CH 12- MGT exam 3
3 critical psychological states identified by the job characteristics model
-meaningfulness of work -responsibility for work outcomes -knowledge of actual results of the work
reinforcement
anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited
According to self-determination theory, people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, and their behavior and well-being is influenced by what 3 innate needs?
competence, autonomy and relatedness
____________________ factors play a role in the job characteristics model. they refer to the degree to which individuals want personal and psychological development.
contingency
Hackman and oldham's job characteristics model is composed of 3 major elements. they are...
core job characteristics work outcomes psychological states
raises and other monetary incentives are examples of ___________________ rewards
extrinsic
competence
feeling qualified, knowledgeable, and capable of completing a goal or task
the 4 motivational mechanisms of goal setting theory
1. it directs your attention 2. it regulates the effort expended 3. it increases your persistence 4. it fosters use of strategies & action plans
order of a simple model of motivation
1. unfulfilled need 2. motivation 3. behaviors 4. rewards 5. feedback
equity theory
focuses on employee perceptions as to how fairly they think they are being treated compared with others it suggests that people compare the ratio of their on outcomes to inputs against the ratio of someone else's outcomes to inputs 3 key elements: inputs (effort, experience, training) outputs comparison
these theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives on motivation
goal-setting theory equity theory expectancy theory
work satisfaction originates from motivating factors and dissatisfaction originates from hygiene factors. which theory proposes this?
herzberg's two-factor theory ex. the work itself, achievement, and responsibility hygiene factors : supervisors, pay and security, and working conditions are some examples
what model is an outgrowth of job enrichment and identifies characteristics that affect the psychological states of an employee which in turn affects his/her work outcomes?
job characteristics model
Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ____________ pay
merit
physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called _____________
needs
according to maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, in order of josephina to seek fulfillment of her love needs, she must first satisfy the following needs
physiological and safety
a pay for performance plan in which an employee is paid according to how much output she or he produces is referred to as
piece rate
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, a "control freak" might be described as an individual with normal achievement needs, a low level of affiliation needs and a very high level of __________ needs.
power
___________ perspectives on motivation are concerned with the thought processes by which people decide how to act. ex.... how employees choose behavior to meet their needs
process
job simplification
process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs
intrinsic rewards
satisfaction in performing the task itself. this is the satisfaction, such as feeling of accomplishment, a person receives from performing the particular task itself.
negative reinforcement
strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative
profit sharing
the distribution to employees of a % of the company's profit
task significance
the extent to which a job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside the organization
autonomy
the extent to which a job allows the worker to make choices about scheduling different tasks and/or deciding how to perform them. freedom and discretion to determine what you want to do and how you want to do it
skill variety
the extent to which a job requires a worker to use a wide range of difference abilities and skills
task identity
the extent to which a job requires the worker to perform all the tasks needed to complete the job form beginning to end
feedback
the extent to which workers receive clear, direct info about how well they are performing the job
expectancy theory
the theory of motivation that asserts that motivation is the combination of how much you want something and how likely you think you are to get it
process perspectives
the thought processes by which people decide how to act.
behavior modification
the use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior
positive reinforcement
using rewards or positive consequences to strengthen a particular behabior
extinction
weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure its not reinforced
punishment
weakening a behavior by presenting something negative or withholding something positive