be exposed to during a disaster response? (choose the one best and most complete answer) Select one: a. Animal death and suffering b. Human death and suffering c. Performing euthanasia or depopulation d. Witnessing wide scale destruction or devastation e. All of the above are possible sources of traumatic exposure

e. All of the above are possible sources of traumatic exposure

Newcastle disease is caused by: Select one: a. Gallid herpesvirus 1 (alphaherpesvirus) b. Highly pathogenic strains of the avian influenza virus c. Pasteurella multocida d. Virulent strains of gallid herpesvirus 2 (lymphotropic alphaherpesvirus) e. Virulent strains of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1

e. Virulent strains of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1

Disease transmission between wildlife and domestic animals is a major concern. Which of these routes of disease transmission occur at the wildlife-domestic animal interface? Select one: a. Direct transmission b. Indirect transmission c. Aerosol transmission d. Vertical transmission e. A and B f. A, B, and C g. All of the above

f. A, B, and C

Consequences of disease transmission at the wildlife-domestic animal interface include: Select one: a. Economic losses b. Loss of biodiversity c. Emergence of a new disease agent d. Risks to human disease and health e. A, B, and C f. All of the above

f. All of the above

When BSE is diagnosed in a cow on a farm, the employees who had contact with that cow are at risk of developing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Select one: a. TRUE b. FALSE

false

Less than 50% of new emerging human infectious diseases have been vector-borne or zoonotic. Select one: True False

This is false. The correct percentage is approximately 75% of emerging human infectious diseases have been vector-borne and/or zoonotic.

To be maximally effective and efficient it is best to target risk communication at the general public rather than specific audiences. Select one: True False

False. The general public does not exist. There are a number of "publics" which correspond to a myriad of approaches to risk communication. Each message should be tailored to the audience it is being delivered to.

Withholding important information about a situation in an effort to prevent panic, is good risk communication and one of the 10 best practices. Select one: True False

False. Withholding important information with the intent to prevent panic-may actually lead to panic down the road if your audience finds out (and they usually do.) This is an unwise strategy. Tell what you do know, what you don't know, and when you will have more information - that is one of the 10 Best Practices.

The devastating 2015 HPAI outbreak in the Midwest was limited to commercial poultry operations. Backyard flocks were not affected. Select one: True False

False

During a response, volunteers who are not part of a response team are strongly discouraged from showing up to help, as they tend to become part of the problem, not the solution. Select one: True False

True

What kind of disasters do animal health emergency response plans need to address? (choose the one best and complete answer) Select one: a. Natural disasters b. Disease epidemics c. Chemical spills d. Terrorist attacks e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which disease(s) below are wildlife not susceptible to? Select one or more: a. Hemorrhagic Septicemia b. Malignant Catarrhal Fever c. Foot and Mouth Disease d. Rabies e. Wildlife are susceptible to all the listed diseases.

e. Wildlife are susceptible to all the listed diseases.

Trust and Fear both have a significant impact on how risk communication is perceived. Generally, Trust is slowly acquired, readily extinguished, and difficult to re-establish. Select one: True False

True.

Good risk communication will often suggest positive actions people can take to reduce their risk. Select one: True False

True. One of the goals of risk communication is to discourage negative behavior and encourage positive behavior. In the field of risk communication, self-efficacy is often fostered by giving those at risk appropriate actions to take to lessen the risk.

The risk analysis paradigm assumes that there are options for managing every risk. Select one: True False

True. Risk analysis paradigm assumes everything we do involves risk, zero risk is unachievable, and options exist for managing every risk.

Risk communication should be two way: delivering information to the public as well as listening to public concerns. Select one: True False

True. Risk communication is an open, two-way exchange of information and opinion about risk that leads to better understanding and better risk management decisions by all involved (e.g., veterinarians, animal owners, and consumers).

Agroterrorism is: Select one: a. A specific form of bioterrorism in which the biological weapons target animal or crop agriculture to cause economic damage and instability. b. Intentional use of microorganisms or biological toxins to cause death or disease in humans. c. Any act that targets agriculture, crops, or animals. d. Less harmful than bioterrorism e. Likely to be caused by agents that cause sudden death in animals, such as Anthrax, Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium hemolyticum, and Leptospira spp.

a. A specific form of bioterrorism in which the biological weapons target animal or crop agriculture to cause economic damage and instability.

Which of the following diseases is not considered to be a foreign animal disease? Select one: a. Bovine virus diarrhea b. Malignant catarrhal fever (alcelaphine herpesvirus-1-associated) c. Hemorrhagic septicemia d. All of the above e. None of the above

a. Bovine virus diarrhea Correct, BVD is not an FAD, although it does share certain clinical signs with some FADs.

The importation requirements and quarantine processes are the same for all animals imported into the U.S. Select one: True False

False. Requirements vary depending on the species and the country that it is coming from. Review the Import Restrictions and Border Control sections.

Depopulation is always the best approach to an outbreak of FMD. Select one: True False

False. Depopulation is the best choice in some circumstances but not in all. The FMD outbreak in Uruguay demonstrates this idea.

Subclinical foot and mouth infections in horses contributed to disease control problems in Uruguay. Select one: True False

False. FMD does not infect horses.

When delivering risk communication it is best to show as little empathy as possible. Select one: True False

False. It is important that risk communicators are sincere, honest, trustworthy and empathetic to the concerns and worries of their audience. Audiences relate best to risk communicators that identify closely with their concerns. This requires emotion.

The risk analysis paradigm assumes that in many cases there is a zero risk of harm. Select one: True False

False. Risk analysis paradigm assumes everything we do involves risk, zero risk is unachievable, and options exist for managing every risk.

If 30% of pens with cattle previously on feed for over 100 days are febrile, depressed, and have oral lesions, it could be FMD. You should call the animal health authorities and be aware that "what you say and do matters." Select one: a. True b. False

True

An important operating guideline in ICS is called the "span of control" and it specifies the number of individuals that one supervisor can effectively manage during an emergency response. What is the optimal number of individuals a supervisor should manage? Select one: a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 10

b. 5 Correct! This is what is considered the optimal number of individuals for one supervisor to manage. The range for effective "span of control" is 3-7 individuals.

One of the unexpected outcomes of modern production confinement systems for domestic animals has been an increase in diseases resulting from transmission at the wildlife-domestic animal interface. Select one: True False

False

The terms "mental health" and "well-being" are synonymous and can be used interchangeably to describe a person's state of psychological health. Select one: True False

False

If there is an outbreak of virulent Newcastle disease in commercial poultry in the U.S., the infected and exposed poultry will be isolated and quarantined until the flock tests negative. Select one: True False

False. All infected and exposed poultry will be euthanized. This is a foreign animal disease in the U.S. and it will be eradicated to prevent further spread. (Note: There may be exceptions to the policy regarding instances with exotic type birds that are able to remain in isolation until it has the required number of negative tests)

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal disease of cattle that is transmitted via ingestion of contaminated tissues from an infected cow. Would BSE be a disease of concern for transmission to cattle at the wildlife-domestic animal interface? Select one: a. Yes b. No

No. BSE would not be a risk for transmission at the wildlife-domestic animal interface. Since cattle are herbivores it would be very low risk that they would ingest the tissue of an infected cow.

In the scenario, could the dirty boots of an employee who was helping another farm with sick birds have transmitted avian influenza virus to this flock? Select one: a. Yes b. No

Yes. Avian influenza can be transmitted by fomites and dirty (contaminated) boots can be a fomite.

The owner brought a bird home from the live bird market. He used the cage he took to the live bird market to move some of his poultry. Could the virus have been introduced into the poultry flock from the cage? Select one: a. Yes b. No

Yes

When you perform necropsies on birds from a flock that may have highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), would multisystemic hemorrhages be consistent with this disease? Select one: a. Yes b. No

Yes These lesions would be consistent with either HPAI or virulent Newcastle disease infections.

A cow is most likely to acquire BSE by: Select one: a. Ingestion of the agent b. Either oral or aerosol transmission c. Addition of an infected cow into the herd d. Fomites and vectors e. All of the above routes are possible

a. Ingestion of the agent Correct. A cow could contract BSE by ingesting meat contaminated with infected CNS tissue.

Which of the following clinical signs is/are most consistent with highly pathogenic avian influenza in chickens and turkeys? Select one: a. Neurologic and respiratory signs and decreased egg production b. Difficulty chewing and swallowing, flaccid paralysis of the neck muscles, and generalized weakness accompanied by weight loss c. Constipation and abscesses d. Matting and loss of feathers e. Loss of color in the eyes, comb and wattle

a. Neurologic and respiratory signs and decreased egg production These symptoms should make you consider HPAI on your differential list.

Which of the following vaccines is/are available for sheep? (choose the one best answer) Select one: a. Rabies b. Scrapie c. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy d. All of the above

a. Rabies

The ongoing bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) surveillance program in the US: Select one: a. Targets cattle populations where the disease is most likely to be found. b. Is critical for food safety c. Tests a high percentage of calves going to slaughter before they enter the food chain d. All of the above

a. Targets cattle populations where the disease is most likely to be found. The BSE surveillance program targets cattle populations exhibiting signs of CNS disorders or any other signs associated with BSE. USDA asks accredited veterinarians to submit brain samples from cattle that fit a clearly described case definition. The goal of the surveillance program is to detect any change in the BSE status of U.S. cattle; it is not for the purpose of food safety. Food safety comes from the many other safeguards in place, certain feed bans for ruminants, and the removal of tissues from the food chain that would pose a risk to humans.

What is the difference between the test for susceptibility to scrapie and the diagnosis of scrapie? Select one: a. The susceptibility test is a genotype test to determine the DNA sequence of the 171 and 136 codons of the gene for the prion protein; the diagnosis of scrapie is made using an immunohistochemistry test to visualize the prion proteins in brain or lymphoid tissue b. There is no difference; they are the same test c. The susceptibility for scrapie is based on evaluation of the flock pedigrees; the diagnosis of scrapie is made based on clinical signs in a sheep with a pedigree suggestive of susceptible to scrapie d. The susceptibility test is an immunohistochemistry test on brain or lymphoid tissue; the diagnosis of scrapie is a test for antibody, the presence of antibody is indicative of infected because once an animal is infected it is infected for life e. The susceptibility test is a neurologic evaluation based on a 1-5 scale with a 4 or 5 meaning susceptibility to disease; the diagnosis of scrapie is made using a PCR test on blood, lymphoid tissue, skin, or brain.

a. The susceptibility test is a genotype test to determine the DNA sequence of the 171 and 136 codons of the gene for the prion protein; the diagnosis of scrapie is made using an immunohistochemistry test to visualize the prion proteins in brain or lymphoid tissue

If avian influenza and virulent Newcastle disease are on your rule out list: (Choose the one best answer) Select one: a. You should notify state and/or federal animal health authorities b. You should notify Public Health because these are both zoonotic diseases and their major impact will be on human health. c. You should notify the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). d. You should not notify anyone until you have a diagnosis. The implications are too big if you call too soon with a suspect case.

a. You should notify state and/or federal animal health authorities Correct. These are reportable diseases.

Cleaning and disinfection of virulent Newcastle disease (vND) and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI): (choose the best answer) Select one: a. Is a very difficult process because these viruses are very hardy b. Can be accomplished with widely available disinfectants as long as organic material does not interfere c. Is unnecessary when these viruses are contained in organic material where they will die quickly. Other surfaces must be disinfected with widely available disinfectants. d. Can only be accomplished with a limited number of disinfectants that are specifically made for these viruses e. A and D

b. Can be accomplished with widely available disinfectants as long as organic material does not interfere

Investigating the origins of a bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) case and tracing the animal's contacts: Select one: a. Can be difficult, because the incubation period is long. Tracing the animal's contacts is nevertheless vital, because each infected cow may have infected a significant number of cattle during the incubation period. b. Can be difficult, because the incubation period is long, animal movements may be hard to trace over a period of years, and feed source records are often incomplete. c. Is relatively straightforward, as long as the herd is closed. The main challenge in this situation is determining whether the cattle have infected any wild animals, such as deer, via tick vectors. d. Is relatively straightforward due to a good animal identification program that was implemented in the mid-1980s, although the initial case may be difficult to diagnose.

b. Can be difficult, because the incubation period is long, animal movements may be hard to trace over a period of years, and feed source records are often incomplete.

Which of the following is/are symptom(s) most often reported when APMV-1 Newcastle disease (vND) infects a human? Select one: a. None; this is not a zoonotic disease. b. Conjunctivitis c. Mild respiratory signs d. Potentially life-threatening illness, predominately respiratory symptoms, although diarrhea can also be seen e. B, C, and D are all equally reported

b. Conjunctivitis Correct. This is the most common clinical sign reported. It is expected that this occurs when those working with infected poultry rub their eyes.

Which of the following is an effective coping strategy for stress associated with disaster response? Select one: a. Do not attend routine briefings on the status of the disaster b. Establish a disaster response plan for your family and loved ones with an understanding of how communication will be achieved during separation times c. Work as much as possible to divert your attention from traumatic events d. Wait at least six months to resume normal activities and hobbies e. Isolate yourself from loved ones so your emotions do not negatively affect them

b. Establish a disaster response plan for your family and loved ones with an understanding of how communication will be achieved during separation times This is an effective coping strategy. Review the Stress Reduction page.

If bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is diagnosed in a cow after slaughter, how could the premises and equipment be disinfected? Select one: a. Virkon-S is the disinfectant of choice b. Prions are difficult to inactivate, but sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide and autoclaving are among the more effective methods c. There are no disinfectants or physical methods that can reduce the concentration of prions in the environment d. Any common disinfectant should work

b. Prions are difficult to inactivate, but sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide and autoclaving are among the more effective methods Prion proteins are extremely resistant to commonly used disinfectants and physical methods of decontamination, including formalin, UV light and ionizing radiation. Autoclaving or the use of sodium hydroxide or sodium hypochlorite, for periods of an hour or more, are among the techniques used to inactivate prions. It may be possible for some prions to escape even the harshest decontamination methods.

When working up a downer cow suspected of having BSE, blood samples are taken to: Select one: a. Evaluate antibody titers to BSE b. Rule out/rule in other diseases c. Determine alkaline phosphatase levels to support a diagnosis of BSE d. Evaluate antibody titers to rabies e. Both A and D

b. Rule out/rule in other diseases BSE status cannot be determined with a blood test, but you may find another cause for the neurological signs.

Which statement is true about scrapie in the U.S.? Select one: a. Scrapie is a disease of sheep only in the U.S. Goats are not affected. b. Scrapie has been in the U.S. since the 1940s. c. Scrapie was eradicated from the sheep and goat herds in the U.S. in 1992. d. Scrapie appeared in the United States concurrently with the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic in the United Kingdom.

b. Scrapie has been in the U.S. since the 1940s. Correct. Scrapie was first diagnosed in the U.S. in 1947 in a Michigan flock. The sheep were of British origin and imported through Canada.

Which of the following is true regarding stress reactions following a disaster? Select one: a. Most stress reactions increase over time. b. Stress reactions can be emotional, behavioral, physical, cognitive, and/or social in nature. c. Extreme stress reactions are very common in disaster responders. d. Substance abuse and other similar behaviors are rarely observed in disaster responders. e. All of the above.

b. Stress reactions can be emotional, behavioral, physical, cognitive, and/or social in nature.

The group(s) with primary responsibility for leadership in monitoring and disease surveillance in wildlife in the United States is the: Select one: a. USDA-APHIS-VS (Animal Plant Health Inspection Service-Veterinary Services) b. USDA-NWDP (National Wildlife Disease Program) c. USDA-NAHSS (National Animal Health Surveillance System) d. State fish and wildlife management agency e. It is equally shared by all of these agencies

b. USDA-NWDP (National Wildlife Disease Program)

West Nile virus: Select one: a. Will likely be eradicated from North America within a few years b. Was diagnosed in the U.S. due to the keen observations and persistence of a zoo veterinarian c. Was limited in its spread across the U.S. because rapid response and vector control measures were able to control it d. Was easily recognized when it entered the U.S. via monitoring programs conducted by public health and animal health officials

b. Was diagnosed in the U.S. due to the keen observations and persistence of a zoo veterinarian

Necropsy findings that would suggest Newcastle's disease (ND) and warrant a call to the authorities include: Select one: a. Enlarged liver and spleen b. Fluid in the brain c. Hemorrhages and edema in multiple systems d. Plaques in the trachea and on the air sacs e. Dry, compacted feces in the intestinal tract

c. Hemorrhages and edema in multiple systems Correct, edema and hemorrhage, especially associated with lymphoid tissues of the intestinal and respiratory tracts, are suggestive of ND.

In the United States, the Scrapie Flock Certification Program: Select one: a. Is a mandatory program for all sheep farmers with more than 10 sheep b. Is only available to farmers who have not vaccinated their sheep against scrapie c. Is voluntary and identifies flocks that are free of evidence of scrapie for a certain amount of time, e.g. 5 years d. Is also known as the Scrapie Eradication Program e. None of the above

c. Is voluntary and identifies flocks that are free of evidence of scrapie for a certain amount of time, e.g. 5 years

Which of the following is a common stress reaction to a traumatic event? Most individuals recover from common stress reactions without significant intervention. Select one: a. Recurring thoughts of suicide b. Dissociative amnesia (extensive memory loss of traumatic events) c. Isolation or withdrawal d. Persistent flashbacks e. Intense fear helplessness, or horror

c. Isolation or withdrawal

The clinical signs of scrapie typically do not include: Select one: a. Pruritus b. Tremors c. Sudden death d. Gait abnormalities e. Behavioral changes

c. Sudden death

A live animal test for diagnosing scrapie in sheep: Select one: a. Does not exist b. Uses a biopsy of brain tissue c. Uses lymphoid tissue from the third eyelid, rectal mucosa, tonsil, or lymph node d. Uses a biopsy of lung tissue e. Uses whole blood and a skin biopsy

c. Uses lymphoid tissue from the third eyelid, rectal mucosa, tonsil, or lymph node Correct. These are the antemortem tissues used for diagnosis.

Which of the following endemic diseases would have clinical signs similar to the clinical signs of bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE)? (choose the one best answer) Select one: a. Nervous ketosis and rabies b. Polioencephalomalacia and listeriosis c. Bovine viral diarrhea and brucellosis d. Both A and B e. All of the above

d. Both A and B

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and virulent Newcastle disease (vND) can be transmitted by: (choose the one best answer) Select one: a. Feces and respiratory secretions b. Insects acting as biological vectors. c. Contaminated fomites d. Both A and C e. All of the above

d. Both A and C Correct. All of the above would not be correct because influenza and vND are not vector-borne diseases. Insect vectors may transmit these viruses as "mechanical vectors" which is similar to transmission by fomites. However, insects to do not replicate these viruses to high titers (act as biological vectors) and contribute to transmission in that way.

Which of the following endemic diseases would NOT be on a differential list (i.e. would not present with similar clinical signs) with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)? (choose the one best answer) Select one: a. All of the above would be on the differential list with BSE. b. Nervous ketosis and rabies c. Polioencephalomalacia and listeriosis d. Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR - bovine herpes virus)

d. Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR - bovine herpes virus)

Which of the following measures is likely to limit outbreaks of West Nile virus in the United States? Select one: a. A ban on the importation of psittacine birds b. Test and slaughter of infected herds and flocks c. A quarantine on the movement of horses d. Mosquito control

d. Mosquito control

Which of the following poultry diseases are reportable and foreign animal diseases? Select one: a. Highly pathogenic avian influenza and infectious laryngotracheitis b. Marek's disease and highly pathogenic avian influenza c. Fowl cholera and virulent Newcastle disease d. Newcastle disease and highly pathogenic avian influenza e. Infectious laryngotracheitis and Marek's disease

d. Newcastle disease and highly pathogenic avian influenza ND and HPAI are FADs that need to be reported immediately if suspected.

The most effective management strategy (this doesn't mean it is easy) for managing diseases in wildlife that may have consequences for domestic animals is: Select one: a. Test and slaughter b. Quarantine c. Vaccination and vector control d. Prevention e. There is not one best management strategy, all of the above are necessary

d. Prevention

Which of the following is true of West Nile virus infections in the United States? Select one: a. Infections in commercial poultry significantly contribute to WNV infections in geographical areas where most commercial poultry are raised b. Quarantine of horses is important to control WNV because horses contribute to the spread of the virus c. Since the vector is known, the disease is easy to control d. West Nile virus cycles between mosquitoes and birds and can be transmitted by mosquitoes to mammals and reptiles

d. West Nile virus cycles between mosquitoes and birds and can be transmitted by mosquitoes to mammals and reptiles

What is Psychological First Aid? Select one: a. An inventory of pharmaceutical interventions for alleviating stress b. A crisis intervention mechanism that can only be employed by medically boarded professionals c. A debriefing technique that has not been widely accepted or endorsed d. A mental health protocol that every disaster survivor and responder must be required to take part in following a disaster e. An early intervention strategy for helping survivors/responders cope with exposure to a traumatic event

e. An early intervention strategy for helping survivors/responders cope with exposure to a traumatic event

In endemic regions, West Nile virus cycles between: Select one: a. Birds, horses, and humans b. Horses and mosquitoes c. Birds, mosquitoes, and biting flies d. Mosquitoes and humans e. Birds and mosquitoes

e. Birds and mosquitoes

Which government management system should veterinarians have basic training in prior to disaster deployment in order to understand the lines of authority and their role in the disaster response? Select one: a. Veterinarians do not play a role in government response and do not need an understanding of organizational hierarchy b. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) c. National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) d. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) e. Incident Command System (ICS)

e. Incident Command System (ICS)

The term exotic animal disease (EAD) in this course refers to diseases of exotic animals such as reptiles, birds, and unusual rodents (e.g. prairie dogs). Select one: True False

This is false. Exotic animal disease is another term for "foreign animal disease," which is defined as a disease that is currently absent from the country.

Which of these are zoonotic diseases from CDC's Bioterrorism Category A agents list: Select one: a. Anthrax, Botulism, and Plague b. Q Fever, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, and Nipah virus c. Plague, Hantavirus, and Anthrax d. Ricin, Botulism, and Smallpox e. Smallpox, Tularemia, and Brucellosis

a. Anthrax, Botulism, and Plague

The three corners of the epidemiologic triad are: Select one: a. Type of pathogen, virulence of the pathogen, and dose of the pathogen b. Agent/pathogen factors, host factors and environmental factors c. Age, genetics, and immune status d. Temperature, humidity, and geography e. Type of pathogen, species involved, and geography

b. Agent/pathogen factors, host factors and environmental factors Correct.

Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) has been reported in the U.S and therefore it is not necessary to report suspected outbreaks to the appropriate agency. Select one: a. True b. False

b. False. HS is considered an FAD even though it has been reported to have occurred in American bison and cattle in the past.

Population management is a strategy for controlling disease transmission at the wildlife-domestic animal interface. This is one of the strategies being used in the bovine tuberculosis eradication efforts in Michigan. Which of the following is an example of population management? Select one: a. Dropping bait containing vaccine virus b. Recruiting hunters to kill deer c. Limiting the number of cattle grazing in the pastures d. Feeding and baiting native wildlife

b. Recruiting hunters to kill deer Correct.

You are investigating a disease outbreak in a herd of cattle: two calves died suddenly of unknown causes, and several cows aborted late in pregnancy. What is the risk of doing a field necropsy if anthrax is on your differential list? Select one: a. There is very little risk. The anthrax organism is not very resistant and dies quickly when exposed to air. b. The risk is contaminating the soil with anthrax spores and human exposure and infection

b. The risk is contaminating the soil with anthrax spores and human exposure and infection. Correct. If you must do a field necropsy, wear protective clothing, gloves, a surgical mask, and use something to protect the environment.

Which is true of the veterinarian's oath: Select one: a. Veterinarians are responsible for diagnosing human infections that result from contact with animals (zoonotic diseases). b. Veterinarians have a responsibility to promote public health. c. Veterinarians are responsible for protecting animal health but have no responsibility for human health. d. Veterinarians must relieve human and animal suffering. e. None of these are true.

b. Veterinarians have a responsibility to promote public health.

Which option below places possible public responses to risk from the most frequent reaction to the least frequent reaction? Select one: a. Fear, Denial, Panic, Acceptance b. Denial, Acceptance, Panic, Fear c. Acceptance, Fear, Denial, Panic d. Denial, Fear, Panic, Acceptance e. Panic, Denial, Fear, Acceptance

c. Acceptance, Fear, Denial, Panic

Most often, who provides the first line of defense for identification of a foreign animal disease introduction? Select one: a. Diagnostic laboratories b. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) agency of the USDA c. The private practitioner d. All of the above e. None of the above

c. The private practitioner

Which of the following would be consistent with swine vesicular disease (SVD), the disease caused by an enterovirus in the Picornaviridae family? Select one: a. Pigs are the only species naturally infected b. It is often spread by feeding pigs pork scraps c. The pigs have had contact with someone who has just returned from an endemic area d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

What species is thought to have first transmitted the H3N2 influenza virus to dogs in Asia? Select one: a. Cats b. Horses c. Wild rodents d. Avian species e. Horses and avians f. All of the above

d. Avian species Correct. The H3N2 influenza virus isolated from dogs contained gene segments from several different avian influenza viruses and most likely occurred by a rare direct transfer of one or more complete avian influenza viruses directly from birds to dogs.

When there is a foreign animal disease incursion confirmed in the United States, how does the OIE (Office International Des Epizooties/World Organization for Animal Health) get involved? Select one: a. Once the OIE is notified of the outbreak, the OIE will deploy a response team to help with the containment and eradication efforts. b. The OIE will provide the disease response framework to be followed for eradication. c. The OIE will place trade barriers and keep them in place until the U.S. has eradicated the disease. d. The OIE should be informed immediately by federal authorities and the OIE will then report the outbreak to other member nations.

d. The OIE should be informed immediately by federal authorities and the OIE will then report the outbreak to other member nations. Correct. OIE's role is to notify all the member countries and keep the member countries informed about the progress of the outbreak.

All of the following are top differentials for an infectious disease causing fever and erosions and vesicles in the oral cavity of cattle except: Select one: a. Foot and Mouth Disease Virus b. Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus c. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus d. Traumatic Stomatitis

d. Traumatic Stomatitis

What animals are considered the reservoir for influenza A viruses? Select one: a. Feral swine b. Domestic chickens and turkeys c. Asian backyard poultry flocks d. Waterfowl and shorebirds

d. Waterfowl and shorebirds

Because of the early detection and rapid response to the 2015 HPAI outbreak, the impact was limited to poultry producers and other businesses were spared the negative consequences. Select one: True False

False Thousands of poultry workers were laid off when production stopped for depopulation, and cleaning, and disinfection. Processing plants, feed mills, trucking companies, food production companies, and retail stores were all affected.

Based on the human population projections, the current level of food production will be able to provide enough food for the world population in 2050 Select one: True False

False

Canine influenza virus is a reportable disease in every State and the states must report it to USDA-APHIS. Select one: True False

False

Making an emergency response plan for individuals, families, and businesses is generally not strongly encouraged; rather, individuals and businesses are encouraged to rely on the assistance of trained emergency response personnel in an emergency. In addition, there are few resources available to aide families and business with making emergency response plans. Select one: True False

False

Responding inappropriately to an FMD outbreak will result in significant clinical disease in humans and it is likely the surge capacity of hospitals will be exceeded. Select one: a. True b. False

This statement is false. FMD is not a zoonotic disease and does not cause significant clinical disease in humans. The impact of an FMD outbreak on humans will be significant due to hardship endured by the loss of animals and the economic consequences.

Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hooved animals, including cattle, sheep, pigs, and deer. This disease is not present in the United States; however, if the disease did enter the United States, would transmission at the wildlife-domestic animal interface be an issue? Select one: a. Yes b. No

Yes

Veterinarians play a major role in finding a balance between the need for efficient food animal production and: (choose the best answer) Select one: a. Conservation of the environment and animal welfare b. Producing affordable, high-quality sources of protein c. Providing enough meat, milk, and eggs to help feed the world d. All of the above

a. Conservation of the environment and animal welfare Correct! Veterinarians and organized veterinary medicine must play a major role in finding a balance between the need for efficient food production and conservation of the environment, and animal welfare.

What was one of the major challenges for the response to the 2015 HPAI outbreak in the United States? Select one: a. Depopulation of large numbers of laying hens in cages and clean up exceeded the capabilities of the responders. b. Because of the high risk for human infections, responders had to be put on prophylactic antivirals before they could help, this delayed the response time. c. The wide geographic distribution of the outbreak and coordination of teams across the country. d. The carrier state of the disease in the wild waterfowl was a major challenge. Surveillance efforts could not adequately detect the virus due to the movement of the virus via the waterfowl.

a. Depopulation of large numbers of laying hens in cages and clean up exceeded the capabilities of the responders.

When dealing with a high outrage, high crisis situation, it is best to provide highly detailed instructions for all aspects of biosecurity, and emphasize strict adherence to each individual component no matter how small. Select one: a. True b. False

a. False. Highly detailed instructions are not the best when dealing with a high outrage, high crisis situation.

The 2001 epidemic of foot and mouth disease in the United Kingdom probably originated: Select one: a. From improperly heat-treated pig swill b. From a legally imported pet hedgehog c. From an illegally imported infected pig d. From a legally imported infected pig

a. From improperly heat-treated pig swill Correct. The source of the 2001 epizootic in the U.K. is thought to have been pig swill. Pig swill can come from restaurants, schools, or anywhere humans eat and waste food on a large scale. The feeding of pig swill is a practice that has been going on for generations, as a way of producing protein (pork meat) from scraps that would otherwise be wasted.

The 2001 epidemic of foot and mouth disease in the United Kingdom did not have a significant impact on: Select one: a. Humans becoming infected b. Human travel c. The economy d. Animal welfare

a. Humans becoming infected

The organization of the Incident Command System (ICS) is based on five major functional areas. Pick the answer with the correct list of all five functional areas. Select one: a. Incident Command, Finance/Administration, Logistics, Operations and Planning b. Incident Command, Safety, Logistics, Operations and Planning c. Incident Command, Finance/Administration, Logistics, Communications and Planning d. Communications, Finance/Administration, Safety, Operations and Planning

a. Incident Command, Finance/Administration, Logistics, Operations and Planning Correct. Remember I-FLOP.

The Department of Homeland Security's Customs and Border Protection agriculture detector dogs help ensure import quarantine processes are followed by searching passengers, cargo, mail, etc. for: (choose the best answer) Select one: a. Items that may contain harmful plant pests and animal diseases b. Animal products only c. Prohibited fruit, vegetables and plants only d. Drugs

a. Items that may contain harmful plant pests and animal diseases Correct. The agriculture canine teams are an important tool for preventing introduction of harmful pests and foreign animal disease.

In the United States, the primary responsibility for protection against foreign animal diseases is assigned to: Select one: a. The United States Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) b. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) c. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Customs and Border Protection (CBP) d. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

a. The United States Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) Correct. The United States Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) is the lead agency responsible for protecting the health and marketability of the nation's animals.

Which of the following statements is the best statement regarding the 2001 FMD outbreaks? Select one: a. The outbreak resulted in the killing of healthy animals on some uninfected farms for welfare reasons b. The outbreak was quickly brought under control by test-and-slaughter c. The outbreak was confined to the United Kingdom d. Both A and C are true

a. The outbreak resulted in the killing of healthy animals on some uninfected farms for welfare reasons

According to the reading, the depopulation (stamping out) response plan was abandoned and the vaccination program initiated in Uruguay because: Select one: a. There was strong resistance from local farmers and the disease had spread b. The veterinary officers refused to carry out the depopulation plan c. Depopulation was never in their plan; they began vaccinating right away d. All of the above

a. There was strong resistance from local farmers and the disease had spread Correct. Within a few days, the government was forced to suspend the stamping-out procedure because of strong resistance by local farmers and the discovery that the disease had spread to other areas of the country.

Which role is one a private veterinarian will do related to foreign animal disease in the United States? Select one: a. Collect and submit samples to NVSL or FADDL from an index (first) case b. Collect samples for surveillance efforts in an outbreak c. Enter information in the EMRS d. Notify the OIE about a foreign animal disease outbreak

b. Collect samples for surveillance efforts in an outbreak Correct. Private veterinarians may be asked to collect samples for surveillance during an outbreak. It is likely NAHLN laboratories will be assisting with the laboratory testing at this time. Once NVSL or FADDL confirms the outbreak, the approved NAHLN laboratories can run the FAD tests.

The first reports about the emergence of H3N2 canine influenza virus were from where? Select one: a. Europe b. South Korea c. China d. United States

b. South Korea Correct - in 2007 there were reports of clusters of dogs with clinical signs caused by H3N2 influenza virus.

International trade (if it was shut down) may resume following a foreign animal disease outbreak: Select one: a. After no new clinical cases have been identified for 30 days b. After USDA-APHIS notifies the OIE member countries c. After the OIE standards for the disease are met d. None of the above

c. After the OIE standards for the disease are met Correct. The OIE's Terrestrial Animal Health Code and Aquatic Animal Health Code outline the recommendations for determining when a country will be classified as disease-free. The OIE standards, which must be satisfied before international trade resumes, serve to reassure international trading partners that a country's animal exports are safe.

Choose the most appropriate sequence for inspecting animals on a suspect FMD farm: Select one: a. Hospital facility, healthy animals with no sick animal contact, healthy animals with contact b. Hospital facility, healthy animals with sick animal contact, healthy animals with no contact c. Healthy animals with no sick animal contact, healthy animals with contact, hospital facility d. Healthy animals with no sick animal contact, hospital facility, healthy animals with contact e. Healthy animals with sick animal contact, healthy animals with no contact, hospital facility

c. Healthy animals with no sick animal contact, healthy animals with contact, hospital facility Correct, always move in the direction from healthiest to the most sick to prevent cross contamination.

Zookeepers at a small local zoo noticed this morning that several animals in the bison pen and the llama pen are sluggish and lethargic. In addition, a deer in a pen near the zoo fence was found dead. All of the other animals, including those in the petting zoo, appear to be unaffected. A school group is scheduled for a tour and is waiting at the gate for the zoo to open. You are the veterinarian in charge of the zoo. What should you do? Select one: a. Let the school group into the zoo, but limit the tour to pens with unaffected animals. b. Nothing. This disease is unlikely to be spread by zoo visitors. c. Inform the visitors that the zoo is closed due to illness. You do not want to risk a zoonotic disease spreading to the visitors. d. Quarantine the visitors until you contact the state or federal veterinarian. e. Let the school group into the zoo, but do not let them visit the petting zoo.

c. Inform the visitors that the zoo is closed due to illness. You do not want to risk a zoonotic disease spreading to the visitors.

Which of the following is NOT true concerning vesicular exanthema of swine? Select one: a. It has been eradicated from the world b. The original reservoir may have been a marine animal c. It is a very distinct clinically, differing from the other vesicular diseases d. It is caused by a calicivirus e. None of the above

c. It is a very distinct clinically, differing from the other vesicular diseases Correct. Only laboratory analysis can distinguish between vesicular exanthema of swine, foot and mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, senecavirus A, and swine vesicular disease. In the U.S., this testing is done at Plum Island, NY.

How is senecavirus A diagnosed? Select one: a. Serum neutralization test b. Clinical signs c. RT-PCR d. ELISA test e. Necropsy findings

c. RT-PCR

Who should be notified when an FAD is suspected? Select one: a. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) b. The Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) c. State animal health official (SAHO) or your USDA-APHIS Area-Veterinarian-in-Charge (AVIC). d. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) e. None of the above

c. State animal health official (SAHO) or your USDA-APHIS Area-Veterinarian-in-Charge (AVIC) If a FAD is suspected, the SAHO or AVIC should be contacted immediately for investigation.

You are suspicious of anthrax in cattle at a client's ranch and you have a concern about nefarious activity. What should you say and do? (Choose the best answer) Select one: a. Tell your client as much as you can about what might be happening and all you know about anthrax. You should let him know you suspect bioterrorism/agroterrorism but encourage him not to be afraid. Try to assure him everything will be fine and remind him animal health officials are trained to handle these kinds of cases. You also suggest he not say anything to his family, but just make sure they don't go near the area where the animals are. You let him know you will be in contact whenever you hear back from the lab. b. Tell your client you do not know what this is but you will find out and get back to him soon. c. Tell your client that the clinical signs are consistent with anthrax, you are not sure how the cattle were exposed, and you are going to call the animal health officials to help with answering some of the questions. You let him know anthrax is zoonotic and help him know the appropriate biosecurity measures to take to protect himself, his family, and other animals. When you leave, you tell him you will call him in three to four hours to give him an update. You make sure he has your contact information in case he has questions or thinks of more information he would like you to know. d. Be honest with the client and tell him you suspect bioterrorism/agroterrorism. e. Don't mention it. Take appropriate precautions to get samples for the lab and let the client know you will be in contact.

c. Tell your client that the clinical signs are consistent with anthrax, you are not sure how the cattle were exposed, and you are going to call the animal health officials to help with answering some of the questions. You let him know anthrax is zoonotic and help him know the appropriate biosecurity measures to take to protect himself, his family, and other animals. When you leave, you tell him you will call him in three to four hours to give him an update. You make sure he has your contact information in case he has questions or thinks of more information he would like you to know.

The difference between an Federal Veterinary Official and a State Animal Health Official (SAHO) is: Select one: a. The Federal Veterinary Official is responsible for animal health activities related to foreign animal diseases, while the SAHO is responsible for endemic animal diseases. b. There is no difference; they describe the same official c. The Federal Veterinary Official is a federal employee who has responsibility for a state and the SAHO is a state employee with responsibility for the state d. The Federal Veterinary Official is a state employee responsible for an area (region/district) within a state. The Federal Veterinary Official works for the SAHO, who is responsible for coordinating animal health activities in the state.

c. The Federal Veterinary Official is a federal employee who has responsibility for a state and the SAHO is a state employee with responsibility for the state Correct. These two individuals have overlapping and complementary roles and it is important they work together. The Federal Veterinary Official is the federal employee with responsibilities for a certain state and the SAHO is a state employee with responsibilities for the state that employs her/him.

In the 2001 outbreak of FMD in Uruguay: Select one: a. Cattle, sheep, and swine were all vaccinated to bring the disease under control. b. Vaccination was stopped after all cattle received two doses of vaccine. c. The vaccination campaign greatly reduced the number of animals required to be slaughtered to control the outbreak. d. The vaccination campaign proved to be a much more costly approach to FMD control than the slaughter eradication approach used in the U.K.

c. The vaccination campaign greatly reduced the number of animals required to be slaughtered to control the outbreak.

The characteristic sign of foot and mouth disease is: Select one: a. Neurologic disease b. Respiratory disease c. Vesicles and erosions d. Reddening of the skin

c. Vesicles and erosions Correct. Vesicles and erosions are often found in the mouth and on the feet of animals infected with FMD.

If a practitioner suspects a foreign animal disease, they: Select one: a. Are responsible for submitting appropriate samples to local diagnostic laboratories b. Are responsible for submitting appropriate samples to the State Animal Health Official (SAHO), who will forward them to diagnostic laboratories c. Are responsible for submitting appropriate samples to national diagnostic laboratories d. Are responsible for reporting a suspected foreign animal disease to the Area-Veterinarian-in-Charge (AVIC) or State Animal Health Official (SAHO)

d. Are responsible for reporting a suspected foreign animal disease to the Area-Veterinarian-in-Charge (AVIC) or State Animal Health Official (SAHO) Correct. Veterinary practitioners are obligated to report certain diseases to state or federal authorities. A private veterinarian should not submit laboratory samples or attempt to diagnose a suspected FAD himself or herself.

Risk communication is an important component in the response to a potential crisis. Which is NOT appropriate when dealing with a potential FMD outbreak: Select one: a. Let your client know what you know, what you don't know, and what you are doing to find answers. b. Let your client know what procedures are mandatory to follow, as well as any additional steps he can or should take to protect his animals and prevent the disease from spreading. c. Let your client know when you will have further information. d. Assure your client that they don't need to worry and that everything will be okay e. Discuss the public health aspects of the disease.

d. Assure your client that they don't need to worry and that everything will be okay. Correct. You want to be honest with your client and tell them what you do know, what you don't know, and how you will proceed with the case. While you want to be careful not to cause panic, telling them that everything will be okay may be providing false hope.

Anthrax is diagnosed by: Select one: a. Virus isolation b. Characteristic clinical signs; there is no laboratory test c. Electron microscopy of tissue samples d. Bacterial culture and identification e. Agar gel immunodiffusion assay

d. Bacterial culture and identification

What is/are the significant challenges for vaccinating for FMD if there is an outbreak in the United States? (Choose the best answer) Select one: a. Manufacturing and acquiring a large enough volume of FMD is a challenge since FMD vaccine is not manufactured in the United States. b. Due to the vaccine stockpile, the significant challenges for vaccinating for FMD in an outbreak in the U.S. have been eliminated. c. Vaccine strain selection is a challenge because there is no cross protection among the seven serotypes. d. Both having the appropriate vaccine strain and having enough of it available are significant challenges for plans to vaccinate if the U.S. has an outbreak of FMD.

d. Both having the appropriate vaccine strain and having enough of it available are significant challenges for plans to vaccinate if the U.S. has an outbreak of FMD. Having the appropriate vaccine strain and having it available in adequate amounts are two significant challenges for plans to vaccinate in an FMD outbreak.

Which of the following species is not susceptible to infection with FMD virus? Select one: a. Pigs b. Hedgehogs c. Cattle d. Horses e. Water buffalo

d. Horses

What species is thought to have first transmitted the H3N8 influenza virus to dogs? Select one: a. Avian species b. Cats c. Wild rodents d. Horses e. All of the above

d. Horses Correct. Research suggested that the equine H3N8 was wholly transmitted from horses to dogs. It has adapted and now spreads among dogs.

When should you contact a state animal health official if FMD is suspected? Select one: a. Immediately, but then continue on to your next appointment. b. Not until you get a definitive diagnosis; you don't want to waste their time. c. At the end of the day when you make the rest of your calls. d. Immediately, the state animal health official will advise you what to do next; he/she may have you stay at the farm until the FADD arrives e. Never, as FMD is endemic and you're not to contact a state animal health official about endemic diseases.

d. Immediately, the state animal health official will advise you what to do next; he/she may have you stay at the farm until the FADD arrives. Yes, as soon as any exotic disease is suspected, a state animal health official should be notified. You should be prepared to follow their instructions, and can expect your normal routine of calls to be interrupted.

The National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN): Select one: a. Is a network of laboratories approved to perform confirmatory tests for foreign animal disease index cases. b. Is a network of laboratories where each specializes in testing for one or two diseases. c. Is the OIE network of all approved testing laboratories in OIE member countries. d. Is a network of state and university laboratories certified by NVSL to provide support during an animal disease outbreak by testing suspect herds and these labs also conduct diagnostic tests for regulated and program diseases. e. Is a network used by U.S. animal health officials to report and track possible foreign and/or emerging animal disease investigations.

d. Is a network of state and university laboratories certified by NVSL to provide support during an animal disease outbreak by testing suspect herds and these labs also conduct diagnostic tests for regulated and program diseases.

What is the most likely explanation for how H3N2 canine influenza emerged in the United States? Select one: a. It was transmitted from wild waterfowl to dogs in the Chicago area. b. It was transmitted directly from humans to dogs and then adapted to dogs and spread. c. It was transmitted to dogs because of the practice of feeding raw horse meat to racing greyhounds. d. It arrived in dogs rescued and imported from Asia.

d. It arrived in dogs rescued and imported from Asia.

Which of the following is a FALSE statement about the OIE? (Read Carefully) Select one: a. It maintains a list of the most important animal diseases and distributes information about the presence or absence of these diseases in each country to its member countries. b. More than half of all countries in the world are members of the OIE. c. It informs governments of the occurrence and course of epizootics that could endanger human health. d. It is the global international organization that makes the rules of trade between nations.

d. It is the global international organization that makes the rules of trade between nations. You are correct-this is not a true statement about the OIE. This statement describes the World Trade Organization. The WTO uses the manuals/codes published by the OIE for governing international trade in animals and animal products. The other major function of the OIE not listed is that it maintains a list of the most important animal diseases and distributes information to member countries about the presence or absence of these diseases in each country.

One of your clients who recently returned from a mission trip to The Democratic Republic of the Congo calls because he is concerned about some of his pigs that are slightly lame, and he thinks at least one of them has sores on its snout. He also has other animals, i.e. two dogs, farm cats, a couple of horses, goats, and sheep. What should you do: Select one: a. Ask him to watch them for a day or two and see if they get better b. Examine the sick pigs only c. Advise the owner to give antibiotics to the sick pigs d. Look over all of the healthy animals on the farm first then proceed to the animals showing clinical signs e. Immediately contact state and federal authorities and do not attempt to examine any animals yourself since this sounds like it could be FMD.

d. Look over all of the healthy animals on the farm first then proceed to the animals showing clinical signs Yes, in order to prevent cross contamination on the farm, examine the healthy animals before the sick ones. The "healthy" animals should be looked at to make sure they are free of clinical signs.

Anthrax in cattle: Select one: a. Affects usually the adult cattle in good condition; they often have hemoglobinuria (blood in the urine) a couple of days before they die. b. Most commonly presents as cutaneous lesions; these lesions can be difficult to detect and the disease then progresses to septicemia and sudden death. c. Is most commonly diagnosed in cattle on pasture in the southeastern U.S., sudden death may occur in some animals, others will often present with acute lameness, depression, and characteristic edematous and crepitant swelling in the hip and shoulder. d. Most commonly presents as a peracute disease (sudden death) after ingestion or inhalation of spores; bloody discharges from the body orifices from the dead animals result in contamination of the environment with spores and these are a source of infection to other animals and people. e. Is rare because cattle are fairly resistant; however, peracute disease (sudden death) can result after exposure to large doses of anthrax.

d. Most commonly presents as a peracute disease (sudden death) after ingestion or inhalation of spores; bloody discharges from the body orifices from the dead animals result in contamination of the environment with spores and these are a source of infection to other animals and people.

All of the following are important biosecurity measures during the investigation of a vesicular disease outbreak EXCEPT: Select one: a. Work from healthiest animals to sickest animals b. No movement on or off the farm c. Use personal protective equipment (PPE) d. Notify the media so they can tell the public to stay away from the farm e. Clean/disinfect equipment used

d. Notify the media so they can tell the public to stay away from the farm Correct. You must be careful what information is shared with the media so as not to cause undue panic or other damage. This outbreak may turn out to be something other than an exotic disease

You suspect a case of foot and mouth disease and have contacted federal authorities. They will be at the farm within an hour, but your receptionist called and told you that there is an emergency with a horse at a nearby ranch. You should: Select one: a. Wash your boots with antiseptic and see the horse, as it is not susceptible to foot and mouth disease b. See the horse immediately, as the foot and mouth agent cannot be spread by humans c. See the horse but treat it with antibiotics to prevent foot and mouth disease d. Refer the case to a colleague.

d. Refer the case to a colleague. Correct. Even though horses are not susceptible to FMD, FMD can be easily spread by fomites, and you should wait for further instructions from the federal veterinarian.

A call to your Federal or State animal health official is warranted (and encouraged) when you observe something suspect of a foreign animal disease. Which of the following would NOT be suspect and NOT warrant a call to an animal health official? Select one: a. Sudden death in 30% of the animals in a small herd of water buffalo. b. 75% mortality in lambs from a flock of 1000 sheep. c. Vesicles or erosions of the mouth and feet in one cow. d. Severe, malodorous, blood-tinged diarrhea in several two-week old calves in a dairy with 50 cows

d. Severe, malodorous, blood-tinged diarrhea in several two-week old calves in a dairy with 50 cows

Which of the following actions should you avoid when educating your clients and the public during an FMD outbreak: Select one: a. Providing current and consistent information b. Deferring questions which are not covered in factsheets and FAQ sheets to the proper authorities c. Providing a FAQ sheet d. Speculating on what you think is happening and what the outcome will be. e. Staying calm

d. Speculating on what you think is happening and what the outcome will be. Correct. Especially in the early stages of an outbreak investigation, you should be careful not to share information that may cause the public or the media to jump to conclusions that may have disastrous effects.

What is the goal of the One Health initiative? Select one: a. This initiative encourages physicians to study veterinary medicine and veterinarians to study human medicine. b. This initiative promotes the health of animals. It also discourages the movement of humans into animal habitats where they might acquire new diseases. c. The ultimate goal of this initiative is to eradicate all zoonotic diseases. d. This initiative enhances cooperation and collaboration between physicians, veterinarians, and other health professionals. e. In areas with limited medical care, this initiative would allow physicians to care for animals and veterinarians to provide basic care for humans if a physician is not available.

d. This initiative enhances cooperation and collaboration between physicians, veterinarians, and other health professionals.

Insect transmission is of greatest importance for which of the following vesicular diseases? Select one: a. Swine vesicular disease b. Foot and mouth disease c. Senecavirus A d. Vesicular stomatitis e. None of the above

d. Vesicular stomatitis Yes, vesicular stomatitis can be transmitted by sand flies and black flies.

West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne virus that caused disease in numerous species. Disease due to West Nile virus infections emerged in the United States in 1999. The virus had previously never been isolated in the Western Hemisphere. Genetic analysis of the virus revealed that it was closely related to the virus circulating in Israel. Which factors listed below most likely contributed to the introduction and emergence of West Nile virus in the United States? (choose the one best answer) Select one: a. Climate change and environmental degradation b. Increased food animal production c. Increased aquaculture and interspecies transfer of an infectious agent d. Increased human population and backyard flocks of poultry e. Globalization (travel and trade of humans and animals)

e. Globalization (travel and trade of humans and animals) Correct. It is unknown how West Nile virus (WNV) was introduced into the United States in 1999. It is possible that an infected bird or mosquito from an endemic country could have entered (legally or illegally) the U.S. and introduced the disease.

Which is the most accurate statement with regard to the CDC's Category ABC Agents List? Select one: a. Agents are divided into A = viruses, B = bacteria, and C = toxins; all agents on the list represents agents that have been used as a bioweapon or there is a history of development for use as a bioweapon. b. Is for use by the human medical community and public health and is not relevant to veterinarians; only the USDA's high consequence livestock pathogen list is relevant to veterinarians and the animal health industry. c. Have been categorized based on the severity of disease they cause (most fatal (no treatments) to least fatal (good treatments available)). d. Was established as a way to help prioritize preparedness efforts. For example, Category A agents receive the highest priority because they pose the highest risk to public and national security. e. Is a list of viruses, bacteria, and toxins, categorized based on accessibility to terrorists, and most of them are human pathogens only. However, there are a couple of agents on the list that are zoonotic so veterinarians should be aware and informed about those agents.

d. Was established as a way to help prioritize preparedness efforts. For example, Category A agents receive the highest priority because they pose the highest risk to public and national security.

Which of these answers describe the incident command system (ICS)? (choose the best answer) Select one: a. Can be used for routine or planned events as well as emergencies. b. An organizational framework that establishes job responsibilities and facilitates a smooth working response. c. Can be scaled to very large or very small responses. d. Has proven to be cost effective and efficient. e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following factors contributes to the emergence and reemergence of diseases in people? (Choose the best answer) Select one: a. Environmental degradation b. Increasing human population c. Globalization of travel and trade and illegal transport of animals d. Climate change e. All of the above

e. All of the above Correct. All of the factors listed can contribute to disease emergence and reemergence of diseases in people.

Which of the following is NOT consistent with an outbreak of a foreign animal vesicular disease? Select one: a. Vesicles on the feet of pigs and cows b. Vesicles on the snout of pigs but not horses c. Pigs that are fed scraps only d. Pigs that are fed scraps as a supplement to commercial feed e. All of the above could be consistent with an outbreak of a foreign animal vesicular disease

e. All of the above could be consistent with an outbreak of a foreign animal vesicular disease

You suspect that a herd of pigs has swine vesicular disease (SVD, an enterovirus). What should your next steps be? Select one: a. Keep careful records of your observations and send blood samples to Plum Island b. Quarantine the herd and send blood and fecal samples to a local diagnostic laboratory c. Depopulate the herd and burn the carcasses on the premises d. Send the herd to a commercial abattoir, specifying that the meat is not to be used for human consumption e. Call state and federal animal health authorities for help

e. Call state and federal animal health authorities for help

How could you check an animal for anthrax before opening a carcass for necropsy? Select one: a. Check a fecal sample for the characteristic organisms b. Check a skin scraping in an ELISA test for antigens c. Check a fecal sample in an ELISA test for antigens d. Check a sample of heart blood in an ELISA test for antibodies e. Check a stained blood smear for the characteristic organisms.

e. Check a stained blood smear for the characteristic organisms. Yes, a blood smear is checked first for evidence of anthrax before a necropsy is performed.

A herd of cattle on pasture were fine two days ago, now two of the adults, who were in great condition, are dead. On necropsy, hemoglobinuria (blood in the urine) and a large hepatic (liver) infarct are observed. What is the top on your list of causative agents? Select one: a. Weaponized anthrax b. Clostridium chauvoei c. Bacillus anthracis d. Leptospira hardjo e. Clostridium hemolyticum

e. Clostridium hemolyticum. This is the causative agent for bacillary hemoglobinuria, which is also known as red water disease.

Agroterrorism/Bioterrorism would be suspected if anthrax is diagnosed: (choose the one that would be the most suspicious) Select one: a. In a farmer in Texas b. In both a human and a bovine found dead on pasture in South Dakota. The human had traveled recently to Africa. c. A worker at an abattoir with skin lesions d. Two cattle found dead after heavy storms. e. In many people, cattle and dogs in Washington

e. In many people, cattle and dogs in Washington Correct. This would be most suspicious. One of the clues for suspecting anthrax is an unusual clustering of illness or mortality in a given geographic region (Washington is not known as an anthrax region) or limited period for a large number of people or animals.

Foreign animal diseases can be ruled out in disease outbreaks affecting only wild animals because: Select one: a. Wild animals are unlikely to come into contact with carriers of foreign animal diseases b. Domestic animals are generally more susceptible to foreign animal diseases c. Any foreign animal disease that affects wild animals will spread into domestic herds long before sick wild animals are noticed d. Both A and C are true e. None of the above. Foreign animal diseases must be considered when an outbreak affects only wild animals

e. None of the above. Foreign animal diseases must be considered when an outbreak affects only wild animals

Most veterinarians work in the following functional area of the Incident Command System (ICS): Select one: a. Logistics Task Forces b. Command Group c. Finance Section d. Planning Section e. Operations Section

e. Operations Section

Which of the following is least likely to cause vesicular lesions in swine? Select one: a. Swine vesicular disease b. Photosensitization by plants in the feed c. Pigs housed on concrete d. Foot and mouth disease e. Rinderpest

e. Rinderpest Yes, all of the other choices can cause vesicular lesions in swine; rinderpest is not a disease of swine and it has been eradicated from the world.

You have found vesicles on the feet of swine but the cows in an adjacent pen are not affected. Which of the following diseases is most likely? Select one: a. Foot and mouth disease or vesicular exanthema of swine b. Swine vesicular disease or foot and mouth disease c. Vesicular stomatitis or foot and mouth disease d. Trauma from standing on cement or vesicular stomatitis e. Swine vesicular disease (SVD, an enterovirus) or celery in the pigs' diet

e. Swine vesicular disease (SVD, an enterovirus) or celery in the pigs' diet Correct. SVD affects only swine, and celery in the feed can cause photosensitization (resulting in vesicles) in swine as well.